Index

Partha’s Fundamentals of Pediatrics Swati Y Bhave, A Parthasarathy, MKC Nair, PSN Menon

CHAPTER 1:Pediatric Care
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERNAL AND CHILDCARE
  - Factors Influencing Infant Mortality
- INFANT AND UNDER 5 MORTALITY
- INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY
- LOW BIRTH WEIGHT FACTOR
- MALNUTRITION
- DIARRHEA AND ORT
- MONITORING OF GROWTH
- FAMILY WELFARE
- IMMUNIZATION
- INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES
- INTRODUCTION
- ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE POLICY
- SUMMARY
- INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2:History Elicitation and Physical Examination
- DEMOGRAPHY
- PRESENTING COMPLAINTS
- HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
- PAST HISTORY
- CONTACT HISTORY
- ANTENATAL HISTORY
- BIRTH HISTORY
- POSTNATAL HISTORY
- DEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY
- DIETETIC HISTORY
- FAMILY HISTORY
- SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY
- IMMUNIZATION HISTORY
- HISTORY OF ALLERGIES
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
  - History Elicitation and Physical Examination
CHAPTER 3:Newborn Care
- INTRODUCTION
- CONVULSIVE DISORDERS
- BLEEDING IN NEONATE
- NEONATAL INFECTIONS
- RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN NEWBORN
- MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME (MAS)
CHAPTER 4:Growth and Development
- INTRODUCTION
- FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH
- ENDOCRINOLOGY OF GROWTH
  - Growth Hormone
    - IGF Hypothesis of Growth Hormone Action
  - Thyroid Hormones
  - Insulin
  - Glucocorticoids
  - Androgens
  - Estrogens
  - Peptide Growth Factors other than Somatomedins
- STUDY OF GROWTH
  - Growth Spurts
- PATTERN OF GROWTH OF VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE BODY
- TYPE OF GROWTH STUDY
  - Cross-sectional Study
  - Longitudinal Study
  - Semilongitudinal Study (Mixed longitudinal study)
  - ‘Linked’ Longitudinal Study
- STATISTICAL METHODS IN GROWTH
  - Mean and Standard Deviation
  - Percentile
    - Estimation of Percentile from Mean and SD
  - Acceleration
  - Testing for Statistical Significance
- METHOD OF ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH
- HOW TO STUDY GROWTH
  - Physical Growth
- DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT
  - Test for Developmental Assessment
  - Assessment of Intelligence
  - Milestones of Developments
- DENTAL DEVELOPMENT
  - Dental Maturity
- SKELETAL GROWTH
- SKELETAL MATURITY
- PRENATAL GROWTH
- ASSESSMENT OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH
- POST-NATAL GROWTH UPTO 0 TO 5 YEARS
  - Weight
  - The Length/Height
  - Head Circumference
  - Velocity of Growth
- AGE INDEPENDENT ANTHROPOMETRY
- MID-GROWTH SPURT
- ADOLESCENT GROWTH
  - Endocrinology of Puberty
  - The Adolescent Growth Spurt
  - Changes in Body Composition
  - Changes in the Reproductive System
    - Boys
    - Girls
  - Cognitive and Psychosocial Development
  - Comparisons in Adolescence—Early, Middle, Late
    - Reference Standard
  - Growth Monitoring
  - Influence of Nutrition, Illness and Environment on Growth
  - Catch-up Growth
- INTRODUCTION
- PATTERN AND FACTS OF DEVELOPMENT
  - Early Foundations
  - Maturation and Learning
- DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
  - Etiology
- DEVELOPMENTAL EVALUATION
- TRIVANDRUM DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING CHART (TDSC)
- SCREENING FOR HEARING AND VISION ABNORMALITIES
  - Simple Clues for Assessing Hearing
  - Simple Clues for Assessing Vision
  - Neurodevelopmental Evaluation
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
  - Growth and Development
  - Development of Infants and Young Children
CHAPTER 5:Infant and Young Child Nutrition
- NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT
- PHYSIOLOGY OF LACTATION
  - Concepts of Infant Feeding
  - Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION
- SPECTRUM OF PEM
  - Kwashiorkor
    - Clinical Features
    - Other Usual Features Observed
  - Marasmus (Inanition, Athrepsia, Cachexia, Decomposition, Severe Under Nutrition)
- MANAGEMENT OF PEM
- INTRODUCTION
  - Anthropometry
- INTRODUCTION
- VITAMIN A (RETINOL)
  - Vitamin A Prophylaxis Program
- VITAMIN D
  - Rickets
    - Treatment
    - Prophylaxis
- VITAMIN E (TOCOPHEROLS)
- VITAMIN K
- VITAMIN B COMPLEX
- VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
CHAPTER 6:Immunization and Infectious Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- ABBREVIATIONS
- VACCINES
- MEASLES
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 7:Community Pediatrics
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
  - Why Study of Community Pediatrics is Needed?
- DEMOGRAPHIC AND VITAL STATISTICS OF INDIA
  - Common Indicators
  - Vital Statistics
    - Selected Indicators of Human Development in India
    - National Family Health Survey (NFHS) Data (1998–1999)
- NATIONAL CHILD HEALTH PROGRAMS IN INDIA
- SPECTRUM OF COMMUNITY PEDIATRIC ACTIVITIES
CHAPTER 8:Diseases of Central Nervous System
- INTRODUCTION
  - Examination of the Skull
  - Examination of the Spine
  - General Physical Examination
  - Examination of the Cranial Nerves
  - Optic Nerve
  - III, IV, VI (Oculomotor) Nerves
  - Trigeminal Nerve
  - Facial Nerve
  - Acoustic Nerve
  - Glossopharyngeal Nerve
  - Vagus Nerve
  - Spinal Accessory Nerve
  - Hypoglossal Nerve
  - Motor System
- GAIT
- ATAXIA
- TEST METHODS
- SENSORY SYSTEM
- HIGHER CORTICAL SENSORY FUNCTION
- INTRODUCTION
  - Incidence
  - Definition
  - Degree of Fever
  - Classification and its Significance
  - Genetics
  - Diagnosis
    - Lumbar Puncture
    - EEG
  - Investigations
  - Recurrences
  - Treatment
  - Conclusions
- INTRODUCTION
  - Newer Concepts
  - Newer Anticonvulsants
    - Non-pharmacological Method
    - Surgery for Epilepsy
- BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL FEATURES IN CHILDHOOD
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- PROGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- MAGNITUDE
- ETIOLOGY
  - Prenatal Causes
  - Malformations
  - Environmental Factors
- APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH MENTAL RETARDATION
  - Associated Comorbidities
- MANAGEMENT
- CEREBRAL PALSY
  - Introduction
  - Definition
  - Etiology:
  - Classifications (Table 8.11)
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Management
- HYDROCEPHALUS
- CHOREA
- MICROCEPHALY
  - Definition
  - Classification
  - Clinical Features
  - Associated Anomalies
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
  - Introduction to Seizure Disorders
  - Febrile Seizures
  - Epilepsy
  - Eplieptic Seizure
  - Bacterial Meningitis
  - Tuberculous Meningitis
  - Encephalitis in Children
  - Other CNS Disorders
CHAPTER 9:Diseases of Cardiovascular System
- INTRODUCTION
- FIVE FINGER APPROACH TO CARDIOVASCULAR DIAGNOSIS
  - ALRI
  - Wheeze
  - Perspiration
  - Cough
  - Hemoptysis
  - Other Symptoms
- HISTORY
- GENERAL EXAMINATION
  - General examination
  - Cyanosis
- CVS EXAMINATION
  - Pulse
  - Pulse
  - Jugular Venous Pulse (JVP)
- BLOOD PRESSURE
- PRECORDIAL EXAMINATION
  - Heart Sounds
  - Murmurs
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF CHD IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
- LEFT TO RIGHT SHUNTS
- STENOTIC LESIONS
- REGURGITANT LESIONS
- VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD)
  - Investigations
  - Natural History and Complications
  - VSD—Natural History
  - Management
  - Surgical Therapy
  - Indications for Surgery
- ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT (ASD)
  - Secundum ASD
  - Primum ASD
  - Sinus Venosus ASD
- PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS (PDA)
  - Types
    - Small
    - Moderate
- MURMUR OF PDA
  - Investigations
- MANAGEMENT
- AORTIC STENOSIS (AS)
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- PULMONARY STENOSIS (PS)
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- COARCTATION OF AORTA (CoA) (Figures 9.20 to 9.22)
  - Management
- TETRALOGY OF FALLOT (TOF)
  - Components
  - Associated Lesions
  - Clinical Features
  - Complications
  - Treatment of Hypoxic Spell
    - Newer Modalities
  - Investigations
  - TREATMENT
    - Medical
    - Surgical
- TRANSPOSITION OF GREAT ARTERIES (TGA) (Figures 9.27 to 9.29)
- TRICUSPID ATRESIA (TA) (Figures 9.30 to 9.33)
  - Acyanotic
    - Aortopulmonary Window
    - Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
  - Cyanotic
- RHEUMATIC FEVER (RF)
  - Epidemiology
  - Etiopathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnostic Investigations
  - Treatment
- RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (RHD) FOLLOWING RHEUMATIC FEVER
  - Rheumatic Prophylaxis
  - Anaphylaxis
- MITRAL STENOSIS (MS)
  - Clinical Features
  - Management
    - Medical
    - Definitive Treatment
- MITRAL REGURGITATION (MR)
  - Murmurs
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
    - Acute MR
- AORTIC REGURGITATION (AR)
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Management
    - Medical
- CHEST X-RAY IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
- DEMYSTIFYING PEDIATRIC ECG
  - Introduction
  - Calculating Heart Rate
  - Abnormal ECG
- PEDIATRIC CARDIAC CARE—DRUGS AND DRUG DOSAGES
- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER 10:Diseases of Respiratory System
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY OF LUNGS
- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PEDIATRIC AND ADULT AIRWAY
- PULMONARY DEFENSE MECHANISMS
- DEFENSE SYSTEM OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
  - Anatomic Design of Respiratory Tract
  - Mucociliary Escalator
  - Immune Defence
- MECHANISMS OF INFECTION IN THE LUNG
- INTRODUCTION
- RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
- DEFINITIONS
- COMMON COLDS
  - Prevention and Cause
  - Treatment
- INTRODUCTION
  - Diagnosis
  - Microbiology and Treatment of Acute Sinusitis
- GROUP A BETA-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF PHARYNGITIS
- DEFINITION
- AGE GROUP
- OCCURRENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- RISK FACTORS
- IMMUNE MECHANISMS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PREVENTION
- TREATMENT
  - Supportive Treatment (Main stay)
  - Bronchodilators
- BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Laryngotracheobronchitis
  - Acute Epiglottitis
  - Acute Infectious Laryngitis
  - Acute Spasmodic Laryngitis (Spasmodic Croup)
  - Acute Bacterial Tracheitis
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Home Treatment
  - Indications for Hospitalization
  - General Principles
  - Role of Epinephrine
  - Role of Steroids
    - To summarize
  - Endotracheal Intubation and Tracheostomy
  - Role of Antibiotics
- PNEUMONIA
  - Step I
  - Step II
  - Step III
- CONCLUSION
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- ORGANISMS CAUSING PARAPNEUMONIC EFFUSION AND EMPYEMA THORACIS
- SPREAD OF INFECTION
- STAGES OF EMPYEMA THORACIS
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EMPYEMA THORACIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- GUIDELINES FOR MANAGEMENT
  - Principles of Management
  - Antimicrobial Therapy
  - Closed Tube Thoracostomy
  - Physiotherapy
  - Nutritional Support
  - Supportive Care
  - Empyema Thoracis: Newer Interventions
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
  - Rhinitis
  - Sinusitis
  - Pharyngitis
  - Croup Syndrome
CHAPTER 11:Diseases of Gastrointestinal System and Liver
- DEFINITIONS
- CONSEQUENCES OF DIARRHEA
- ETIOLOGY
- MECHANISMS
- INVESTIGATIONS IN ACUTE WATERY DIARRHEA
- APPROACH TO A CHILD WITH DIARRHEA
  - Step 1: Confirm—is it Diarrhea?
  - Step 2: Is it Small Bowel Diarrhea or Large Bowel Diarrhea?
  - Step 3: Assess the Hydration Status and Institute the Necessary Treatment Plan
- PITFALLS WHILE ASSESSING DEHYDRATION
  - Plan‘A’
  - Plan ‘B’
- COMPLICATIONS
- ROLE OF ZINC
- ROLE OF RACECADOTRIL
- ROLE OF PROBIOTICS
- ROLE OF ANTIMICROBIALS
- SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN THE MALNOURISHED AND INFANTS LESS THAN TWO MONTHS OF AGE
- DRUGS TO BE AVOIDED
- LACTOSE MALABSORPTION
- PREVENTION OF DIARRHEA
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DIARRHEA
  - Watery Diarrhea
  - Secretory Diarrhea
  - Defects in Ion Transport Proteins
  - Osmotic Diarrhea
  - Chronic Diarrhea a Complex Disorder
  - Clinical Picture
  - Etiology of Chronic Diarrhea
- APPROACH TO CHRONIC OIARRHEA
  - Approach to Chronic Secretory Diarrhea
  - Approach to Chronic Osmotic Diarrhea
  - Approach to Chronic Inflammatory Diarrhea
  - Approach to Fatty Diarrhea
  - Functional Diarrhea
  - Toddler's Diarrhea
  - Factitious Diarrhea
- TREATMENT
- CERTAIN SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
  - Tuberculosis
  - Cow Milk Protein Allergy
  - Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
  - Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
  - Pancreatic Disorders
  - Celiac Disease
  - Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
  - Dysentery
- PROGNOSIS AND OUTCOME
- PREVENTION
- INTRODUCTION
  - Modified Apley and Naish Criteria
- CLASSIFICATION OF RAP
  - RAP seen in Psychiatric Illnesses
  - Dysfunctional Abdominal Pain
  - Typical Dysfunctional Pain is Characterized by
  - Organic Pain
    - Diseases that Cause Recurrent Abdominal Pain
  - Do Not Miss
- INVESTIGATIONS OF RAP
- MANAGEMENT OF RAP
  - Management of Dysfunctional RAP
  - Drug Therapy
  - Dietary Management
- PROGNOSIS
- INTRODUCTION
  - Predisposing Factors
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - Naked Eye Examination
  - Direct Stool Microscopy
    - Characteristics of the Parasites in Stool Microscopy
  - Proctosigmoidoscopy
  - Eosinophilic Count
  - Serological Tests
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL (UGI) BLEEDING
  - Epidemiology
  - Manner of Presentation
  - Etiology of UGI Bleeding
  - Diagnostic Evaluation of UGI Bleeding
  - Management of UGI Bleeding
- NONVARICEAL BLEEDING
  - Esophagitis
  - Barrett's Esophagitis
  - Candida Esophagitis
  - Mallory-Weiss Tear
- ACID PEPTIC DISEASES (APD)
  - Peptic Ulcer
  - Gastritis and Doudenitis
  - Hemobilia
  - Aorto-enteric Fistula
- VASCULAR LESIONS
  - Vascular Anomalies Associated with Skin Lesions
  - Vascular Anomalies without Associated Skin Lesions
  - Corrosive Ingestion
- PROGNOSIS
- PREVENTION
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DEFINITION
- PRESENTATION
- GRADES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
- APPROACH TO LGI BLEED
  - History
  - Examination
  - Investigations
- OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS
- DEFINITION
- COMMON CAUSES
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Symptoms
  - Signs
  - Demonstration
  - Work up
    - Basic Investigations
    - Special Investigations
  - Ascites Tap
- MANAGEMENT
  - High Albumin Gradient Ascites: Management
  - Special forms of Ascites
- DEVELOPMENT
- ANATOMY
  - Blood Supply
  - Lymphatics
  - Structure of Liver
    - Main Functions of Liver
  - Liver Span
- INTRODUCTION
  - Tests that Reflect Injury to Hepatocytes
    - Aminotransferases
  - Tests that Indicate Cholestasis
  - Tests that Measure Capacity to Transport Organic Anions
  - Tests that Measure the Capacity of the Liver to Metabolize Drugs
    - Lidocaine Metabolite Formation
  - Tests that Measure Hepatic Synthetic Function
  - Tests that Detect Chronic Inflammation or Altered Immune Regulation
  - Markers of Liver Fibrosis and Fibrinolysis
  - Miscellaneous Tests for Etiology
- INTRODUCTION
  - CONS
  - Surface
  - Edge of Liver
  - Tenderness, Rubs and Bruit
  - Liver Enlargement
  - Causes
  - Splenomegaly
- INTRODUCTION
  - Hepatitis A
  - Hepatitis B
  - Hepatitis C
  - Hepatitis D
  - Hepatitis E
  - Hepatitis F
  - Hepatitis G
    - Clinical Manifestations
    - SEN and TT Virus
- SPECTRUM AND COMPLICATIONS OF ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
- LABORATORY WORK UP
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE VIRAL HEPATITIS
- SUPPORTIVE MEASURES
- PREVENTION
- INTRODUCTION
  - Common Causes
  - Pathogenesis of HBV Hepatitis
  - Clinical Features of Chronic Hepatitis
  - Diagnostic Work-up
  - Management of Chronic Hepatitis
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
- GENERAL CLINICAL EXAMINATION IN CIRRHOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Labarotary Investigations
  - Screening for Metabolic Liver Disease
  - Ultrasonogram
  - Liver Biopsy
- COMPLICATIONS OF CIRRHOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - WELL COMPENSATED CIRRHOSIS
- NUTRITION
  - Drugs
  - Hepatocellular Failure
  - Encephalopathy
- PREDISPOSING CAUSES
- MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
- SPECIFIC TREATMENT
  - Treatment of Ascites
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
  - Acute Watery Diarrhea
  - Chronic Diarrhea in Children and Infants
  - Upper GI Bleeding in Children
  - Lower GI Bleeding in Infants and Children
  - Ascites
  - Hepatosplenomegaly
  - Liver and Biliary System
  - Liver Function Tests
  - Acute Viral Hepatitis
  - Chronic Hepatitis in Children
  - Cirrhosis of Liver in Children
CHAPTER 12:Diseases of Kidney and Urinary Tract
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- INCIDENCE
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- LABORATORY FINDINGS
  - Urine
  - Blood
  - Serology
  - Microbiology
  - Radiology
  - Ultrasonogram
  - Renal Biopsy
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Urinary Tract Infection
  - Cystitis
  - Congestive Cardiac Failure
  - Seizure Disorders
  - Nephrotic Syndrome
  - Progressive Glomerulonephritis, Systemic Vasculitis and Familial Glomerulopathy
- CLINICAL COURSE
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Hypertensive Encephalopathy
  - Circulatory Overload
  - Acute Renal Failure
- MANAGEMENT
  - General Measures
  - Drug Treatment
  - Convalescence
- PROGNOSIS
- DEFINITION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  - Mechanism of Proteinuria
  - Mechanism of Hypoproteinemia
  - Mechanism of Hypercholesterolemia
- CLASSIFICATION
- HISTOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - History
  - Presentation
  - Physical Examination
- LABORATORY EVALUATION
  - Imaging Studies
- MANAGEMENT
  - Decision of Hospitalization
  - Symptomatic and Supportive Therapy
  - Diet
  - Activity
  - Diuretics
  - Specific Therapy
- LONG-TERM ISSUES
  - Parent Education
  - Immunization
- PROGNOSIS
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Based on Clinical Expression
  - Anatomical Basis
- PRESENTING SYMPTOMS
- DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES SUGGESTIVE OF UTI IN A FEBRILE CHILD
- DIAGNOSIS OF UTI
- HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN UPPER UTI AND LOWER UTI?
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Initial Therapy
  - Prophylactic Antibiotics
    - Dosage of Antibiotics
  - Indications for Radiological Investigations
  - Long-term Follow-up
- DEFINITION
- IMPORTANCE OF BP MEASUREMENT
  - The Natural History of Blood Pressure in Children
  - Factors that Determine Blood Pressure
- ETIOLOGY
  - Clues to Primary and Secondary Hypertension in Children
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION IN CHILDREN
- INVESTIGATIONS IN HYPERTENSION
  - Urinalysis
  - Blood Count
  - Routine Serum Chemistry
  - X-ray Chest and Abdomen
  - Echocardiography
  - Ultrasonogram of Abdomen
  - Intravenous Urogram (IVU)
  - Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
  - Radionuclide Imaging
  - Computerized Tomography of Kidneys
  - Doppler Flow Ultrasound
  - Selective Renal Angiography
  - MRI Arteriogram
  - CT Angiography
  - Renal Vein Renin Assay
  - Peripheral Plasma Renin Activity
  - Plasma Aldosterone
  - Serum Cortisol and 24 Hours Urinary 17 Hydroxy Corticosteroid
  - Urinary and Plasma Catecholamine Levels
  - Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) Scan
- TREAMENT OF HYPERTENSION
  - Antihypertensive Medication
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Prerenal Failure
  - Intrinsic Renal Failure
  - Postrenal Failure
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
- MANAGEMENT OF ARF
  - Initial Therapy
- COMPLICATIONS OF ARF
  - Hyperkalemia
  - Hyponatremia
  - Metabolic Acidosis
  - Hypocalcemia Accompanied by Hyperphosphatemia
  - Hypertension
  - Infection
  - Nutrition
- RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
- RECOVERY FROM ARF
- PROGNOSIS
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGIC PHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- HISTOLOGY
- RENAL COMPENSATORY FUNCTION IN THE DISEASED KIDNEY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Excretion of Wastes
  - Metabolic Abnormalities
  - Clinical Manifestations
- MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
  - Retardation of Progression of CRF
  - Activity
  - Protein and Caloric Requirements
  - Sodium, Potassium, and Minerals
  - Acidosis
  - Osteodystrophy
  - Hematologic Complications
  - Cardiovascular Complications
  - Pulmonary Complications
  - Intercurrent Infection
  - Convulsions
- PROGNOSIS
- POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES
  - Incidence
  - Embryology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Antenatal Diagnosis and Therapy
  - Postnatal Presentation of Valves
  - Types of Valves
  - Investigations
    - Renal Ultrasound
    - Micturating Cystourethrogram (MCU)
  - Management
  - Prognosis
- OBSTRUCTIVE MEGAURETER
  - Incidence
  - Presenting Symptoms
  - Investigations
  - Management
    - Surgery
- URETEROCELES
  - Definition
  - Incidence
  - Presentation
  - Diagnosis
  - Management
- PELVI-URETERIC JUNCTION (PUJ) OBSTRUCTION
  - Pathophysiology
  - Presentation
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
    - Surgical
    - Medical
- DEFINITION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF REFLUX
- TYPES OF VUR
- VUR AND REFLUX NEPHROPATHY
- PATHOGENESIS OF SCARRING
- PRESENTATION OF VUR
- DIAGNOSIS OF REFLUX
- GRADES OF REFLUX
- TREATMENT GUIDELINES
  - General Principles
  - Medical Therapy
  - Surgical Therapy
  - Newer Modalities of Treatment
  - Secondary Reflux
CHAPTER 13:Hematology and Oncology
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF ANEMIA
- NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
- IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA (IDA)
  - Classification of Iron Deficiency
  - Stages of Iron Deficiency
  - Clinical Features of IDA
    - Peak Incidence
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Investigations (Flow chart 13.1)
  - Management
  - Prevention of IDA
- MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
  - Causes of Nutritional Megaloblastic Anemia
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- THALASSEMIA
  - Epidemiology
  - Classification
  - Pathophysiology (Flow chart 13.2)
  - Molecular Genetics
  - Clinical Manifestations of β-thalassemia (Figs 13.7 to 13.9)
  - Investigations
  - Management of a Thalassemic Child
  - Endocrine Evaluation and Growth Monitoring
  - Prevention of Thalassemia
- SICKLE CELL DISEASE
  - Epidemiology
  - Pathophysiology
    - Types of Sickle Cell Disease
  - Clinical Features
- IMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
  - Classification
  - Clinical Features (Fig. 13.21)
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
    - Management
- RED CELL MEMBRANE DISORDERS (MEMBRANOPATHIES)
  - Types of Red Cell Membrane Disorders
  - Management
- RED CELL ENZYM0PATHY
  - Clinical Features
  - Chronic Hemolytic Anemia
    - Diagnosis and Investigations
    - Laboratory Investigation Includes
  - Management
  - Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
  - Management
- BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROME
  - Epidemiology
  - Classification (Table 13.12)
  - Pathophysiology
    - Seed and Soil Theory
  - Clinical Picture
    - Laboratory Findings
  - Management of Aplastic Anemia
  - Inherited Type of A/Hypoplastic Anemia
    - Pure Red Cell Aplasia
    - Laboratory Investigations
  - Transient Erythroblastopenia of Childhood (TEC)
  - Inherited Types of Aplastic Anemia
    - Pathophysiology
    - Epidemiology
  - Clinical Features
    - Laboratory Diagnosis
    - Treatment and Prognosis
  - Dyskeratosis Congenita (Fig. 13.27)
  - Thrombocytopenia with Absent Radius
- ANEMIA IN THE NEWBORN
- NORMAL VALUES OF HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE NEWBORN
  - Hematological Parameters
  - Factors Affecting Normal Hematological Values in Newborn
  - Hemorrhage
  - Fetofetal Hemorrhage (Twin to Twin Transfusion)
  - Internal Hemorrhage
  - Iatrogenic Anemias
- ANEMIA DUE TO INCREASED RBC DESTRUCTION (HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS)
  - Isoimmunization
    - Management
  - Congenital Defects of Red Cells
    - Defects of red cell metabolism
    - Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
  - Abnormalities of Red Cell Membrane
  - Hereditary Spherocytosis
    - Treatment
  - Hereditary Elliptocytosis
  - Hereditary Stomatocytosis
  - Impaired Red Cell Production
    - Diamond Blackfan Syndrome
    - Laboratory Findings
  - Fanconi's Anemia
    - Treatment
- IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP)
  - Classification
- ACUTE ITP
- CHRONIC ITP
- IN RECURRENT ITP
  - Diagnosis of ITP
    - Platelet Count
    - Leukocyte Count
  - Anemia
  - Bone Marrow Examination
    - Indication for bone marrow aspiration
    - Anti-platelet Antibody
  - Other Investigations
  - Management of ITP
  - In chronic ITP
- SPECIFIC THERAPY IN ACUTE ITP
  - Corticosteroid Therapy
  - Steroids in ICH
    - Indications for steroids in ITP
  - Dose of steroids
- INTRAVENOUS PULSE METHYLPREDNISOLONE PULSE THERAPY
  - Intravenous immunoglobulin
    - Reactions
  - IVIgG in chronic ITP
  - Anti-D in ITP
- SPLENECTOMY IN ITP
  - Splenectomy in acute ITP is done: definitely
  - Splenectomy in chronic ITP
  - Problems After Splenectomy
  - Role of Non-steroidal Immunosuppressant Drugs in Chronic ITP
- ALPHA INTERFERON
- CONCLUSION
- DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION
  - Pathophysiology
- ETIOLOGY
  - Neonatal Causes
  - Obstetrics Complications
  - Collagen Vascular Diseases
  - Miscellaneous
- CLINICAL FEATURES (Figs 13.36 to 13.38)
  - Diagnosis
  - Recognizing clinical setting that can leads to DIC
  - Management and Treatment
  - Main stay of treatment include
  - Replacement Therapy
- HEMOPHILIA SYNDROMES
  - Types of Hemophilia (Table 13.7)
  - Classification
  - Incidence
  - Severity of Hemophilia
  - Grade of Hemophilia
  - Inheritance
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Early Manifestation in Newborn Period
  - Clinical Manifestations may be Delayed till Child Start Walking and Playing
  - Diagnosis and Laboratory Investigations
  - Antenatal Diagnosis
  - Management of Hemophilia
  - Prevention of Bleeding in Hemophiliacs and Management
  - Replacement of Deficient Factor to Prevent Hemorrhage
  - In what form?
  - Cryoprecipitate
    - Cryoprecipitate contains
    - Advantages
    - Disadvantages
  - Factor VIII Concentrate (Lyophilized Antihemophilic Factor)
    - Advantages
    - Disadvantages
  - Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (PCC)
    - Advantages
    - Disadvantages
  - Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrates (APCC)
  - Porcine Factor VIII Concentrate
  - How much to give?
  - How often?
  - Plasma-borne Infections
  - What are the Types of Treatment?
    - Episodic or on Demand Treatment
    - Supervised Self Treatment
- BLEEDING NEONATE
  - Normal Hemostasis Mechanism
- APPROACH TO A BLEEDING NEONATE
  - History
  - Physical Examination
  - Site of Bleeding
  - Coagulation Factors Defects
    - Healthy Child (Tables 13.21 to 13.23)
  - Sick Child
- APPROACH TO A BLEEDING CHILD
  - Indications for Investigations
  - Local cause should be suspected when
    - In a generalized bleeding disorders
    - Autosomal recessive disorders
  - Conversely Patients with Acquired Disorders
  - Syndromes known to be Associated with Bleeding Disorders
  - Laboratory Evaluation
  - Screening Tests (Table 13.24)
  - Platelet Count
  - Bleeding Time
  - Clot Retraction
  - PT and APTT
  - Special confirmatory tests (Figs 13.50 and 13.51)
- INTRODUCTION
  - Childhood vs Adult Lymphoma
  - Histologic Classification
  - Lymphoma or Leukemia
  - Immunology of Childhood NHL
  - Cytogenetics of Childhood NHL
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Staging
- MANAGEMENT
  - Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
    - Chemotherapy
  - Non-lymphoblastic Lymphoma
    - Chemotherapy
  - CNS Prophylaxis
  - Role of Radiotherapy
  - Other Problems
- INCIDENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY (TABLE 13.27)
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Extranodal Sites
  - Symptoms
- TREATMENT
  - Principles of Radiotherapy
  - Staging
  - Principles of Chemotherapy
  - Prognostic Factors
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- PATTERN OF SPREAD
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- STAGING
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
  - Genetics and Molecular Biology
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- STAGING
- RISK CATEGORIES
- TREATMENT
- INTRODUCTION
  - Rhabdomyosarcoma
  - Ewing's Sarcoma
- INTRODUCTION
- HEMATOPOIETIC FACTOR STIMULATING RBC PRODUCTION
  - Erythropoietin
  - Use of Erythropoietin
- HEMATOPOIETIC FACTORS STIMULATING GRANULOCYTE PRODUCTION
  - Uses
  - Administration—Dose and Route of Administration, Side Effects
- HEMATOPOIETIC FACTORS STIMULATING PLATELET PRODUCTION
CHAPTER 14:Endocrine Disorders
- STRUCTURE
- MODE OF ACTION
- EVALUATION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- DISORDERS OF GROWTH HORMONE
- GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY (GHD)
  - Causes
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- GIGANTISM AND ACROMEGALY
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- DIABETES INSIPIDUS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY
- HYPOTHYROIDISM
  - Congenital Hypothyroidism
  - Acquired Hypothyroidism
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Neonatal Screening
- HYPERTHYROIDISM
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Management
    - Graves’ Disease
    - Other Conditions
- ADRENAL GLAND
- ADRENOCORTICAL EXCESS
  - Cushing's Syndrome (Glucocorticoid Excess)
- HYPERALDOSTERONISM
- ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY (ADDISON DISEASE)
- CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
- INTRODUCTION
- HYPOCALCEMIA
  - Clinical Features
  - Etiology
    - PTH Resistance
    - Vitamin D Related Hypocalcemia
  - Evaluation
  - Management
- HYPERCALCEMIA
  - Clinical Features
  - Management
- REFRACTORY RICKETS
  - Etiology
  - Evaluation
  - Investigations
  - Management
- INTRODUCTION
  - Classification
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features
  - Management
  - Complications
- DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Management
- INTRODUCTION
  - Etiology
  - Evaluation
  - Complications
  - Management
- INTRODUCTION
- PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
  - Classification and Etiology
  - Evaluation
  - Investigations
  - Management
- DELAYED PUBERTY
  - Etiology
  - Evaluation
  - Examination
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- TURNER'S SYNDROME
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Management
- PHYSIOLOGY
- AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA (HERMAPHRODITISM)
  - Female Pseudohermaphroditism (FPH)
  - Male Pseudohermaphroditism (MPH)
  - True Hermaphroditism (TH)
  - Evaluation
  - Investigations
  - Management
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
  - Short Stature
  - Growth Hormone Deficiency
  - Gigantism and Acromegaly
  - Diabetes Insipidus
  - Thyroid
  - Adrenal Gland
  - Hypocalcemia
  - Rickets
  - Diabetes Mellitus
  - Obesity
  - Puberty
  - Sexual Differentiation
CHAPTER 15:Genetic Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- GENETIC DISORDERS
- STRUCTURE OF DNA
  - Phosphates and Sugar—deoxyribose
- STRUCTURE OF RNA
  - Mutation
- SINGLE GENE (MONOGENIC OR MENDELIAN) DISORDERS
- TERMINOLOGIES
- PEDIGREE SYMBOLS AND CONSTRUCTION
- CHROMOSOMAL DISORDERS
- POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
- NON-TRADITIONAL INHERITANCE
- TREATMENT OF GENETIC DISORDERS
  - Gene Therapy
    - Diseases Suitable for Gene Therapy
    - Strategies
- GENETIC COUNSELING
  - Prerequisites for Proper Genetic Counseling
- PREVENTION OF GENETIC DISORDERS AND COMMUNITY GENETICS
CHAPTER 16:Allergy, Immunodeficiency and Rheumatological Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- ALLERGIC RHINITIS
  - Introduction
  - Epidemiology
  - Etiology
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Management
- ASTHMA
  - Introduction
  - Epidemiology
  - Etiology and Triggering Factors
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Complications
  - Management
  - Prognosis
- ATOPIC DERMATITIS
  - Introduction
  - Epidemiology
  - Etiology
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Complications
  - Management
  - Prevention and Follow-up
- INTRODUCTION
- IMMUNE PATHWAYS
  - Cells of the Immune System: The T and B Lymphocytes
  - Non-specific Immune Mechanisms (Humoral)
  - Phagocytosis
  - Specific Immune Mechanisms
    - Specific Immune Mechanisms (Humoral or antibody mediated)
    - Specific Immune Mechanisms (Cellular or T Cell Mediated)
- IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
  - Laboratory Investigation for Suspected Immunodeficiency
- PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
  - Disorders of Specific Immunity
    - Cellular and/or Combined Immunodeficiency
  - Humoral Immunodeficiency
  - Disorders of Non-specific Immunity
    - Cellular Immunity Defects
    - Humoral Immunity Defects
  - Miscellaneous Immunodeficiency Disorders
  - Treatment of Primary Immunodeficiencies
- INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN THERAPY
- PATIENT EVALUATION
- APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS OF ARTHRITIS IN CHILDREN
- JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
  - Etiology
  - Clinical Features
  - Pauciarticular JRA
  - Polyarticular Onset JRA
  - Systemic Onset JRA
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Treatment
    - Medical Therapy
  - Course of Illness
- SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)
  - Diagnosis of SLE
  - Treatment
- ANTI-PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY SYNDROME (APLA SYNDROME)
- JUVENILE DERMATOMYOSITIS
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
- SCLERODERMA
- VASCULITIDES IN CHILDREN
- TAKAYASU'S ARTERITIS
- KAWASAKI DISEASE
- POLYARTERITIS NODOSA (PAN)
  - Major Criteria
  - Minor Criteria
- HENOCH-SCHӦNLEIN PURPURA (HSP)
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
  - Allergic Rhinitis
  - Asthma
  - Atopic Dermatitis
  - Immunology
  - Immunodeficiencies
  - Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy
  - Approach to Diagnosis of Arthritis in Children
  - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  - Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
  - Juvenile Dermatomyositis
  - Scleroderma
  - Vasculitidis in Children
  - Takayasu's Arteritis
  - Kawasaki Disease
  - Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
  - Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
CHAPTER 17:Adolescent Care
- INTRODUCTION
- INITIATION OF PUBERTY
- CHANGES OCCURRING IN PUBERTY
  - Psychosocial Development
- ADOLESCENT NUTRITION
  - Disorders of Growth
- ENDOCRINE ISSUES
- MEDICAL ISSUES
- REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUES
  - Sexuality
- MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES
- SUBSTANCE ABUSE
- MEDIA INFLUENCE
- BODY IMAGE
- INTERVENTIONS
CHAPTER 18:Poisoning and Toxic Ingestion
- INTRODUCTION
- THINK OF POISONING
- LEAD POISONING
- HYDROCARBON POISONING
- IRON POISONING
- BARBITURATE POISONING
- SALICYLATE POISONING
- CORROSIVE POISONING
- PARACETAMOL POISONING
- ORGANOPHOSPHORUS POISONING
- PREVENTION OF POISONING
- MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS
  - Some General Guidelines for Safety Regarding Accidental Poisoning
  - Information to be given to Poison Control Center
- ENVENOMATION
CHAPTER 19:Communication Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
- COMMUNICATION, SPEECH AND LANGUAGE
- HEARING DISORDERS
- MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNICATION DISORDERS IN CHILDREN
CHAPTER 20:Child Abuse and Neglect, Child Labor, and Child Adoption
- INTRODUCTION
- FORMS OF CHILD ABUSE
- INCIDENCE
- RECOGNITION OF CHILD ABUSE
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- HOW MANY IN INDIA?
- CAUSES OF CHILD LABOR
- FORMS OF CHILD LABOR
- SOCIOECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF CHILD LABOR
  - Child Labor > No Education > Unskilled Jobs
- ELIMINATION OF CHILD LABOR
- WHY DOES A PEDIATRICIAN NEED TO KNOW AND UNDER– STAND THE CONCEPT AND PROCESS OF CHILD ADOPTION?
- WHAT IS ADOPTION?
- IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS TO BE PREPARED BY SOCIAL WORKERS
- SALIENT FEATURES OF HAMA
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- REPORTS
CHAPTER 21:Skin Diseases in Children
- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF SKIN
- INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS
- DERMATITIS AND ECZEMAS
- DISEASES OF HAIR, SEBACEOUS AND SWEAT GLANDS
- URTICARIA AND FIXED DRUG REACTIONS
  - Urticaria and Angioedema
  - Fixed Drug Eruption
- PAPULOSQUAMOUS DISORDERS
  - Psoriasis
  - Lichen Planus
- GENETIC DISORDERS
  - Ichthyosis Vulgaris
  - Collodion Baby
- PIGMENTARY DISORDERS
CHAPTER 22:Common Eye, Ear, Nose, Throat and Dental Problems in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
- OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
- CONGENITAL NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OBSTRUCTION
- CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
- CONGENITAL CATARACT
- STRABISMUS
- AMBLYOPIA
- LEUKOCORIA
- CHILD WITH POOR VISION
- UVEITIS
- NYSTAGMUS
- REFRACTIVE ERRORS
- OCULAR TRAUMA
- WHEN SHOULD A PEDIATRICIAN REFER A CHILD TO THE OPHTHALMOLOGIST?
- OTOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
- PROBLEMS OF OTORRHEA
  - External Ear
  - Foreign Bodies in the Ear
    - Treatment
- RUPTURED TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
- OTITIS MEDIA
  - Acute Suppurative/Chronic Suppurative/Acute Secretory/Chronic Secretory
  - Acute Suppurative Otitis Media in Infant (ASOM)
  - Clinical Variants in Acute Otitis Media
  - Nonsuppurative Otitis Media—Acute and Chronic
    - Acute
    - Chronic Secretory Otitis Media
- NOSE, THROAT AND SINUS PROBLEMS
  - Nasal and Sinus Diseases
- THROAT DISORDERS
  - Acute Retropharyngeal Abscess
  - Ludwig's Angina
  - Faucial Diphtheria
  - Foreign Bodies
  - Burns
- LARYNX
  - Laryngismus Stridulus
  - Laryngeal Injuries
  - Foreign Bodies
  - Paralytic Lesion
  - Laryngeal Diphtheria
- ENT EMERGENCIES
  - Laryngeal Obstruction in Children
- SUPRAGLOTTIC CAUSES
  - Peritonsillar Abscess
  - Retropharyngeal Abscess
  - Lateral Pharyngeal Space Infection
  - Foreign Body
  - Ludwig's Angina
  - Nasopharyngeal Dermoid Cyst
  - Choanal Atresia
  - Angioneurotic Edema
- GLOTTIC CAUSES
  - Congenital Laryngeal Stridor
  - Epiglottis and Laryngitis
  - Growths
  - Tetanus
  - Tetany
  - Laryngeal Webs
- SUBGLOTTIC CAUSES
- LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS
- BRONCHOSCOPY IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
  - Aspiration of Milk
  - Foreign Body in the Tracheobronchus
- SPEECH PATHOLOGY AND AUDIOLOGY IN PEDIATRICS
  - Stammering
  - Dyslalia
  - Impact of Congenital and Neurological Anomalies in Speech and Hearing Problems
  - Hearing tests in Children
  - Audiogram
  - Behavioral Observation Audiometry (BOA)
  - Congenital Deafness
  - Infantile Aphasis or Developmental Aphasis
  - Dysarthria
  - Mental Retardation with Speech Problems
  - Autism
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY DENTITION
  - Development of Teeth
  - Functions of Teeth
  - Physiological Events Causing Pain
    - Pre-eruption Bulge
    - Eruption Hematoma
- DENTAL CARIES
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Smooth Surface Caries
  - Pit and Fissure Caries
  - Rampant Caries
    - Clinical Manifestations
- NURSING BOTTLE CARIES
  - Etiological Factors
  - Complications
  - Treatment
  - Management of Dental Caries
  - Oral Candidiasis
- NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS
- CHRONIC GINGIVAL DISEASES
  - Chronic Marginal Gingivitis
  - Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome
- MALOCCLUSION
- INJURIES OF THE TEETH
  - Management
- PREVENTION
CHAPTER 23:Pediatric Surgery sand Orthopedics
- INTRODUCTION
- REFERRAL FOR DIAGNOSIS
- TIMING OF SURGERY
- EMERGENCY GROUP
  - Neonatal Emergencies (Figures 23.1 to 23.16)
- SEMI EMERGENCY GROUP
- INTERMEDIATE GROUP
- ELECTIVE GROUP
- INTRODUCTION
- FRACTURES IN CHILDREN
  - Birth Fractures
  - Battered Baby Syndrome
  - Epiphyseal Injuries
- OTHER COMMON FRACTURES
  - Fracture Clavicle
  - Supracondylar Fracture
  - Fracture of the Forearm
- CONGENITAL DEFORMITIES
- LOWER LIMB
  - Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTEV, Club Foot)
- DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP (DDH)
  - Congenital Genu Recurvatum
- UPPER LIMB
  - Sprengel's Shoulder
  - Congenital Radioulnar Synostosis
  - Madelung's Deformity
  - Syndactylism
  - Polydactylism
- CARTILAGINOUS DYSPLASIAS
  - Multiple Exostoses (Diaphyseal Achalasia)
  - Enchondromatosis (Ollier's Disease)
- BONE DYSPLASIAS
  - Osteogenesis Imperfecta
  - Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Disease, Albers Schonberg Disease)
  - Fibrous Dysplasia
  - Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of the Tibia
- OSTEOMYELITIS
  - Pyogenic Osteomyelitis
  - Chronic Osteomyelitis
- INTRODUCTION
- ACUTE PYOGENIC (SEPTIC) ARTHRITIS
  - Pathology
  - Clinical Features
  - Radiological Features
  - Laboratory Findings
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
    - Conservative Treatment
    - Surgical Treatment
- SEPTIC ARTHRITIS OF INFANCY (TOM SMITH'S ARTHRITIS)
  - Delayed Presentation
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
  - Pediatric Surgery
CHAPTER 24:Medical research
- INTRODUCTION
- POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS FOR CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS
- RESEARCH STUDY DESIGNS
- CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF CLINICAL EVIDENCES: CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER 25:Rational Drug Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION OF RATIONAL DRUG USE
- PRINCIPLES OF RATIONAL DRUG THERAPY
- IRRATIONAL USE OF DRUGS
  - Factors Influencing Irrational use of Drugs
  - Impact of Irrational use of Drugs
- MENINGITIS
  - Acute Bacterial Meningitis
- RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
- GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
  - Diarrhea
- URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
  - Lower Urinary Tract Infection/Acute Cystitis
    - Duration of Treatment
  - Upper Urinary Tract Infection/Acute Pyelonephritis Antibiotics in Order of Preference
    - Duration of Therapy
- BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTIONS
- TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
CHAPTER 26:Pediatric procedures
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
- INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION
  - Method
  - Note
- SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION
  - Method
- INTRADERMAL INJECTION
  - Method
- RECTAL ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
- PERIPHERAL VENIPUNCTURE
  - Method
- INTRAVENOUS CANNULATION
  - Method
  - Note
- VENOUS CUT-DOWN
  - Method
- INTRA-OSSEOUS ACCESS
- UMBILICAL VEIN CATHETERIZATION
  - Method
  - Note
- BONE MARROW ASPIRATION
  - Method
  - Note
- LUMBAR PUNCTURE
  - Method
  - Note
- NASOGASTRIC TUBE INSERTION
  - Method
  - Note
- ABDOMINAL PARACENTESIS
  - Method
- SUPRA-PUBIC BLADDER ASPIRATION
  - Method
- THORACOCENTESIS
  - Method
  - Note
CHAPTER 27:Annexures
- MORTALITY, FERTILITY, AND OTHER HEALTH INDICATORS
- NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY
- AMINOGLYCOSIDES
- PENICILLIN
- MODIFIED PENICILLINS
- CEPHALOSPORINS
- MACROLIDES AND RELATED DRUGS
- FLUOROQUINOLONES
- CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS
- SYSTEMIC PROTOZOAN INFECTION
- CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
- ASTHMA
- NON STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATIORY DRUG
- ANTIHISTAMINICS
  - TRANQUILIZERS
- OTHER DRUGS WITH DIFFERENT INDICATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- INVESTIGATIONS
- BASIC INVESTIGATIONS
  - Blood
  - Red Cell Indices
  - WBC
  - Platelet Count
  - Peripheral Smear
  - Urine
  - Motion
  - Sputum Examination
  - CSF Examination
  - Commonly done Biochemical Investigations
    - S. Electrolytes
  - AST, ALT
  - SAP
- INTRODUCTION
  - Definitions and Measurements (Table 27.10)
  - Severe Acidosis can Produce
  - Blood Gas Analysis
  - Acid-Base Regulation
  - Normal Process
  - Buffer system
- ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
- CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- INTRODUCTION
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- GENERAL PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF INJECTION PRACTICES
- EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR SAFE INJECTION PRACTICES
- SITE OF INJECTION
  - Size of Needles Recommended as per IAP ACIP Guidelines
- CONCLUSION
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- I. TRAINING
- II. SKILLS
- III THEORY AND PRACTICALS
- IV. EXAMINATION
  - Part II
- V. INTERNSHIP
  - EVALUATION
  - GUIDELINES FOR CLINICAL AND VIVA
  - MARKS QUALIFYING FOR A PASS
  - Source

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes