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Textbook of Immunology
SK Mohanty, K Sai Leela, P Veerendra Kumar Reddy
1:
A Short History of Immunology
2:
Host-Microbe Relationship and Disease Process
CONTAMINATION, INFECTION, AND DISEASE
THE EXTENT OF HOST INVOLVEMENT (CHARACTERISTIC OF INFECTION)
SOURCE OF INFECTION
HUMAN BEING
ANIMALS
INSECTS
SOIL AND WATER
FOOD
METHODS OF TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION (FIGURE 2.1)
CONTACT TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION BY VEHICLES
TRANSMISSION BY VECTORS
MICROBIAL PATHOGENICITY
MICROBIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS
ADHESION
INVASIVENESS
TOXIGENICITY
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Assay
ENZYMES AND OTHER BACTERIAL PRODUCTS
INHIBITION OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
Inhibition of Chemotaxis
Inhibition of Attachment of Phagocytes
Inhibition of Lysosome Fusion
Resistance to Killing in Phagolysosome
Escape from Phago Lysosome into Cytoplasm
ESCAPE FROM HOSTS IMMUNE RESPONSE
By Antigenic Variation
Super Antigens
Reduction in Expression of Antigens
Immunosuppression
Antibody Cleavage
Serum Resistance
Induction of Ineffective Antibodies
ACQUISITION OF NUTRIENTS
REGULATION OF VIRULENCE FACTORS
VIRULENCE FACTORS IN VIRUSES
VIRULENCE FACTORS IN FUNGI, PROTOZOA AND HELMINTHS
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
3:
Immunity
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
INNATE IMMUNITY
MECHANISM OF INNATE IMMUNITY
First Line of Defence
Second Line of Defence
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY (ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY)
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
INDICATION OF PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
ADOPTIVE IMMUNITY
LOCAL IMMUNITY
HERD IMMUNITY
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
4:
Antigen
DEFINITION
COMPLETE ANTIGEN
HAPTENS (PARTIAL ANTIGENS)
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIGENS
BASED ON ORIGIN
BASED ON IMMUNE RESPONSE
EPITOPE (ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT)
DETERMINANTS OF IMMUNOGENICITY
ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY
SPECIES SPECIFICITY
ISOSPECIFICITY
AUTOSPECIFICITY
ORGAN SPECIFICITY
HETEROGENETIC SPECIFICITY
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
5:
Antigen Recognition Molecules
ANTIBODIES—IMMUNOGLOBULINS
DEFINITION
IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE
ABNORMAL IMMUNOGLOBULINS
OTHER ANTIGEN RECOGNITION MOLECULES
MHC MOLECULES
Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC): Syn-Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
‘T’ CELL RECEPTORS
INMUNOGLOBIN SPECIFICITIES
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTION
SHORT NOTES
MATCH THE ANTIBODY CLASS WITH ITS CHARACTERISTICS
6:
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
MEASUREMENT OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY
PRECIPITATION REACTION
DEFINITION
ZONE PHENOMENON
MECHANISM (LATTICE HYPOTHESIS)
Consequences of Failure of Lattice Formation
APPLICATIONS OF PRECIPITATION REACTION
Precipitation in Liquid
Precipitation in Gel (Immunodiffusion)
Advantages
MODIFICATIONS OF IMMUNODIFFUSION TECHNIQUES
Single Diffusion in One Dimension (Oudin Procedure)
Double Diffusion in One Dimension: Oakley Procedure
Single Diffusion in Two Dimension
Double Diffusion in Two Dimension: (Ouchterlony Technique)
Immunoelectrophoresis
ELECTROIMMUNODIFFUSION
Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis
Rocket Electrophoresis
AGGLUTINATION REACTION
DEFINITION
APPLICATIONS OF AGGLUTINATION REACTION
Direct Agglutination Test
Indirect (Passive) Agglutination Test
Hemagglutination (Figure 6.13)
COOMBS' TEST
Principle
Types
ROSE-WAALER TEST
CO-AGGLUTINATION
OPSONIZATION
NEUTRALIZATION TESTS
COMPLEMENT-MEDIATED SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (RIA)
ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
Direct ELISA
Indirect ELISA
CHEMILUMINESCENCE
IMMUNO BLOTTING
WESTERN BLOT TEST
FLOW CYTOMETRY AND FLUORESCENCE
IMMUNOELECTRON MICROSCOPIC TESTS
Immunoelectron Microscopy
Immunoferritin Test
Immunoenzyme Test
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
7:
Complement System
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
THE CLASSICAL PATHWAY
THE ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY (PROPERDIN PATHWAY)
REGULATION OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
MAJOR BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMPLEMENT (FIGURE 7.2)
CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES
SYNTHESIS OF ‘C’
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
8:
Cells and Tissues of the Immune System
LYMPHOID ORGANS
PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
Thymus: (Sites for ‘T’ cell Development)
Adult Bone Marrow and Fetal Liver (Sites for ‘B’ cell Development)
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS AND TISSUES
Lymph Node
Spleen
Tonsils, Peyer's Patches, and Other Subepithelial Lymphoid Organs
CELLS OF THE LYMPHORETICULAR SYSTEM
LYMPHOCYTES
B CELLS
T CELLS (‘T’ LINEAGE CELLS)
SURFACE MOLECULES (PROTEINS) ON ‘T’ LYMPHOCYTES
‘T’ CELL MATURATION
NULL CELLS
PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
MACROPHAGES
PHAGOCYTIC RESPONSE
ANTIGEN PROCESSING
CYTOKINE PRODUCTION
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Dendritic Cells
Langerhans' Cell
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
GENE ORGANIZATION
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
9:
Immune Response
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION
ACTIVATION OF HELPER ‘T’ LYMPHOCYTES
ACTIVATION OF ‘B’ CELLS AND CYTOTOXIC ‘T’ cell
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE (HUMORAL IMMUNITY)
SCOPE OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY
KINETIC AND QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSE
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND HYBRIDOMA TECHNIQUE
DEFINITION
HYBRIDOMA TECHNIQUE
PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
FACTORS INFLUENCING ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Genetic Factors
Age
Nutritional Status
Route of Administration
Size and Number of Doses
Multiple Antigens
Adjuvants
Immunosuppressive Agents
Effect of Antibody
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE (CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY)
SCOPE OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE REACTIONS
‘T’ CELL INVOLVEMENT
Differentiation of Helper ‘T’ Cells to TH1 or TH2
CYTOKINES
FEATURES OF SOME IMPORTANT CYTOKINES
IL-1
IL-2
IL-3
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-7
IL-8
IL-9
IL-10
IL-12
IL-13
IL-15
IL-16
IL-17
IL-18
INTERFERONS (ANTIVIRAL CYTOKINES)
HEMATOPOIETIC COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS (CSF)
TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR TNF
INHIBITORY CYTOKINES
LEUKEMIA INHIBITORY FACTOR (LIF)
Overview and Prospects
THEORIES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
SIDE CHAIN THEORY
TEMPLATE THEORIES
SELECTION THEORIES
JERNE'S NETWORK HYPOTHESIS
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
10:
Immunological Tolerance
INTRATHYMIC TOLERANCE TO SELF-ANTIGENS
POST-THYMIC TOLERANCE TO SELF-ANTIGENS
B CELL TOLERANCE TO SELF-ANTIGENS
ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED TOLERANCE IN VIVO
STUDY QUESTION
ESSAY QUESTION
SHORT NOTES
11:
Hypersensitivity Reactions
DEFINITION
GELL AND COOMBS’ CLASSIFICATION
TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY (IGE-MEDIATED)
COMPONENTS OF TYPE I REACTIONS
Allergens
Reaginic Antibody (IgE)
Mast Cells and Basophils
IgE-binding Fc Receptors
Mechanism of IgE-mediated Degranulation
Receptor Cross-linkage
Degranulation Releases Preformed Mediators Induces Synthesis of Others from Arachidonic Acid
MEDIATORS OF TYPE I REACTIONS
Histamine
Arachidonic Acid Metabolites (Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins)
Cytokines
CONSEQUENCES OF TYPE 1 REACTIONS
Systemic Anaphylaxis
Localized Anaphylactic Reactions (Atopy)
Allergic Rhinitis
Asthma
Detection of Type 1 Hypersensitivily
Hyposensitization
Food Allergies
Atopic Dermatitis (Allergic Eczema)
Late Phase Reactions
TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION (ANTIBODY DEPENDENT CYTOTOXICITY)
EXAMPLES OF TYPE II REACTIONS
Mismatched Transfusion Reactions
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Drug-induced Hemolytic Anemia and Purpura
Goodpasture's Syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis
Grave's Disease
TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS (IMMUNE COMPLEX MEDIATED)
GENERALIZED TYPE III REACTIONS (SERUM SICKNESS)
MECHANISM OF TYPE III REACTION (FIGURE 11.15)
LOCALIZED TYPE III REACTION (ARTHUS REACTION)
DETECTION OF IMMUNE COMPLEX
TYPE IV CELL MEDIATED (DELAYED) HYPERSENSITIVITY
MECHANISM OF DH
EXAMPLES OF DH DISORDERS
Contact Dermatitis
Tuberculin Hypersensitivily
Granulomatous Hypersensitivity
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
12:
Autoimmunity
PROBABLE MECHANISMS OF AUTOIMMUNITY
GENETIC FACTORS
ASSOCIATION WITH ‘T’ CELL RECEPTOR
RELEASE OF SEQUESTRATED ANTIGENS
ANTIGENIC OR MOLECULAR MIMICRY
INAPPROPRIATE EXPRESSION OF CLASS II MHC MOLECULE
MUTATION
POLYCLONAL CELL ACTIVATION
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
SOME EXAMPLES OF ORGAN SPECIFIC DISEASE
Autoimmune Anemia
Insulin Dependent Diabetic Mellitus (IDDM)
SOME EXAMPLES OF NONORGAN SPECIFIC DISEASE
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
13:
Immunodeficiency Disorders
PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCIES
DISORDERS OF SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
B CELL IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia)
Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (Acquired Hypogammaglobulinemia)
Immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM
Selective Immunoglobulin Deficiencies
Transcobalamin II Deficiency
5'-Nucleotidase Deficiency
T Cell Immunodeficiency Disorders
Combined Immune Deficiency
DISORDERS OF COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCY
Complement Component Deficiency
Complement Inhibitor Deficiency
DISORDERS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Myeloperoxidase Deficiency
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Leukocyte G6PD Deficiency
Job's Syndrome
Tuftsin Deficiency
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
Hyper-IgE Syndrome
Actin Binding Protein Deficiency
Shwachman's Disease
Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)
SECONDARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCIES
HUMORAL DEFICIENCY OCCURS IN FOLLOWING CONDITIONS
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNODEFICIENCY OCCURS IN FOLLOWING CONDITIONS
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
14:
Tumor Immunology
CANCER: ORIGIN
MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF CELLS
ONCOGENES AND CANCER INDUCTIONS
FUNCTION OF CANCER-ASSOCIATED GENES
CONVERSION OF PROTO-ONCOGENES TO ONCOGENES
TUMOR ANTIGENS
UNIQUE TUMOR SPECIFIC ANTIGENS
Tumor Specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTA's)
Tumor Associated Transplanted Antigens
Melanoma Associated Gene Antigens (MAGE)
IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE THEORY
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMOR
NATURAL IMMUNITY
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
IMMUNOLOGICAL ESCAPE
CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS
CYTOKINE THERAPY
IN VITRO ACTIVATED LAK AND TIL CELLS
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
CANCER VACCINES
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
15:
Transplantation Immunology
TYPES OF GRAFTS
SPECIFICITY AND MEMORY OF THE REJECTED RESPONSE
ROLE OF CMI
TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS
FACTORS FAVOURING ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL
ABO BLOOD GROUP COMPATIBILITY
HLA-TYPING OF POTENTIAL DONORS AND RECIPIENT
Microcytotoxicity Test
Mixed Lymphocytic Reaction
Molecular Methods
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
TRANSPLANTS TO IMMUNOLOGICALLY PRIVILEGED SITES
MECHANISM INVOLVED IN GRAFT REJECTION
SENSITIZATION STAGE
EFFECTOR STAGE
THE TEMPO OF REJECTION
HYPERACUTE REJECTION
Acute Rejections
Chronic Rejection
GRAFT-VERSUS HOST DISEASE (GVH)
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
16:
Immunohematology
ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
RH BLOOD GROUP
APPLICATIONS OF BLOOD GROUPS
BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS
Transfusion Transmitted Diseases
Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDNB)
BLOOD GROUP AND DISEASES
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
17:
Immunoprophylaxis Vaccines
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION
DESIGNING VACCINES OF ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
WHOLE ORGANISM VACCINES
ATTENUATED BACTERIAL OR VIRAL VACCINES
KILLED BACTERIAL OR VIRAL VACCINES
PURIFIED MICROMOLECULES AS VACCINE
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE
TOXOID VACCINES
RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINES
RECOMBINANT-VECTOR VACCINES
DNA VACCINE
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES
MULTIVALENT SUBUNIT VACCINES
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
SHORT NOTES
18:
Immunity in Parasitic, Viral and Bacterial Infections
IMMUNITY IN PARASITIC INFECTIONS
GENERAL FEATURES OF PARASITIC INFECTION
EFFECTOR MECHAINSMS
Macrophage
Granulocytes
Eosinophils
Mast Cells
Plalelets
‘T’ Cells
Antibodies
ESCAPE MECHANISMS
Intrinsic Resistance
Avoidance of Recognition
Suppression of the Host's Immune Response
IMMUNOPATHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS
IMMUNITY IN VIRAL INFECTION
INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
VIRAL EVASION OF HOST DEFENCE MECHANISM
IMMUNITY IN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
HOST DEFENCES
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
EVASION OF HOST DEFENCE MECHANISMS
INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA
STUDY QUESTIONS
ESSAY QUESTIONS
INDEX
TOC
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