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Textbook of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases
Mohammad Maqbool, Suhail Maqbool
SECTION ONE: EAR
1:
Development of the Ear
2:
Anatomy of the Ear
EXTERNAL EAR
Pinna
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
External Auditory Canal
Tympanic Membrane
MIDDLE EAR CLEFT
Eustachian Tube
Middle Ear Cavity
Medial Wall
Anterior Wall
Posterior Wall
Floor
Roof
Lateral wall
Contents of the Middle Ear Cavity
Mastoid Antrum
Mastoid Process
Mastoid Air Cells
INNER EAR
Bony Labyrinth
Vestibule
Semicircular Canals
Bony Cochlea
Membranous Labyrinth
Saccule and Utricle
Membranous Semicircular Ducts
Ductus Cochlearis (Scala Media)
Organ of Corti
AVERAGE PHYSICAL DATA OF THE EAR
External Auditory Meatus
Tympanic Membrane
Middle Ear Cavity
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Oval Window
Round Window
Tensor Tympani Muscle
Stapedius Muscle
INNER EAR
Measurements of Inner Ear
Cochlea
Scala Vestibuli
Scala Tympani
Cochlear Duct
Helicotrema
Basilar Membrane
Organ of Corti
Spiral Ligament
Ganglion Cells
3:
Physiology of the Ear
PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING
Physiology of the Conductive Mechanism
Impedance Matching of Middle Ear
Bone Conduction of Sounds
Functions of the Middle Ear Muscles
Functions of Eustachian Tube
Functions of the Mastoid Cellular System
Sensorineural Mechanism of Hearing
Pitch Discrimination in the Cochlea
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
Electrical Potentials in the Cochlea
Efferent Cochlear System
Masking
DISTORTION IN THE EAR
4:
History Taking with Symptomatology of Ear Diseases
5:
Examination of the Ear
METHODS OF EXAMINATION OF THE EAR
Otoscopy
Examination with Siegle's Speculum
Examination under Microscope
Examination of Ear with an Operating Microscope
EVALUATION OF EAR DISEASE
Fistula Test
Eustachian Tube Patency
Valsalva's Test
Politzerisation
Eustachian Catheterisation
Method
FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION OF EAR
Voice Tests
Tuning Fork Tests
Rinne's Test
Interpretation
Weber's Test
Interpretation
Absolute Bone Conduction (ABC) Test
Interpretation
Schwaback's Test
RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE EAR
CT Scan
Advantages of CT Scanning
CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
EXAMINATION OF THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
Cranial Nerves
Nystagmus
The Caloric Test
Rotation Test
Optokinetic Test
Electronystagmography (ENG)
Positional Test
Romberg's test
Past Pointing
Cupulometry
CRANIOCORPOGRAPHY
6:
Congenital Diseases of the External and Middle Ear
7:
Diseases of the External Ear
PERICHONDRITIS
HAEMATOMA OF THE AURICLE
FROST BITE OF THE PINNA
PSEUDOCYST PINNA
OTITIS EXTERNA
Furunculosis
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Chronic Diffuse Otitis Externa
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
OTOMYCOSIS
MALIGNANT OTITIS EXTERNA
KERATOSIS OBTURANS (CANAL WALL CHOLESTEATOMA)
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
IMPACTED WAX IN THE EXTERNAL CANAL
BULLOUS MYRINGITIS
TRAUMATIC PERFORATIONS OF THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
8:
Diseases of the Eustachian Tube
ACUTE SALPINGITIS (ACUTE TUBAL CATARRH)
CHRONIC SALPINGITIS
9:
Acute Suppurative Otitis Media and Acute Mastoiditis
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA
Symptoms
Clinical Signs in Acute Mastoiditis
Abscesses in Relation to Mastoiditis
Treatment
MYRINGOTOMY
Gradenigo's Syndrome
Treatment
Masked Mastoiditis
Treatment
10:
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
TUBOTYMPANIC TYPE (SAFE TYPE)
Myringoplasty
Advantages of Myringoplasty
Graft Material
Procedure
Postoperative Care
ATTICOANTRAL DISEASE (UNSAFE TYPE)
Cholesteatoma
Classification
Aetiology of Primary Acquired Cholesteatoma
Clinical Features
Investigations of Atticoantral Disease
Treatment of Atticoantral Disease
TUBERCULOUS OTITIS MEDIA
11:
Complications of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
12:
Nonsuppurative Otitis Media and Otitic Barotrauma
NONSUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA
ACUTE OTITIC BAROTRAUMA
13:
Adhesive Otitis Media
TYMPANOSCLEROSIS
14:
Mastoid and Middle Ear Surgery
SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR THE DISCHARGING EAR
Cortical Mastoidectomy
Indications
Steps of Operation
Postoperative Care
Complications
Radical Mastoidectomy
Indications
Operative Steps
Complications
Postoperative Care
Modified Radical Mastoidectomy
Mastoid Obliteration Operation
TYMPANOPLASTY
Combined Approach Tympanoplasty (CAT)
Advantages
Disadvantages
Contraindications
15:
Otosclerosis
COCHLEAR OTOSCLEROSIS
MALIGNANT OTOSCLEROSIS
16:
Tumours of the Ear
TUMOURS OF THE EXTERNAL EAR
Benign Tumours of the Auricle
Malignant Tumours of the Auricle
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma (Rodent Ulcer)
Benign Tumours of the External Auditory Meatus
Exostoses
Osteoma
Adenoma
Malignant Tumours of the External Auditory Meatus
Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
TUMOURS OF THE MIDDLE EAR
Glomus Tumours
Histology
Clinical Features
Signs
Classification of Glomus Jugular Tumour Oldring and Fisch's (1979)
Staging of Glomus Jugular Tumour
Investigations
Treatment
Malignant Tumours of Middle Ear Cleft
Mesenchymal Tumours
Epithelial Tumours
TUMOURS OF THE INNER EAR
Acoustic Neuroma
Origin
Spread
Histopathology
Clinical Features
Neurological Evaluation
Investigations
Treatment
17:
Otological Aspects of Facial Paralysis
FACIAL PARALYSIS
OTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FACIAL PARALYSIS
Anatomy and Course of Facial Nerve
Pathology of Facial Nerve Injury
Aetiology
Facial Nerve Paralysis due to Otitis Media
Facial Paralysis due to Surgery on the Middle Ear and Mastoid
Management of Postoperative Facial Paralysis
BELL'S PALSY
HEMIFACIAL SPASM
IMPORTANT POINTS
18:
Ménière's Disease and Other Common Disorders of the Inner Ear
MÉNIÈRE'S DISEASE
CAUSES OF VERTIGO
VESTIBULAR NEURONITIS
BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO
19:
Ototoxicity
20:
Tinnitus
TINNITUS AURIUM
21:
Deafness
DEAF-MUTE
Examination of a Deaf-mute
History
Assessing the Hearing
ACOUSTIC TRAUMA
PRESBYACUSIS (SENILE DEAFNESS)
SUDDEN DEAFNESS
Conductive Type of Sudden Deafness
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Management
PSYCHOGENIC DEAFNESS
Various Tests to Detect Psychogenic Deafness
Stenger's Test
Weber's Test or Chimani Moose Test (Lateralisation Test)
Lombard's Test
Loud Voice Test (Erhard's Test)
Cochleopalpebral Test (Gault Test)
Stethoscope Test
Two Speaking Tubes
Test During Sleep
Audiometric Tests
Doerfler Stewart Test
Hypnosis
22:
Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implant
HEARING AIDS
COCHLEAR IMPLANT (FIG. 22.6)
How does the implant work?
How does the implant benefit the patient?
Selection of Patients for Cochlear Implant Surgery
Switch on Speech Therapy and Rehabilitation
Training of Deaf-mutes
Other Facilities for Severely Deaf Patients can be
23:
Principles of Audiometry
ACOUSTICS
Parameters of Sound
Room Acoustics
AUDIOMETRY
Pure Tone Audiometry
Audiometer
Method of Pure Tone Audiometry
Symbols on Audiogram
Audiogram Interpretation
Advantages of Pure Tone Audiometry
Speech Audiometry
Speech Discrimination
Uses of Speech Discrimination Test
Social Adequacy Index (SAI)
Short Increment Sensitivity Index Test (SISI test of Jerger)
Tone Decay Test (Auditory Adaptation)
Interpretation
Recruitment
Procedure to Demonstrate Recruitment
Decruitment
Bekesy Audiometry
Impedance Audiometry
Electrocochleography and Evoked Response Audiometry
Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry
Wave Generator Site
Pathophysiological Aspects
Pediatric Application of Bera
SECTION TWO: NOSE
24:
Development and Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
DEVELOPMENT
Development of the Paranasal Sinuses
ANATOMY
External Nose
Cartilages of the Nose
Nasal Cavities
Nasal Septum
Blood Supply of the Septum
Mucosa of Nose
PARANASAL SINUSES
Maxillary Sinus (Antrum of Highmore)
Frontal Sinus
Ethmoid Sinuses
Sphenoid Sinus
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE NASAL CAVITY
Venous Drainage
NERVE SUPPLY OF THE NOSE
Sympathetic Supply
Parasympathetic Supply
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES
25:
Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
OLFACTOMETRY (ODOUR MEASUREMENT)
Qualitative Olfactometry
Quantitative Olfactometry
DISTURBANCES OF OLFACTION
FUNCTIONS OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES
MULTIFARIOUS FUNCTIONS OF NOSE
26:
Common Symptoms of Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Diseases
27:
Examination of the Nose, Paranasal Sinuses and Nasopharynx
INSPECTION AND PALPATION
ANTERIOR RHINOSCOPY
Examination with a Nasal Speculum
Postural Test
Examination of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
POSTERIOR RHINOSCOPY
RHINOMANOMETRY
DIGITAL PALPATION OF THE NASOPHARYNX
NASOPHARYNGOSCOPY
Examination of Nasopharynx with Retracted Soft Palate
TRANSILLUMINATION OF THE SINUSES
SINOSCOPY
RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES
Plain X-rays
Views for the Paranasal Sinuses
CT SCAN OF THE NOSE, PARANASAL SINUSES AND NASOPHARYNX
ANGIOGRAPHY
28:
Congenital Diseases of the Nose
CHOANAL ATRESIA
DERMOID CYSTS OF THE NOSE
NASAL GLIOMA
ENCEPHALOCELE
29:
Diseases of the External Nose
FURUNCULOSIS OF THE NOSE
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
VESTIBULITIS
ERYSIPELAS
ACNE ROSACEA
LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
HERPES SIMPLEX
HERPES ZOSTER
RHINOPHYMA
NEOPLASMS OF THE EXTERNAL NOSE
Rodent Ulcer
Treatment
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
30:
Bony Injuries of the Face
FRACTURE OF THE NASAL BONES
FRACTURES OF THE MAXILLA
FRACTURES OF THE MALAR-ZYGOMATIC COMPLEX
BLOW-OUT FRACTURE OF THE ORBIT
CEREBROSPINAL RHINORRHOEA
31:
Foreign Bodies in the Nose
32:
Epistaxis
33:
Diseases of the Nasal Septum
DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM
Submucous Resection of Septum
Indication
Steps of Operation
Complications
Drawbacks of SMR Operation
Septoplasty
Advantages of Septoplasty
Septorhinoplasty
General Principles of Septorhinoplasty
Steps of Operation for Rhinoplasty
SEPTAL HAEMATOMA
SEPTAL ABSCESS
PERFORATION OF THE NASAL SEPTUM
34:
Acute Rhinitis
ACUTE RHINITIS
NASAL DIPHTHERIA
OTHER CAUSES OF RHINORRHOEA
35:
Chronic Rhinitis
CHRONIC HYPERTROPHIC RHINITIS
RHINITIS CASEOSA (NASAL CHOLESTEATOMA)
ATROPHIC RHINITIS (OZAENA)
Primary Atrophic Rhinitis
Secondary Atrophic Rhinitis
Pathology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Sequelae and Complications of Atrophic Rhinitis
Rhinitis Sicca
ANTHRAX
XERODERMA PIGMENTOSA
LUPUS VULGARIS OF NOSE
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE NOSE
SYPHILIS OF THE NOSE
LEPROSY
RHINOSPORIDIOSIS
RHINOSCLEROMA
MIDLINE NASAL GRANULOMAS
Stewart's Granuloma (Malignant Nasal Lymphoma)
Wegener's Granuloma
Treatment
36:
Nasal Allergy, Vasomotor Rhinitis and Nasal Polyposis
NASAL ALLERGY
VASOMOTOR RHINITIS
NASAL POLYPOSIS
37:
Sinusitis
ACUTE SINUSITIS
CHRONIC SINUSITIS
Intranasal Antrostomy (INA)
Caldwell-Luc Operation
Indications
Steps of Operation
Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)
Technique
Indications of FESS
Complications of FESS
Treatment of Ethmoiditis
Ethmoidectomy
Surgery for Chronic Frontal Sinusitis
Frontoethmoidectomy
Osteoplastic Flap Operation on the Frontal Sinus
Operations on the Sphenoid Sinus
Complications of Sinusitis
Pathology
Symptoms
Intracranial Complications
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Cerebral Abscess
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Pathology
Symptoms
Secondary Effects of Sinusitis
Kartagener's Syndrome
Cystic Swelling of the Nose and Paranasal Sinus
Dentigerous Cyst
Dental Cyst
CYSTS IN THE MAXILLARY REGION
Fungal Infection of Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
38:
Tumors of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
TUMOURS OF THE NASAL CAVITY
Papilloma
Inverted Papilloma (Ringertz Tumour, Schinelarian papilloma)
Haemangiomas
Fibroma
Osteoma
Treatment
Adenoma
Treatment
Chondroma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Nose
Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Malignant Melanoma
TUMOURS OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES
Fibrous Dysplasia
Carcinoma of Paranasal Sinuses
Classification
TNM Classification
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Spread of Malignant Lesions of the Paranasal Sinuses
Investigation
Treatment
39:
Headache
CLASSIFICATION OF HEADACHE
Diagnosis of Headaches
Management
Migraine
Symptomatic Treatment
Prophylaxis
Cluster Headache
40:
Facial Neuralgia (Pain in the Face)
SECTION THREE: THROAT
41:
Oral Cavity and Pharynx
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PHARYNX
Nasopharynx
Nasopharyngeal Tonsil
Oropharynx
Tonsils
Waldeyer's Ring
Laryngopharynx (Hypopharynx)
Pyriform Fossa
Postcricoid Region
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall
Muscles of Pharynx
Nerve Supply
SOFT PALATE
Passavant's Ridge or Bar
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PHARYNX
Functions of the Pharyngeal Lymphoid Tissues
DEGLUTITION
Thirst Sensation
42:
Common Symptoms of Oropharyngeal Diseases and the Method of Examination
COMMON SYMPTOMS OF OROPHARYNGEAL DISEASES
Pain
Difficulty in Deglutition
Difficulty in Respiration
Difficulty in Speech
Ulceration of Pharyngeal Mucosa
Cervical Lymphadenopathy
METHOD OF EXAMINATION OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX
Investigations
Haematological Tests
Radiological Investigation
43:
Common Diseases of the Buccal Cavity
STOMATITIS
Recurrent Ulcerative Stomatitis (Aphthous Ulcers)
Behcet's Syndrome
Pemphigus
Idiopathic Oral Fibrosis (Submucous Fibrosis)
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tongue Ulcers
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Management
CYSTS OF MOUTH
Developmental Cysts and Lingual Thyroid
Mucous Cysts
Ranula
Lingual Thyroid
CARCINOMA OF THE TONGUE
LUDWIG'S ANGINA (FIG. 43.3A)
TUMOURS OF THE ORAL CAVITY
Epulis
Types of Epulis
AMELOBLASTOMA (ADAMANTINOMA) (FIG. 43.7)
44:
Cysts and Fistulae of the Neck
THYROGLOSSAL CYST AND FISTULA
BRANCHIAL APPARATUS AND ITS ABNORMALITIES
Branchial Cyst
Treatment
Branchial Fistula
Treatment
Cystic Hygroma
Aetiology
Site
Pathology
Clinical Course
Treatment
Solitary Lymph Cyst
Treatment
Sternomastoid Tumour
Pathology
Treatment
NECK MASSES
MANAGEMENT OF METASTATIC CERVICAL NODES
DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP
TUMOURS OF THE PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE
SALIVARY GLAND TUMOURS
NEUROGENIC TUMOURS
Paragangliomas
OTHER NEUROGENIC TUMOURS
Embryology of the Peripheral Nerve
Schwannoma
Neurofibroma
von Recklinghausen's Disease
Malignant Neurofibroma
HAEMANGIOMA (FIG. 44.6)
TERATOMA
45:
Salivary Glands
AFFECTS OF THE PAROTID GLAND
Mumps
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
Acute Parotitis (Fig. 45.1A)
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Chronic Parotitis
Treatment
Parotid Calculus
Treatment
Neoplasms
Pathology
Treatment
Frey's Syndrome (Auriculotemporal Nerve Syndrome)
Mikulicz Disease
AFFECTS OF THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS
Calculus
Clinical Features
Treatment
Tumours
SIALOGRAPHY
46:
Pharyngitis
ACUTE PHARYNGITIS
MEMBRANOUS PHARYNGITIS
CHRONIC PHARYNGITIS
Chronic Non-specific Pharyngitis
Clinical Features
Treatment of Chronic Pharyngitis
Chronic Atrophic Pharyngitis
Treatment
KERATOSIS PHARYNGES
SPECIFIC INFECTIONS OF THE PHARYNX (FIG. 46.2)
Tuberculosis
Lupus Vulgaris
Syphilis
STENOSIS OF THE PHARYNX
47:
Tonsillitis
ACUTE TONSILLITIS
Complications of Acute Tonsillitis
CHRONIC TONSILLITIS
ACUTE LINGUAL TONSILLITIS
CHRONIC LINGUAL TONSILLITIS
TONSILLECTOMY
Postoperative Care
Postoperative Complications
PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS (QUINSY, PARATONSILLAR ABSCESS)
48:
Adenoids
49:
Pharyngeal Abscess
ACUTE RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
CHRONIC RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
PARAPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
50:
Tumours of the Pharynx
TUMOURS OF THE NASOPHARYNX
NASOPHARYNGEAL ANGIOFIBROMA
Malignant Tumours of Nasopharynx
Aetiological Factors in Carcinoma of the Nasopharynx
Spread of Nasopharyngeal Growth
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Lymphoepithelioma
TUMOURS OF THE OROPHARYNX
Papillomas
Pleomorphic Salivary Adenoma
Malignant Neoplasms of the Oropharynx
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Oropharyngeal Region
Staging
Treatment
TUMOURS OF THE HYPOPHARYNX
PLUMMER-VINSON OR PATERSON-BROWN-KELLY SYNDROME
51:
Miscellaneous Conditions of the Throat
GLOBUS HYSTERICUS (GLOBUS PHARYNGES)
PALATAL AND PHARYNGEAL PALSY
PHARYNGEAL SPASM
PHARYNGEAL POUCH
TRISMUS (LOCK JAW)
CLEFT PALATE
ELONGATED STYLOID PROCESS (STYLALGIA)
52:
Larynx and Tracheobronchial Tree
DEVELOPMENT OF LARYNX AND TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE
LARYNX
Anatomy
Cartilages of the Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis
Folds Extending from the Epiglottis
Paraepiglottic Space: Cricoid Cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilages
Corniculate Cartilage (Cartilage of Santorini)
Cuneiform Cartilage (Cartilage of Wrisberg)
Muscles of the Larynx
Nerve Supply of Muscles
Interior of the Larynx
Laryngeal Vestibule
Sinus of the Larynx
Saccule of the Larynx
Vocal Cords
Blood Supply of the Larynx
Lymphatic Drainage of the Larynx
Nerve Supply of the Larynx
Average Measurements of Adult Larynx
Surgical Subdivisions of the Larynx
Comparison of Infantile with the Adult Larynx
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE
Anatomy
Right Main Bronchus
Left Main Bronchus
53:
Physiology of the Larynx
PHONATION
54:
Common Symptoms of Laryngeal Diseases
CHANGES OF VOICE
STRIDOR AND DYSPNOEA
WEAK CRY
COUGH
DYSPHAGIA AND ODYNOPHAGIA
55:
Examination of the Larynx
EXTERNAL PALPATION
INDIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY
Procedure
Difficulties in Indirect Laryngoscopy
Uses of Indirect Laryngoscopy
DIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY
Direct Laryngoscopy in Children
STROBOSCOPY
RADIOGRAPHY OF THE LARYNX
FIBREOPTIC LARYNGOSCOPY
EXAMINATION OF THE LARYNX UNDER MICROSCOPE (MICROLARYNGOSCOPY)
56:
Stridor
LARYNGOMALACIA
ACUTE LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITIS
ACUTE EPIGLOTTITIS (ACUTE OBSTRUCTIVE SUPRAGLOTTIC LARYNGITIS)
DIPHTHERIA
57:
Acute Laryngitis
ACUTE LARYNGITIS IN CHILDREN
58:
Chronic Laryngitis
REINKE'S OEDEMA
VOCAL NODULES
VOCAL CORD POLYP
CONTACT ULCER
HYPERKERATOSIS AND LEUKOPLAKIA
ATROPHIC LARYNGITIS
TUBERCULOSIS OF THE LARYNX
LARYNGEAL LUPUS
59:
Laryngeal Trauma
LARYNGEAL STENOSIS
60:
Laryngocele
61:
Oedema of the Larynx
ANGIONEUROTIC OEDEMA (QUINCKE'S OEDEMA)
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Causes of Obstruction in the Newborn
Choanal Atresia
Laryngomalacia
Subglottic Stenosis
Laryngeal Webs
LARYNGEAL SPASMS
62:
Foreign Body in the Larynx and Tracheobronchial Tree
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE LARYNX
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE TRACHEA
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE BRONCHUS
63:
Laryngeal Paralysis
LARYNGEAL PARALYSIS IN ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER CRANIAL NERVE DYSFUNCTION
CRICOARYTENOID JOINT ARTHRITIS
FIXED AND PARALYSED CORD
64:
Tracheostomy
ANATOMICAL RELATIONS OF TRACHEA
Tracheostomy
Indications for Tracheostomy
Types of Tracheostomy
Operative Technique
Complications of Tracheostomy
Postoperative Complications
Types of Tracheostomy Tubes
Care of Tracheostomy
65:
Disorders of Voice
MYASTHENIA OF THE LARYNX (PHONASTHENIA)
MOGIPHONIA
PUBERPHONIA (MUTATIONAL FALSE TO VOICE)
66:
Tumours of the Larynx
BENIGN TUMOURS OF THE LARYNX
Solitary Papilloma
Treatment
Multiple Papillomas of the Larynx
Treatment
Precancerous Conditions of the Larynx
MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF THE LARYNX
Classification
Staging of Carcinoma Larynx
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Treatment of Laryngeal Cancer
PARTIAL CO2 LASER CORDECTOMY
TOTAL CORDECTOMY
HEMILARYNGECTOMY
EXTENDED PARTIAL LARYNGECTOMIES
Total Laryngectomy
Procedure
Postoperative Care
Complications
ORGAN PRESERVATION THERAPY
ALARYNGEAL COMMUNICATION
PHONOSURGERY
Patient Evaluation and Selection
Transoral Injection
Laryngoscopic Injection
Vocal Cord Medialisation by Injection
Medialisation Thyroplasty
Disadvantages Include the following:
Technique
Management of Bilateral Vocal Cord Movement Impairment with Airway Obstruction
Elevate Pitch
Lengthening Procedures
Anterior Commissure Advancement: Lejeune Procedure
Cricothyroid Approximation
Reinnervation Procedures
Reconstruction and Rehabilitative Procedures after Laryngectomy
Operative Procedure
67:
Block Dissection of the Neck
68:
Thyroid
THYROID
Enlargement of Thyroid Gland
Aetiology
Nodular Goitre
Aetiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
Retrosternal Goitre
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Treatment
NEOPLASMS OF THYROID
Histopathological Types of Thyroid Tumour
Neoplasms
Treatment
TREATMENT POLICY
Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Follicular Adenocarcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma
Thyroid Lymphoma
Anaplastic Tumours
69:
Bronchoscopy
70:
Oesophagus
SURGICAL ANATOMY
Nerve Supply
INVESTIGATIONS FOR AN OESOPHAGEAL DISEASE
Radiological Investigation
Barium Meal X-ray of the Oesophagus
Oesophageal Pressure Study
71:
Common Oesophageal Diseases in ENT Practice
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF THE OESOPHAGUS
INJURIES TO THE OESOPHAGUS
Accidental Perforations of the Oesophagus
Clinical Features of Oesophageal Perforations
Treatment
Corrosive Injury of the Oesophagus
Pathology of Stricture Formation
Clinical Features
Treatment of Corrosive Burns of Oesophagus
Prevention of Stricture Formation
BENIGN STRICTURES OF THE OESOPHAGUS
Hiatus Hernia and Gastroesophageal Reflux
OESOPHAGIECTASIA (CARDIOSPASM)
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE UPPER FOOD PASSAGES
Foreign Bodies in Pharynx
Diagnosis
Foreign Bodies in the Oesophagus
Aetiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Treatment
NEOPLASMS OF THE OESOPHAGUS
Malignant Tumours of the Oesophagus
Histology
Site of Lesion
Spread of the Tumour
Symptoms of Carcinoma Oesophagus
Diagnosis
Treatment
72:
Oesophagoscopy
73:
Laser Surgery in ENT
LASER SURGERY IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY (ENT)
Principles of Laser Surgery
Safety Precaution in the Use of Laser
74:
Principles of Radiotherapy
RADIATION PHYSICS
RADIOBIOLOGY
OPTIMUM DOSE OF RADIOTHERAPY
DOSAGE DISTRIBUTION IN TISSUES OF VARYING COMPOSITION
USES OF RADIOTHERAPY
Complications of Radiotherapy
Patient Care during Radiotherapy
75:
Syndromes in Otorhinolaryngology
76:
Common ENT Instruments
INDEX
TOC
Index
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