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Surgery—On Call: Day-to-Day Surgical Care Sunil Ravinder Paul K

1:SURGICAL PRACTICE– WORDS OF WISDOM
2:FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES
- FLUIDS
- ELECTROLYTES
  - Normal values in Plasma
- POTASSIUM (K+) DEFICIENCY
- SODIUM (NA+) DEFICIENCY
- METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
- LACTIC ACIDOSIS
3:NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
- I. ORAL NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
- II. ENTERAL NUTRITION (ENTERAL TUBE FEEDING)
- III. PARENTERAL NUTRITION (PN)
  - Nutritional support (Summary)
4:ANESTHESIA
- 4.1 LOCAL INFILTRATION ANALGESIA
- 4.2 TOPICAL ANESTHESIA
- 4.3 PERIPHERAL REGIONAL BLOCKS
- 4.4 CONSCIOUS SEDATION
5:ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS
6:PRE-OPERATIVE CARE
7:POST-OPERATIVE CARE
8:SUTURES
9:NEEDLES, SCALPEL BLADES AND TUBES
10:STAPLERS
11:LASERS
12:INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
13:LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY, MINIMAL ACCESS SURGERY (MAS), KEY HOLE SURGERY
14:SHOCK
- 14.1 DEFINITIONS
- 14.2 ETIOLOGIES AND CLINICAL FEATURES
- REFRACTORY SHOCK / UNRESPONSIVE SHOCK
- 14.3. HAEMORRHAGIC SHOCK
  - Hemodynamic features of Blood Loss (Clinical assessment of hypovolemia in adult (70 Kg. weight)
- 14.4 SEPTIC SHOCK
- 14.5 MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME (MODS)
- 14.6 ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
15:TRAUMA
- 15.1 WOUNDS AND WOUND HEALING
- 15.2 FOREIGN BODIES
  - Types
  - Management
- 15.3 POLY TRAUMA
- 15.4 DAMAGE CONTROL SURGERY IN MAJOR TRAUMA
- 15.5 HEAD INJURIES
  - Check-List / Important Features
- GLASGOW COMA SCALE (GCS) (Eye, Verbal, Motor)
- 15.6 THORACIC TRAUMA
- DURING THE PRIMARY SURVEY
- APPROACH TO PATIENT WITH ABDOMINAL INJURY
- 15.8 GENITO–URINARY TRAUMA
- 15.9 VASCULAR INJURIES
- 15.10 COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
- 15.11 TENDON INJURIES
16:BURNS
17:SKIN GRAFTING
18:INFECTIONS
- 18.1 HAND INFECTIONS
  - Principles of Management
- PARONYCHIA
- FELON (Pulp space infections of finger tip)
- APICAL SPACE ABSCESS OF FINGER
- WEB SPACE INFECTION
- DEEP PALMAR ABSCESS
- TENOSYNOVITIS
- OSTEOMYELITIS
- TUBERCULOSIS (swimming pool granuloma)
- INFECTIONS IN DRUG ADDICTS
- HERPETIC WHITLOW
- PYOGENIC GRANULOMA (acquired hemangioma)
- 18.2 DIABETIC FOOT
  - Anatomy
  - Pathophysiology
  - Definitions
  - Microbiology
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Investigations (choice include)
  - Treatment
  - Duration of stay and antibiotic therapy
  - Prevention of Diabetic Feet and Foot Care Advice
- 18.3 ABSCESSES
  - Check list/important features
- PAROTID ABSCESS
- LUDWIG'S ANGINA
- NECK ABSCESS
- PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS (Quinsy)
- RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS
- AXILLARY ABSCESS
- BREAST ABSCESS
- INTRA-ABDOMINAL ABSCESS
  - Etiologies
  - Clinical Features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- SUBDIAPHRAGMATIC ABSCESS
- LIVER ABSCESS
  - Etiologies
  - When to suspect a liver abscess?
  - Investigations
  - Treatment of amoebic liver abscess
  - Treatment of pyogenic liver abscess
  - Treatment of fungal liver abscess
- PSOAS ABSCESS
  - Etiologies
    - Psoas spasm
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- PELVIC ABSCESS
  - Investigations (choices include)
  - Treatment (choices include)
- PILONIDAL ABSCESS/DISEASE
  - Treatment of abscess
- ANORECTAL ABSCESS
  - Rationale of pus culture and sensitivity
  - Detection of fistulous connection
- POPLITEAL ABSCESS
- INJECTION ABSCESS
- TROPICAL PYOMYOSITIS
- COLD ABSCESS (TUBERCULOUS ABSCESS)
  - Suspect a cold abscess if:
  - Investigations: (Select according to the case)
  - Treatment
- 18.4 CELLULITIS, GAS GANGRENE, NECROTISING FASCIITIS
  - Check-list/Important Features
- CELLULITIS
  - Definition
  - Microbiology
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
    - Antibiotics
    - Limb elevation
- CLOSTRIDIUM CELLULITIS
- GAS GANGRENE (CLOSTRIDIAL MYONECROSIS)
- STREPTOCOCCAL GANGRENE
- STREPTOCOCCAL MYONECROSIS
- NECROTISING FASCIITIS
  - Microbiology
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Treatment (Choices include)
- NECROTISING SYNERGISTIC GANGRENE
- 18.5 TYPHOID
  - Transmission and Pathology
  - Complications
  - Diagnosis (Remember BASU)
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
  - Prophylaxis
- 18.6 ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS
  - Sources and routes of abdominal infection
  - Gross pathological types of tuberculosis
  - Common presentations of gastrointestinal tuberculosis
  - Investigations
  - First line TB Drugs (adults)
  - Second Line TB Drugs
  - Treatment
  - Surgery in Abdominal tuberculosis
  - Key points for clinical practice
- 18.7 WORMS & PARASITES
- ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES (ROUND WORM)
  - Investigations
  - Management
- ANKYLOSTOMA DUODENALE (HOOK WORM)
- STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
- ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS (PIN WORM)
- TRICHURIS TRICHIURA (WHIP WORM)
- WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI (FILARIASIS)
- TAENIA SAGINATA (BEEF TAPE WORM)
- TAENIA SOLIUM (PORK TAPE WORM)
- DRACUNCULUS MEDINENSIS (GUINEA WORM)
- HYDATID DISEASE
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- 18.8 HIV (AIDS)
  - Window Period
  - Mode of transmission of HIV
  - Suspect HIV infection if there is :
  - Body fluids to which universal precautions Do and Do Not apply:
  - Universal precaution(s)
  - Diagnosis
  - Antiviral (AIDS) Drugs
  - HIV Infection (CDC Classification)
19:VASCULAR DISEASE
- 19.1 ACUTE LOWER LIMB ISCHEMIA
- 19.2 CHRONIC LOWER LIMB ISCHEMIA
- ACUTE LOWER LIMB ISCHAEMIA
- 19.3 VARICOSE VEINS (VV)
- VARICOSE VEIN LEG ULCERATION
- 19.4 VENOUS THROMBO EMBOLISM (VTE) DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)
- PROPHYLAXIS (Choice include)
20:LEG ULCER(S)
21:AMPUTATION
22:GASTROENTEROLOGY
- 22.1 ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN (APPROACH TO ADULTS)
  - Checklist / Important Features
  - Pathophysiology
  - Pain Questionnaire
    - Duration
  - Causes of acute abdomen suggested by onset, character and location of pain
  - Shock with severe abdominal pain
  - Abdominal pain where surgery is rewarding
  - Conditions in which serum amylase is high
  - Simplified scheme for diagnosis of acute abdomen
  - Differential diagnosis of acute abdomen
  - Self questionnaire for better diagnosis
  - Investigations: (Select according to the case)
  - Basic Pre-Op Management
- ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN (APPROACH TO CHILDREN)
  - Check-list/Important Features
  - Etiologies
  - Investigations (Choices include)
  - Dictum in Children
- 22.2 CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN IN ADULTS
  - Check-list/Important features
  - Etiologies
  - Investigations (Select according to the case)
- 22.3 CHRONIC (RECURRENT) ABDOMINAL PAIN IN CHILDREN (RAP)
  - Features of Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP)
  - Features of Organic Cause of Pain
  - Organic Disorders Causing Recurrent Abdominal Pain
  - Management
  - Investigations
    - Phase I
    - Phase II (choices include)
- 22.4 INTRA-ABDOMINAL CANCER PAIN
  - Checklist / Important features
  - Primary site of cancer may be in
  - Investigations (choices include)
- 22.5 APPENDICITIS
  - Differentiation of acute appendicitis from non-specific / non-surgical abdominal pain (NSAP)
  - Scoring
  - Diagnosis
    - Clinical
  - Differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis
  - Treatment
- 22.6 PERITONITIS
  - Check-list / Important Features
  - The physiological disturbance
  - Etiologies
  - Investigations: (Choices include)
  - Management of Secondary Peritonitis
  - Management of other Peritonitis
- 22.7 INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
  - Check-list / Important Features
  - Physiological disturbance in intestinal obstruction
  - Etiologies
  - How to distinguish simple and strangulating obstruction:
  - Some important features of site of obstruction:
  - Investigations
  - Small bowel obstruction
  - Large bowel obstruction
  - Self-Questionnaire
  - Management
- LARGE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
  - Etiologies
  - Symptoms
  - Signs
  - Investigations
  - Key points for clinical practice
- ADHESIONS
  - Abdominal adhesion-related clinical problems
  - Causes of peritoneal injury and adhesion formation
  - Management of Adhesion-related clinical conditions
  - Prevention of Adhesive Intestinal Obstruction
  - Key points for clinical practice
- 22.8 PARALYTIC ILEUS
  - Etiologies
  - Post-operative paralytic ileus
  - Symptoms and signs
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Prevention of Paralytic ileus
- 22.9 PANCREATITIS
  - Etiologies
  - Terminology and definitions
  - Diagnosis
  - CT Grading of severity based on Balthazar et al and associated outcomes
  - Factors associated with increased risk of death in acute pancreatitis
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Complications of Pancreatitis
    - Early
    - Late
  - Key points for clinical practice
- 22.10 BILIARY TRACT DISEASE
- CHOLELITHIASIS (“GALLSTONES”)
  - Pathogenesis
  - Types of gallstones
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Diagnostic studies
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- CHOLECYSTITIS
  - Definition
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Diagnositc studies
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS
  - Definition
  - Epidemiology
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Diagnostic studies
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- CHOLANGITIS
  - Definition
  - Etiologies
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Diagnostic studies
  - Treatment
- 22.11 DIVERTICULAR DISEASE
- DIVERTICULOSIS
  - Definition and Pathology
  - Epidemiology
  - Clinical manifestations
- DIVERTICULITIS
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Diagnostic studies
  - Treatment
- 22.12 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)
- ULCERATIVE COLITIS
  - Epidemiology
  - Pathology
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Complications
  - Prognosis
- CROHN'S DISEASE
  - Epidemiology
  - Pathology
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Complications
  - Treatment
  - Acute Flare Treatment
  - Maintenance of Remission
  - Indications for surgery
- 22.13 MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA
- SMALL BOWEL
  - Etiologies
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Physical Exam
  - Diagnostic studies
  - Treatment
  - Prognosis
- ISCHEMIC COLITIS
  - Definition and pathophysiology
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- 22.14 DYSPHAGIA
  - Alarm symptoms that suggest organic cause and warrants investigation:
  - Etiologies
  - Investigations
- 22.15 OESOPHAGITIS
  - Etiologies
    - Acute
    - Chronic
  - Symptoms / Signs
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- 22.16 DYSPEPSIA (INDIGESTION)
  - Definition
  - Dyspepsia symptom subgroups
  - Etiologies
  - Alarm symptoms that suggest organic cause and warrant Endoscopy:
  - Investigations
- 22.17 GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)
  - Natural History
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical manifestations
  - Complications
  - Diagnostic tests
  - Treatment
- 22.18 GASTROPATHY AND GASTRITIS
- ACUTE GASTROPATHY
  - Etiologies
  - Clinical manifestations
- CHRONIC ANTRAL GASTRITIS (“TYPE B”)
  - Etiology
  - Clinical manifestations
- CHRONIC FUNDAL GASTRITIS (“TYPE A”)
  - Etiology
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical manifestations
- 22.19 DUODENAL AND GASTRIC ULCER
  - Checklist / Important features
  - Etiologies
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Diagnostic Studies
  - Demonstration of Helicobacter pylori
  - Treatment
- 22.20 GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
  - Definition
  - Etiologies of upper GI bleed (UGIB)
  - Etiologies of lower GI bleed (LGIB)
  - Workup
  - The Modified Forrest classification for UGIB
  - Risk Stratification
  - Poor prognostic signs in UGIB
  - Treatment
  - Lower Gastrointestinal Bleed (LGIB)
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
  - Stigmata of significant haemorrhage (SSH)
  - ICU Versus Regular Ward
  - Obscure lower gastrointestinal bleeding
  - Key Points for clinical practice in
  - Lower Gastro Intestinal Bleed (LGIB)
  - Upper Gastrointestinal bleed (UGIB)
  - Lower Gastrointestinal bleed (LGIB)
- 22.21 OBSTRUCTIVE (SURGICAL) JAUNDICE
  - Etiologies
  - Investigations (Choices include)
  - Approach to the Patient with Objective Jaundice
  - Treatment (Choices include)
- 22.22 ASCITES
  - Etiologies
  - Workup
  - Treatment
  - Complications
- 22.23 DIARRHOEA (ACUTE AND CHRONIC)
  - Definitions
  - Check-list / Important features
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Investigations (Choices include)
  - Antimicrobials
  - Antidiarrhoeals
- 22.24 CONSTIPATION
  - Check-list / Important features
  - Definition
  - Causes and pathophysiology
  - Physical examination
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
  - Drugs used in constipation
- 22.25 ANAL FISSURE
  - Definition
  - Pathogenesis
  - Treatment
  - A. Pharmacological agents
  - B. Surgery
- 22.26 HAEMORRHOIDS
  - Classification
  - Treatment
  - Treatment of Strangulated Haemorrhoids (Infarcted Piles)
- 22.27 FISTULA IN ANO
  - Diseases associated with anorectal sepsis & etiology
  - Classification
  - Goodsalls rule
  - Investigations
  - Treatment
- 22.28 PERIANAL HEMATOMA
- 22.29 PRURITIS ANI
  - Etiologies
  - Investigations (Choices include)
  - Treatment
23:GENITOURINARY
- 23.1 RENAL / URETERIC STONES
- 23.2 RETENTION OF URINE
  - Etiologies
  - Management
- 23.3 URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
- RECURRENT UTI
- STERILE PYURIA
  - Etiologies
- 23.4 HEMATURIA
- 23.5 TORSION TESTIS
  - Investigations
  - Differential diagnosis
24:GYNAECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS
- 24.1 GYNAECOLOGICAL CAUSES OF ABDOMINAL PAIN
  - Check-list/Important Features
  - Some gynaecological conditions presenting with shock
- ACUTE SALPINGITIS (PID)
- CERVICITIS
- TORSION OF OVARIAN CYST
- RUPTURED ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
- ABORTION (SEPTIC)
- INCOMPLETE ABORTION
- RUPTURED LUTEAL CYST
- MID CYCLE OVULATION (MITTELESCHMERZ SIGN)
- URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
- RETENTION OF URINE
  - Investigations (Choices include)
- 24.2 ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN IN PREGNANCY
25:BREAST
- 25.1 BENIGN BREAST DISEASE (BBD) - AND INVESTIGATION
  - Symptoms
  - Investigations
- 25.2 BREAST PAIN–MASTALGIA
  - Cyclical Mastalgia
  - Non Cyclical Mastalgia
- 25.3 BENIGN BREAST LUMPS
- 25.4 NIPPLE DISCHARGE
- 25.5 BREAST INFECTIONS
- 25.6 BREAST CANCER
- 25.7 ADVANCED BREAST CANCER (ABC)
- 25.8 METASTATIC BREAST CARCINOMA
26:THYROID
- 26.1 INVESTIGATION OF THYROID DISEASE
- 26.2 APPROACH TO THYROID SWELLINGS /NODULES
- 26.3 GOITRE CLASSIFICATION
  - Definition
- 26.4 PHYSIOLOGICAL GOITRE
- 26.5 ADOLESCENT GOITRE
- 26.6 IODINE DEFICIENCY GOITRE (PRIMARY OR SECONDARY)
- 26.7 MULTINODULAR GOITRE (MNG) (COLLOID OR ADENOMATOUS GOITRE)
- 26.8 SOLITARY NODULE
- 26.9 ADENOMA
  - Treatment
- 26.10 THYROID CYST
  - Treatment
- 26.11 CARCINOMA OF THYROID
  - Checklist / Important features
- 1. PAPILLARY OR FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA
- 2. ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA
- 3. MEDULLARY CARCINOMAS
- 4. LYMPHOMA THYROID
  - Definitions in Thyroid Surgery
- 26.12 THYROIDITIS
27:PAEDIATRICS
- 27.1 IV FLUIDS
- 27.2 NEEDLES AND TUBES
- 27.3 DRUG DOSES
- 27.4 SURGICAL TIMINGS FOR PAEDIATRIC PROBLEMS
28:MEDICAL PROBLEMS IN SURGERY
- 28.1 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM)
- DIABETICS AND SURGERY
  - Emergency surgery
  - Elective Surgery
- 28.2 HYPERTENSION (HT)
- HYPERTENSION AND SURGERY
  - Consult anaesthetist
- 28.3 ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE (IHD) /ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME (ACS)
- SURGERY AND ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
29:PAIN MANAGEMENT
- CONVENTIONAL PAIN KILLERS
- UNCONVENTIONAL PAIN KILLERS
- MODES OF THERAPY
- WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PAIN RELIEF FOR PALLIATIVE CARE (WHO) Analgesic ladder
30:ANTIBIOTICS
- 30.1 CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
- 30.2 COMMENSAL MICROBIAL FLORA
- 30.3 MECHANISM OF ACTION
- 30.4 ANTIBIOTIC CHOICES FOR BACTERIA
  - 30.5 Penicillins
- PENICILLINS
- 30.6 CEPHALOSPORINS
- CEPHALOSPORINS
- 30.7 FLUOROQUINOLONES
- FLUOROQUINOLONES
- 30.8 MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTICS
- 30.9 ANTI-ANAEROBIC DRUGS
- ANTI-ANAEROBIC DRUGS
- 30.10 ANTI FUNGAL DRUGS
- 30.11 ANTI VIRAL DRUGS
- 30.12 TOPICAL ANTIBIOTICS
31:ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY—GUIDELINES
- 31.1 GASTROINTESTINAL
- 31.2 SKIN AND SOFT TISSUES
- 31.3 RESPIRATORY TRACT
- 31.4 GENITAL TRACT (MALE & FEMALE)
- 31.5 KIDNEY AND BLADDER
- 31.6 BONE AND JOINT
- 31.7 BRAIN
- 31.8 EAR
- 31.9 EYE
- 31.10 MOUTH & TOOTH INFECTIONS
- 31.11 VASCULAR
- 31.12 MISCELLANEOUS
- 31.13 PROPHYLAXIS
32:PROCEDURES AND MINOR SURGERY
- 32.1 INCISION AND DRAINAGE (I and D)
  - Aim Is
  - Anaesthesia for drainage of Abscess
  - Surgical principles of drainage
- 32.2 JOINT ASPIRATIONS
- 32.3 CUT DOWN/VENESECTION
- 32.4 SUBCLAVIAN VEIN CANNULATION
- 32.5 CATHETERIZATION OF BLADDER AND FOLEY'S CATHETER
  - Some Important Rules
  - Foley's Catheter and problems faced during or after catheterization
  - How to deal with a Foley's which cannot be pulled or removed
- 32.6 SUPRAPUBIC CYSTOSTOMY
- 32.7 RYLE'S TUBE INSERTION
  - When to use Ryle's Tube
  - When to remove Ryle's tube
  - Problems of Ryle's tube
- 32.8 CHEST TUBE INSERTION
  - When to remove chest tubes
- 32.9 TRACHEOSTOMY
- 32.10 LIVER BIOPSY
- 32.11 MURPHY'S DRIP (BLADDER IRRIGATION)
  - Indication/Use
  - How much fluid to run in Murphy's drip and when to remove
  - Complications
- 32.12 NEPHROSTOMY TUBES (ANTEGRADE)
  - Indications/Uses
  - When to remove the nephrostomy tube
- 32.13 T-TUBES
  - Complications of T-Tube
- 32.14 DRAINS
  - Uses of Drains
  - Drains in Peritonitis
  - Types of Drains
  - Removal of Drains
  - Drains if not draining or if blockage suspected
  - Complications of Drains
  - 32.15 TOURNIQUET
  - Indications
  - Pressures
  - Time
  - Contraindications
- 32.16 DRESSINGS
  - Dressings help to
  - Principles of Dressing
  - Types of Dressing
- 32.17 FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY (FNAC)
- 32.18 BIOPSY
  - Incisional Biopsy
  - Excision Biopsy
  - Wedge Biopsy
  - True Cut Biopsy
- 32.19 SKIN LESION BIOPSY
- 32.20 LYMPH NODE BIOPSY
- 32.21 MUSCLE BIOPSY
- 32.22 TEMPORAL ARTERY BIOPSY
- 32.23 EXCISION OF SEBACEOUS CYST
33:COMMON POST-OPERATIVE PROBLEMS
- 33.1 PAIN
  - Pain at wound site
  - Abdominal pain
  - Chest pain
  - Leg pain
- 33.2 FEVER
  - Fever, day 0 – 3
  - Fever, day 3 – 5
  - Fever, day 5 – 7
  - Fever after the first week
  - Infectious causes of fever (> 50% cases)
  - Non-infectious causes of fever (> 50% cases) (First 3 days)
  - Investigations
- 33.3 CONFUSION (RESTLESSNESS / DELIRIUM)
  - Hypoxia
    - The hypoxaemic patient
  - • Respiratory causes
  - • Bleeding / Hypovolemia
  - • Myocardial infarction
    - Treatment
  - • Metabolic / electrolyte abnormalities
  - • Infection
  - • Pain
  - • Urinary retention
  - • Alcohol withdrawal
  - • Benzodiazepine withdrawal
  - • Liver failure
  - • Renal failure
  - • Stroke, Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (SAH), Meningitis
  - • Drugs
- 33.4 BLEEDING
  - Primary haemorrhage
  - Reactionary haemorrhage
  - Secondary haemorrhage
- 33.5 LOW URINE OUTPUT
  - Oliguria
  - Anuria
  - Etiologies
  - Checklist / Important features
  - Work Up
  - I. Renal Causes of Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
  - Definition(s) of Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
  - ARF Patients can Manifest in 2 ways
  - Fluid management of ARF
- (A) PRERENAL AZOTEMIA
  - II. Pre-renal causes of renal failure
  - Fluid challenge
  - Monitoring of fluid administration
  - Diagnosis of prerenal azotemia
  - Selection of IV fluids
- (B) NON OLIGURIC ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
  - Fluid and electrolyte management
  - (C) OLIGURIC ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
- (D) DIURETIC PHASE OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
  - Pathophysiology
  - Fluid and electrolyte management
- POST RENAL CAUSES OF RENAL FAILURE
  - Management
- 33.6. BREATHLESSNESS
- 33.7 CHEST PAIN
  - • Myocardial causes of chest pain
  - Intestinal causes of chest pain
  - • Respiratory causes of chest pain
  - • Musculoskeletal chest pain
- 33.8 HYPOTENSION
- 33.9 HYPERTENSION
- 33.10 TACHYCARDIA (>100)
- 33.11 BRADYCARDIA (<60)
- 33.12 SHIVERING
- 33.13 SWEATING
- 33.14 COLLAPSE
- 33.15 NAUSEA AND VOMITING
- 33.16 HICCOUGH
- 33.17 CONSTIPATION
- 33.18 DIARRHOEA
- 33.19 ANASTOMOTIC LEAK
  - Pre-op Factors
  - Per-op Factors
  - Features of Leak
  - Treatment
- 33.20 DISCHARGING WOUND
  - • Infection
  - • Abscess
  - • Fistula
  - • Wound dehisence:
- 33.21 SURGICAL SITE INFECTION (SSI), (WOUND INFECTION)
  - Classification
  - Treatment
  - Prophylaxis
  - Risk factors for Surgical Site Infection (SSI)
- 33.22 HEADACHE
34:COMPLICATIONS OF SOME SPECIFIC OPERATIONS
- 34.1 APPENDICECTOMY
- 34.2 HERNIA REPAIR
- 34.3 CHOLECYSTECTOMY
- 34.4 VAGOTOMY
- 34.5 GASTRECTOMY
- 34.6 HEMICOLECTOMY / BOWEL RESECTION
- 34.7 ABDOMINO PERINEAL EXCISION OF RECTUM (APR)
- 34.8 PERITONITIS
- 34.9 SPLENECTOMY
- 34.10 HAEMORRHOIDECTOMY
- 34.11 LATERAL ANAL SPHINCTEROTOMY (LAS)
- 34.12 MASTECTOMY
- 34.13 THYROIDECTOMY
- 34.14 SALIVARY GLAND SURGERY
- 34.15 TRACHEOSTOMY
- 34.16 LUMBAR SYMPATHECTOMY
- 34.17 AMPUTATION
- 34.18 INGROWN TOENAIL REMOVAL
- 34.19 CIRCUMCISION
- 34.20 PYELO / NEPHROLITHOTOMY
- 34.21 HYDROCOELECTOMY
- 34.22 URETEROLITHOTOMY
- 34.23 PROSTATECTOMY
  - RetroPubic prostatectomy (RPP)
  - Trans-urethral Resection Of Prostate (Turp)

INDEX

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Chapter Notes