Embryo Transfer Gautam N Allahbadia, Rubina Merchant
INDEX
A
Abdominal obesity 289
Abdominal ultrasound 278
Absolute position 315, 322, 323
Abstaining from sexual intercourse 491
Actual uterine depth 139
Acupuncture 374, 375, 505
Acupuncture and ET 380
Acupuncture effects 382
Acupuncture points 384
Acupuncture research 375
Acupuncture variables 376
Air bubble movement during ET 476
Air bubble movements 157, 304
Air bubbles 152, 156, 161, 294, 295, 305, 306, 307
Air in the catheter 193
Air spaces 162
Albumin dextran 55
Ambulation 488
Anatomic considerations in embryo transfer 328
Animal reproduction 492
Anteflexion 300
Anterior vaginal fornix 358
Anteversion 300
Antibiotics 115
Assisted hatching 485
Assisted reproductive technique 467
Assisted reproductive technologies 3, 254
Atraumatic 172
Auricular acupuncture 378
B
Bacterial endotoxins 17
Bedrest 96, 112
Bioassay testing 14
Biochemical pregnancy 481
Bladder distension 86
Blastocyst 431
Blastocyst implantation 449
Blastocyst transfer 431
Blastocyst(s) culture and growth 435
Blastocyst(s) transfer 432
Bleeding pattern 371
Blood on the embryo transfer catheter 218, 219, 223
Blood on the inner ET catheter tip 255
Blood, mucus 112
Bloodless embryo transfer procedure 258
Buffer zones 150
C
Catheter contamination 228
Catheter distortion 299
Catheter specification 438
Catheter types 23, 90, 113, 246
Catheters 460
Cause of infertility 199
Cavity depth 300
Cavity embryo transfers 305
Cefazolin 235
Cervical bacterial colonization 494
Cervical dilatation 415, 416
Cervical dilatation tents 393
Cervical dilation 401
Cervical flushing 229
Cervical irrigation and remoral of mucus 471
Cervical lavage 229
Cervical mucus 111, 220, 225, 228, 520
Cervical stenosis 356, 418
Cervico-uterine angle 137
Cervix Flush 423
Chance of embryos being retained 256, 257
Characteristics of the junctional zone 350
Chi-square test 138
Clinical pregnancy rate 226, 281, 302
Clinical pregnancy rates for all RCTs 46
Clinical touch 336, 400
Clinical touch embryo transfer 301
Clinical touch method 281, 282
Coagulation disorders 222
Conization 220
Contamination of the catheter tip 236
Continuous fluid column 239
Controlled overian hyperstimulation 140
Conventional catheter systems 187
Cook echotip catheter 30, 42, 47
Cook Sydney ET catheter system 42
Crinone 366, 368, 369, 370
Cryopreservation 503
Curvilinear probe 303
D
Depth of embryo replacement 330, 333
Depth of transfer 472
Diazepam 289
Diethylstilbestrol 403
Difficult embryo transfer 141, 391, 397, 405, 407, 422, 426
Difficult ET 266, 275
Difficult transfer 31, 48, 65
Difficult versus easy transfers 277
Dilapan-S rod 417
Dispersion of transferred matter 518
Distance (mm) tip catheter 322
Donor egg recipients 308
Donor egg study 371
Donor insemination 119
Dosemeter Steiner 154
Double (two-step) transfer 434
Double lumen catheters 53
Double lumen embryo transfer catheter 64
Doxycycline 235
Drop procedure 194
E
Easy transfers 48, 68, 475
Ectopic pregnancy 138, 482, 484, 485
Edwards-Wallace catheter 152
Effect of blood or mucus on or in the catheter 87
Electron microscopy 440
Embryo after-loading technique 142
Embryo culture 451
Embryo implantation 178, 209, 452
Embryo implantation rate 219
Embryo loading 156, 239, 240, 460
Embryo loading techniques 158, 399
Embryo loading with air 239
Embryo or blastocyst 149
Embryo placement technique 5
Embryo quality 316
Embryo replacement 180
Embryo replacement catheters 62
Embryo selection 181, 451
Embryo shift 157, 518
Embryo transfer 3, 22, 51, 57, 72, 123, 129, 191, 195, 329, 414, 415, 484, 515
Embryo transfer catheter 25, 26, 294, 516
Embryo transfer catheter loading technique 157
Embryo transfer difficulty 421
Embryo transfer dosing device 153
Embryo transfer technique 75, 181, 197, 227
Embryo-containing medium 159, 162
Embryonic modulation 98
Embryos and pregnancy 207
Endocervical canal 293
Endocervical dysfunctions 221
Endocervical lavage 227
Endocervical mucosal pathologies 221
Endometrial abnormalities 303
Endometrial cavity 291, 316, 317
Endometrial cavity length 318
Endometrial damage 205
Endometrial lesions 32
Endometrial line 300
Endometrial receptivity 238
Endometrium 293, 309
Endothelial tissue 220
Enigmatic cervix 95
Essential features of embryo transfer 82
Estradiol 363
ET catheters 28, 29, 241
ET parameters 164
ET success rate 110
Evaluation of the junctional zone 347
Extensive bedrest 488, 489
Extra-uterine pregnancies 187
Extravasation 453
F
Factors influencing pregnancy success 426
Failed first attempt 268
Fertility physician 96
Fibrin sealant 115
Fibromuscular organ 328
Filling air spaces 241
Firm embryo transfer catheters 63
Firm ET catheters 44
Fixed distance embryo transfer 113, 337, 341
Fixed distance transfer 336
Fixed-effect model 517
Fluid droplet 302
Flushing 87
Flushing of the endometrial cavity 229
Follicle puncture 199
Folliculogenesis, gametogenesis 503
Free ambulation 112
Frozen embryo transfers 138
Frozen-thawed cycles 195
Frozen-thawed embryo transfer 201, 302
Frydman ET catheter 43
Full bladder 115, 137, 175
Full urinary bladder 174
G
Gamete intrafallopian transfer 403, 437
Gentle manipulation 246
Gestational sacs 73
Gonadotropin releasing hormone 361
Gonadotropins 199
Good ET 99
Gravitational action 325
H
Homeopathic medicine 505
Hormonal disturbances 382
Hormones for luteal phase support 363
h-test 441
Human chorionic gonadotropin 360
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection 348
Human embryo implantation 453
Hyaluronan 150, 151
Hydraulic properties 150
Hydrosalpinges 485
Hygroscopic cervical rods 415, 417
Hyosalpinges 215, 217
Hyper-echoic area 309
Hypnosis 505
Hypothalamic β-endorphin system 377
Hysterectomy 317
Hysterosalpingography 483
Hysteroscope 439
Hysteroscopic catheterization 438
Hysteroscopic correction 393
Hysteroscopic tubal embryo transfer 437
Hysteroscopic tubal ET procedure 444
Hysteroscopy 97, 483
I
Impact of ultrasound-guided embryo transfer 280
Implantation 140, 150, 269, 504
Implantation and pregnancy 315
Implantation and pregnancy rates 71, 288, 333
Implantation rate 48
In vitro fertilization 195
Individual technique 338
Induction of immunological tolerance 495
Internal cervical os 425
Interval loading discharging embryos 208
Interval loading-discharging 207
Interval treatment 416
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 225, 263, 459
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles 73
Intraendometrial transfer 309
Intrauterine embryo transport 160
Intrauterine fluid accumulation 215
clinical approaches 216
pathogenesis 216
Intrauterine flushing 230
Intrauterine insemination 119
IVF cycle 183, 185, 200
J
Junctional zone contractions 346
K
K-soft 5000
catheter 407
L
Laminaria 393, 402
Laminaria tents 415
Length of the uterus 329
Light microscopy 440, 442
Liquid transfer volume 152
Loading 150
Loading and discharging embryos 205
Loading of embryos 162
Loading of the catheter 92
Loading the embryo transfer catheter 168
Loading the ET catheter 248
Loading volume 256
Low implantation rate 275
Luteal phase support 360
Lymphocyte 453
M
Male factor infertility 295
Malecot catheter 519
Mechanical disruption 219
Mechanically induced bleeding 218
Memory catheter 54
Methylene blue 458
Microbial contamination 230, 233, 234, 236
Microbial contamination at embryo transfer 97
Microinjector 153
Micronized progesterone 203
Minimize retention of embryos 258
Minimize the retention of embryos 259
Misoprostol 402
Mock embryo transfer 131
Mock ET 130, 267, 276
Mock ET remote from cycle 132
Mock ET simulations 159
Mock or Dummy 110
Mock transfer 123, 135, 245
Modified technique for ET 247
Mouse embryo assay 15
Mucus contamination 142
Mucus on the inner ET catheter tip 256
Multiple attempts 268
Multiple attempts at ET 263
Multiple embryo transfer 264
N
Narrow Introitus 423
Natural ‘recoil movement’ 260
Natural conception 491
Nervous patient 423
Nidation 315
Number of oocytes 308
O
Oil-in-water emulsion system 368
One-cell mouse embryo 16
One-variable-at-a-time approach 163
Ongoing pregnancy rate 48, 269, 282
Ovarian stimulation 360
Ovum pick-up 415
P
Passage of the ET catheter 259
Passive bladder distension 173
Pathological bacteria 221
Patulous cervix 423
PCOS and anovulation 382
Pederson speculum 291
Pelvic ultrasonography 483
Phosphate buffer saline solution 197
Physical activity 500
Physician factor 119
Physiologic considerations in embryo transfer 329
Physiological effects of acupuncture 377
Physiology of acupuncture 376
Pinhole external cervical os 423
Piston-like plungers 163
Placement of air bubble 71
Placement of the catheter tip 93
Placement of the embryos 4
Plasma progesterone 202
Plasma progesterone levels 200
Plunger of syringe 260
Poor embryo transfer technique 244
Pre-cycle mock transfer 139
Pregnancy and implantation rates 121
Pregnancy outcome 184, 321
Pregnancy rate 48, 56, 108, 124, 137, 140, 170, 200, 426
Pregnancy rates and duration of ILDE 208
Pregnancy test 118
Pre-transfer cervical canal irrigation technique 87
Problematic cervix 424
Progesterone 351, 363, 365, 367
Program-specific reporting 122
Prophylaxis with antibiotics 234
Prostaglandins 335
Protective air buffers 154
Protocol for embryo transfer 477
Psychological impact of acupuncture 379
Psychological stress 504
Psychological stress and anxiety 501
R
Radical trachelectomy 356
Real-time 335
Relative position 322, 323
Removal of mucus 259
Replaced embryos 275
Reproductive medicine 379
Retained and expelled embryos 88
Retained embryos 33, 112, 248, 254, 265
Retention of embryos 256
Retrieval of oocytes 288
Ricochet-compression effect 163
Routes for luteal phase support 364
Routine embryo transfer 422
S
Scanning electron microscopy 440, 443
Semen exposure 494
Semen exposure in IVF 493
Seminal plasma exposure 492
Sensitivity 300
Sexual activity 500
Sexual intercourse 114
Siemens transvaginal ultrasound probe 290
Singleton pregnancy 295
Site of embryo transfers 316
Site of implantation 299
Smaller bubbles 150
Smaller volume of embryo transfer medium 151
Soft catheters 65
Soft embryo transfer (ET) catheters 40
Soft embryo transfer catheters 63
Soft ET catheters 42
Soft versus firm catheters for ET 45
Speculum 290, 291
Sperm motility assay 14
Sperm motility index 15
Sperm quality 494
Spillage of the embryos 150
Spirituality 506
Standard catheter 54
Standard embryo transfer catheter 64
Statistical analysis 441
Stem pessaries 415
Stenotic cervix 401
Stereomicroscope 461
Stimulation of endometrium embryo transfer 98
Stimulation protocol 180, 197
Straighten the uterocervical canal 264
Streptococcus viridans 235
Stress in embryo transfer 506
Stylet 266
Subendometrial embryo delivery 449
Success in IVF-ET 161
Success of embryo transfer 469
Success rates 283
Successful embryo transfer 468
Superovulation 349
Sure-pro ultraTM embryo transfer catheter 70
SureViewTM catheters 68, 69, 71, 74
SureViewTM Wallace catheter 72, 192
Surface tension 151
Synthetic serum substitute 198
Syringe 193
Syringe, catheter, transfer 152
Syringeless embryo transfer 457
T
Tenaculum 35, 205, 264, 349, 474
Test materials for sterility 16
Test media for sterility 16
The Pedieos IVF center 240
Tight difficult transfer 64
Tight difficult transfer (TDT) catheter 52
Timing of luteal support 362
Touching the uterine fundus 245
Traditional embryo transfer 300
Trajectory line 329
Transabdominal imaging 136
Transabdominal transmyometrial transfer 394
Transabdominal ultrasound 198, 335
Transabdominal ultrasound guidance 137
Transabdominal ultrasound-guided ET 276
Transcervical embryo transfer 167
Transcervical route 244, 316
Transfer bubbles 320
Transfer catheter 8, 167, 460
Transfer distance from fundus 187
Transfer media 7
Transfer medium 162
Transfer of fertilized eggs 4
Transfer procedure 460
Transfer technique 206, 474
Transfer with low versus high fluid volume 169
Transmission electron microscopy 440, 443
Transmyometrial embryo transfer 356, 357
Transmyometrial transfer 519
Transtubal embryo transfer 394
Transvaginal sonography 84
Transvaginal ultrasonography 287, 288
Transvaginal ultrasound scan of the uterus 34, 35, 36
Trauma to the endocervix 409
Trail transfer 94, 110, 469
T-test 138
Tubal embryo transfers 403
Tubal factor infertility 295, 296
Tuberculin syringe 193
Two-steps (consecutive) transfer 433
Type of catheter 411, 473
Type of ET catheter 257
U
Ultra-soft Wallace catheter 70
Ultrasonographic guidance 516
Ultrasonographic observation 70, 300, 316, 324
Ultrasonography 186
Ultrasound guidance 83, 179, 300, 471, 485
Ultrasound guidance during embryo transfer 340
Ultrasound guided embryo transfer 113, 339
Ultrasound measurements 184
Ultrasound probe 293
Ultrasound tracking 304, 306
Ultrasound-assisted ET 76
Ultrasound-guided embryo transfer 73, 275
Ultrasound-guided transfers 187
Ultrasound-guided trial transfer 131, 136
Undetected neoplasia 221
Unexplained infertility 296
Use of a stylet 410, 412
USG-guided trial transfer 135
Uterine angle 461
Uterine body 328
Uterine cavity 180, 414
Uterine cavity problems 425
Uterine circulation and motility 382
Uterine contamination 458
Uterine contractions 89, 114, 186, 201, 202, 366, 367
Uterine depth and placement 85
Uterine dimensions 245
Uterine fixation clamps 319
Uterine junctional zone contractions 345
Uterine mapping 288
Uterine position at real embryo transfer 131
Uterine relaxing substances 247
Uterine straightening 172
Uterine trauma 301
Uterocervical angle 278, 279
Uteroplacental 364, 365
Utrogest 368, 369, 370
V
Vaginal fornix 292
Vaginal ultrasound 319
Vaginal vault 423
Vaginal, cervical and endometrial bacteria 233
Vaginismus 289
Velocity of discharge 256
Velocity of embryo expulsion 192, 193
Visualization of the cervix 290
Volume of the transfer medium 193
Volume of the tubal lumen 441, 444
W
Wallace catheter 30, 228, 229, 257, 409
Withdrawal of the catheter 115, 257
Withdrawal of the ET catheter 260
Y
Yoga 506
Z
Zygote intrafallopian transfer 403, 431, 437
Zygote/embryo transfers 450
Zygotes or two-cell-stage embryos 81
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Chapter Notes

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