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Community Health Nursing
BT Basavanthappa
1:
The Concepts of Community and Health
INTRODUCTION
MEANING AND DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY
DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMMUNITY
Territorial Character
Home Instinct of Special Attachment
Common Life
Community-feeling
Feeling of Oneness
Role Feeling
Dependency Feeling
Spontaneous Growth
Permanence
Particular Name
Wider Ends
No Legal Status
THEORIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNITIES
Gras's Theory of Economic Change
Cooley's Theory of Transportation
Mackenzie's Theory of Development of Transportation
TYPES OF COMMUNITIES
Primitive versus Civilized Communities
Rural and Urban Communities
GROWTH OF COMMUNITY
COMPARISON BETWEEN SOCIETY AND COMMUNITY
NURSING VIEWS ON COMMUNITY
DIMENSION OF COMMUNITY
HEALTH AND THE COMMUNITY SYSTEMS
Sociocultural System
Political System
Economic System
Educational System
Religious System
Environmental System
Communication and Transport System
ILLNESS, SICKNESS, AND DISEASE
ILLNESS BEHAVIOUR STAGES
Symptom Experience Stage
Assumption of the Sick Role
Medical Care Contact Stage
Dependent Patient Role Stage
Recovery or Rehabilitation Stage
SICK ROLE BEHAVIOUR
EFFECTS OF HOSPITALIZATION
Loss of Privacy
Altered Autonomy
Altered Lifestyle
Economic Burden
EFFECTS OF ILLNESS ON FAMILY MEMBERS
Sick Elderly Persons
Sick Parents
Sick Children
PUBLIC VIEWS OF HEALTH
EXPERT VIEWS ON HEALTH
DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
WELLNESS
Well-being
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
MODELS OF HEALTH
HEALTH STATUS, BELIEFS, AND BEHAVIOURS
FACTORS INFLUENCE ON HEALTH STATUS
Genetic Makeup
Sex
Race
Age and Developmental Level
Mind-body Relationship
Lifestyle
Standards of Living
Nutrition
Physical Environment
Family
Cultural Beliefs
Self-concept
Support Network and Job Satisfaction
Geography
Cognitive Structure
Behavioral Patterning
FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH BEHAVIOR
Health Belief Model
Individual Perceptions
Modifying Factors
Likelihood of Action
HEALTH CARE COMPLIANCE
RELATIONSHIPS OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
Health as Dichotomous to Illness
Well-being and Illness as Two Separate Dimensions
Health on Graduated Scale with Illness
Holistic Health
2:
Concepts of Community Health
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
PURPOSE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
SCOPE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
Empirical Health Era (1800-1850)
Basic Science Era (1850-1900)
Clinical Science Era (1900-1950)
Public Health Science Era (1950-1975)
Political Health Science Era (1975-2000 AD)
OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
DETERMINANTS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
HUMAN BIOLOGY
THE ENVIRONMENT
LIFESTYLE
HEALTH CARE-SERVICES
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH PRACTICE
Promotion of Healthful Living
Prevention of Health Problems
Remedial Care for Health Problems
Rehabilitation
Evaluation
Research
CORE FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
Assessment
Policy Development
Assurance
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
Primary Health Care
Secondary Health Care
Tertiary Health Care
EVOLUTION OF HEALTH SERVICES IN INDIA
EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CULTURE IN INDIA
INFLUENCE OF COLONIAL POLICY ON HEALTH
INFLUENCE OF NATIONAL PLANNING COMMITTEE, 1948
HEALTH SERVICES IN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
Sub-committee on National Health Colonel
Health Survey and Development (Bhore) Committee
CONSTITUTIONS AND RIGHT TO HEALTH
PROGRESS OF HEALTH STATUS SINCE INDEPENDENCE IN INDIA
PUBLIC HEALTH IN INDIAN CONTEXT
INDIAN HEALTH SCENE
EXISTING PUBLIC HEALTH ORGANISATION
CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES
HEALTH SECURITY SCHEMES
ROLE OF TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE IN PUBLIC HEALTH
Indian Systems of Medicine
Ayurveda
Siddha
Unani
Homeopathy
Yoga
Naturopathy
3:
Concepts of Community Health Nursing
INTRODUCTION
PHILOSOPHY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
NATURE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
ASSUMPTIONS AND BELIEFS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Assumptions
Beliefs
SIGNIFICANCE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
SCOPE OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
GOALS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Health Promotion
Health Maintenance
Prevention of Illness
Restoration of Health
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
4:
Roles and Functions of Community Health Nurse
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF ROLE AND ITS IMPLICATION IN NURSING
MEANING OF ROLE
NATURE OF ROLE
IMPLICATION OF ROLE THEORY IN NURSING
Nursing Education
Nursing Practice
Roles of Community Health Nurse
Adviser
Advocate
Caregiver
Caremanager
Casefinder
Counselor
Consultant
Coordinator
Collaborator
Educator
Epidemiologist
Good Observer
Group Leader
Health Educator
Health Planner
Manager
Participant in Planning
Preventor of Illness
Promoter of Health
Potentiator
Primary Health Care Practitioner
Provider of Direct Care
Role Model
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSES
Assessment
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Research
5:
Community Health Nursing Process
INTRODUCTION
NATURE OF NURSING PROCESS
DEFINITION OF NURSING PROCESS
Purpose
Organisation
Properties
IMPORTANCE OF THE NURSING PROCESS
ADVANTAGES OF THE NURSING PROCESS
COMPONENTS OF NURSING PROCESS
ASSESSMENT
Prerequisites of Assessment
Geographical Informations
Demographical Informations
Environmental Information
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Health (KAP)
Health Problems and Influencing Factors on Health
CONCEPTS OF DIAGNOSIS
COMMUNITY HEALTH DIAGNOSIS
Definition and Nature of Community Health Diagnosis
CONTENTS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH DIAGNOSIS
Categorising the Community Health Diagnosis
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Definitions of Nursing Diagnosis
Characteristics of Nursing Diagnosis
Components of Nursing Diagnosis
Advantages of Nursing Diagnosis
Statement of Nursing Diagnosis
I. General
II. Maternal and Child Health
PLANNING
NURSING CARE PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION
EVALUATION
6:
Family Health Nursing
VIEWS ON FAMILY
DEFINITIONS OF FAMILY
Family Structure
CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILY
The Matriarchal Family
The Patriarchal Family
NUCLEAR AND JOINT FAMILY
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAMILY
DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE FAMILY
THEORIES ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF FAMILY
The Theory of Sex Communism
Patriarchal Theory
Matriarchal Theory
Theory of Polygamy
Theory of Evolution
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY TO THE COMMUNITY
NURSING EXPERTS VIEW ON FAMILY
FAMILY VIEWED AS RECIPIENT OF CARE
TRAITS OF A HEALTHY FAMILY
FAMILY DEVELOPMENT AND ITS TASKS
HEALTH TASKS OF THE FAMILY
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNCTIONAL FAMILIES
MULTITUDE FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY
Characteristics of Healthy Family
FAMILY ROLES
Family Adult's Roles
Siblings’ Roles
THE FAMILY AS A CLIENT/UNIT
FAMILY HEALTH AND NURSING
Family Health Nursing
FAMILY THEORIES
Family System Theory
Family Stress Theory
Developmental Theory
Structural Functional Theory
Exchange Theory
Symbolic Interactional Theory
Conflict Theory
Bowen's Family Systems Theory
IMPLICATION OF FAMILY THEORIES
HOME VISITING OF A COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
Principles of Home Visit
Advantages of the Home Visits
Components of Home Visit
1. Initiation Phase
2. Pre-visit Activities
3. Activities during Home Visit
4. Termination Phase of Visit
5. Post-visit Activities
Problems of Home Visit and Possible Solutions
PROCEDURES USED IN CHN PRACTICE
Bag Technique
The Community Health Nursing Bag
Bag Technique
Domiciliary Delivery Kit
Community Health Nursing Procedures
Hand Washing
Procedure
FAMILY HEALTH NURSING PROCESS
Objectives of Family Health Care
Principles of Family Health Care
Nursing Process in Family Health
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
Family Assessment
Individual Assessment
Family Subsystem Assessment
Genograms
Ecomap
FAMILY-CENTRED NURSING PROCESS
PHASES OF THE FAMILY-CENTERED NURSING PROCESS
1. Assessing The Family
Nursing Responsibilities in Home Visits
Establishing Relationship
Guidelines for Relating to Clients from Different Cultures
Methods for Collecting Data of the Family
2. Analyzing Family Data
Interpersonal Nursing Diagnoses
3. Formulating Nursing Diagnoses in the Family
NANDA's Nursing Diagnoses Classification
The Omaha System
The Omaha System Domains and Classification
1. HEALTH-PERCEPTION-HEALTH MANAGEMENT PATTERN
2. NUTRITIONAL-METABOLIC PATTERN
NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSES GROUPED BY GORDON's FUNCTIONAL HEALTH PATTERNS
3. ELIMINATION PATTERN
4. ACTIVITY-EXERCISE PATTERN
5. SLEEP-REST PATTERN
6. COGNITIVE-PERCEPTUAL PATTERN
7. ATTENTION-CONCENTRATION DEFICIT
8. SELF-PERCEPTION-SELF-CONCEPT PATTERN
9. ROLE-RELATIONSHIP PATTERN
10.SEXUALITY-REPRODUCTIVE PATTERN
11.COPING-STRESS-TOLERANCE PATTERN
12.VALUE-BELIEF PATTERN
NANDA NURSING DIAGNOSIS: ALTERED FAMILY PROCESSES (SPECIFY PROCESSES)
Definition
Defining Characteristics
Etiologic or Related Factors
4. Planning for Family Care
Principles of Family Care Planning
5. Implementing the Family Care Plan
Guiding Principles of the Therapeutic Process
Professional Contracting
Sample Nurse-Client Contract—Basanth Family
Documentation
6. Evaluating the Family Care
Evaluating Outcomes
Common Reasons for Lack of Outcome Achievement
7. Terminating the Care
The Termination Process
Follow-up/Continuity of Care
Referral Process
SAMPLE OF COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH NURSING CARE PLAN OF FAMILY
Introduction
List of Problems Identified
BASELINE SURVEY FORM OF COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT
7:
Health for All and Primary Health Care
GLOBAL SCENE ON HEALTH
EVOLUTION OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
MEANING OF HEALTH FOR ALL
DEFINITION OF HEALTH FOR ALL
EVOLUTION OF HEALTH FOR ALL (HFA)
PRINCIPLES OF “HFA” DEVELOPMENT
DEFINITION OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE (PHC)
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
Equitable Distribution
Manpower Development
Community Participation
Appropriate Technology
Multisectoral Approach
ELEMENTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE (PHC)
Primary Health Care and Global Scene on Health
ROLE OF NURSES IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE IN INDIA
Health Education
Food Supply and Proper Nutrition
Water Supply and Basic Sanitation
Maternal and Child Health Including Family Planning
Immunisation
Prevention and Control of Locally Endemic Diseases
Treatment of Minor Ailments
Provision of Essential Drugs
Approach to Primary Health Care
Indian Health System Infrastructure for Primary Health Care
Progress of HFA
NURSES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
8:
Health Education
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF HEALTH EDUCATION
AIMS OF HEALTH EDUCATION
OBJECTIVES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
ROLE OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION
Health Information and Health Propaganda
THEORIES AND MODELS OF HEALTH EDUCATION
EDUCATIONAL THEORIES
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
THEORY OF REASONED ACTION
DIFFUSION OF INNOVATIONS THEORY
Community Health Nurses' Application of Health Education Models
The Nature of Learning
The Events of Instruction
The Guidelines for the Educator
Sending a Clear Message
Selecting the Learning Format
Selecting the Learning Environment
Organizing Learning Experiences
Encouraging Participatory Learning
Providing Evaluation and Feedback
The Educational Process
Identify Educational Needs
Establish Educational Goals and Objectives
Select Appropriate Educational Methods
Implement the Educational Plan
Evaluation of Process and Product
(a) Educator Evaluation
(b) Process Evaluation
(c) Product Evaluation
(i) Evaluation of Health and Behavioural Changes
(ii) Short-Term Evaluation
(iii) Long-Term Evaluation
NEW HEALTH PRACTICES
APPROACH TO HEALTH EDUCATION
STEPS IN CARRYING OUT A HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAMME
MASS MEDIA
COMMON TOPICS OF HEALTH EDUCATION
METHODS OF HEALTH EDUCATION
ADMINISTRATION OF HEALTH EDUCATION IN INDIA
Goals of CHEB
Objectives of CHEB
Planning for Health Education Programme
FORMAT OF LESSON PLAN
SAMPLE OF LESSON PLAN
9:
Nutrition
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD AND FOOD STUFFS
CLASSIFICATION OF NUTRIENTS
MACRONUTRIENTS
Proteins
Functions of Proteins
Sources of Proteins
Protein Requirement
Deficiencies of Proteins/Protein Energy Malnutrition
Causes
Forms of PEM, their Preventive Measures
Fats
Functions
Sources of Fats
Deficiency Diseases of Fats
Daily Requirement
Carbohydrates
Functions of Carbohydrates
Sources of Carbohydrate
Daily Requirement
Deficiency of Carbohydrate
Water
MICRONUTRIENTS
Vitamins
Classification of Vitamins
Water-soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C (C6H8O6)
Vitamin B Complex
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Minerals
Classification of Minerals
Macrominerals
Microminerals
Malnutrition
Causes of Malnutrition in India
Preventive Measures of Malnutrition
Role of Nurses in Nutritional Assessment and Nutrition Education
Nutritional Assessment
Technique of Insertion Tape
Interpretation of MUAC
Road to Health Card
NUTRITION MANAGEMENT OF ADOLESCENTS, ADULTS, AND OLD AGE
(i) Adolescent and Their Nutrition Management
Nutritional Problems of Adolescents
Eating Disorders
(2) Adults and Their Nutrition Management
Nutritional Requirements of Adults
Suggested low cost recipes
(3) Old Age and Their Nutrition Management
Nutritional Requirements of Old Age
Nutritional Problems of Old Age
Drug-Nutrient Reaction
Nutritive Value of Indian Foods (Working Knowledge) (Table 9.22)
Suggested Food Exchange System
10:
Environmental Health
INTRODUCTION
WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Purposes of Water
Requirement of Water
Sources of Water (Fig. 10.1)
Rain
Surface Water
Ground Water
Wells
Sanitary Well and its Construction
Tube Wells
Springs
Water Pollution and its Hazards
Sources of Water Pollution
Hazards of Water Pollution
PURIFICATION OF WATER
Purification of Water on a Large Scale
Storage
Filtration
(1) Biological Filter
Supernatant Water
Sand Bed
Under-drainage System
Filter Control
(2) Rapid Sand Filter
Disinfection
Chlorination
Method of Chlorination
CHLORINE ALTERNATIVES
Purification of Water on a Small Scale
Purification of Water on Domestic Level
a. Boiling
b. Chemical Disinfection
c. Filtration
Disinfecting Wells on Mass Scale
The Double Pot Method
WHO GUIDELINES FOR POTABLE WATER
Acceptability Aspects
Physical Parameters
Inorganic Constituents
Microbiological Aspects
Chemical Aspects
Radiological Aspects
SURVEILLANCE OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY
Sanitary Survey
Sampling
Samples for Physical and Chemical
Samples for Bacteriological Examination
Bacteriological Surveillance
Presumptive Coliform Test
Detection of Faecal Streptococci Perfringens
Colony Count
Biological Examination
Chemical Surveillance
Hardness of Water
Removal of Hardness
Fluoridation of Water
Selection and Distribution Water
Sanitation of Swimming Pool
Water Conservation
Role of Community Health Nurses in Connection with Water
AIR AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH
Changes in Air during Occupancy
Thermal Comfort
AIR POLLUTION
Sources of Air Pollution
Air Pollutants
Effects of Air Pollution
Prevention of Air Pollution
LIGHT AND ENVIRONMENT
Factors Essential for Good Lighting
Units of Light
Natural Illumination
Artificial Illumination
Standards of Lighting
VENTILATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Types of Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Artificial Ventilation
Estimation of Amount of Fresh Air Required
Standard of Ventilation
NOISE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Effects of Noise Exposure
Measures to Control Noise
RADIATION EXPOSURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Sources of Radiation
Hazards of Radiation
Radiation Hazards and Nuclear Medicine
Effects of Radiation on Health
Ionizing and Non-ioning Radiation
Radiation Measurements
Protective Measures of Radiation
Control of Health Hazards
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND CLIMATE
(1) Atmospheric Pressure and its Effects on Health
High Altitudes
Low Altitudes
(2) Air Temperature and its Tools for Measurement
Heat Stress and Effects of High and Low Temperature
Prevention of Ill Effects of High Temperature
Effects of Low Temperature
(3) Humidity
(4) Rain
(5) Wind
(6) Clouds and Weather
RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT (HOUSING) AND HEALTH
Goals of Housing or Residential Environment
Criteria for Healthful Housing
Housing Standards
Urban Housing
Rural Housing
Effect of Housing on Health
Town Planning
Overcrowding in the House
Indicators of Housing
SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Waste and Refuse
Solid Wastes
Storage of Refuse
Collection of Refuse
Methods of Refuse Disposal
Dumping
Controlled Tipping
Incineration
Composting
Manure Pits
Burial
Public Education and Expenditure in Disposal
HUMAN EXCRETA DISPOSAL
METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL
EXCRETA DISPOSAL IN UNSEWERED AREAS
Bore Hole Latrine
Dug Well Latrine
Water Seal Latrine
Location
Squatting Plate
Pan
Trap
Connecting Pipe
Dug Well
Super Structure
Maintenance
Sulabh Shauchalaya
Septic Tank
Sewage Purification in Septic Tank
Maintenance of Septic Tank
Aqua Privy
Chemical Closet
Latrines for Camps or Temporary Use
Shallow Trench Latrine
Deep Trench Latrine
Bore Hole Latrine
EXCRETA DISPOSAL IN SEWERED AREAS
Water Carriage System
Household Sanitary Fittings
House Sewer (Drain)
Trunk Sewer
Sewer Accessories
SEWAGE AND ITS TREATMENT
Goal of Sewage Treatment
Modern Sewage Treatment
Primary Treatment
Secondary Treatment
Trickling Filter
Activated Sludge Process
Secondary Sedimentation
Sludge Disposal
Problem of Sanitation in India
Sanitation Problems Affects the Public Health
Fairs, Festivals and Traffic Sanitation and Measures
Fairs and Festivals Sanitation
Traffic Sanitation
Role of Nurses in Environmental Health
11:
Maternal and Child Health
INTRODUCTION
Evolution of MCH Services in India
Maternal and Child Health Programmes
For Pregnant Women
For the Mothers
For Children
Infants
Children (1-3 years)
Children (1-6 years)
Reproductive and Child Health Program
R.C.H. Services
Mothers
Essential Care for All
Early Detection of Complications
Emergency Care for those who Need it
Infants
New Born Care
Immunization
Children
Immunization
Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI)/Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)
Causes of Reproductive Tract Infection
In Women
In Men
Prevention of RTIs and STI
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Child Health Movement in India
Child Welfare Services in India
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
Nutrition Programmes
ICDS Scheme
Special Nutrition Programme (SNP)
National Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis Program (NNAPP)
National Goitre Control Program (NGCP)
National Program for Prophylaxis against Blindeness due to Vitamin ‘A’ Deficiency
Balawadi Nutrition Programme
Mid-day Meal Programme (MDMP)
Applied Nutrition Programme (ANP)
Maternal and Child Health Care Problems in India
Maternal and Child Health Problems
Maternal Mortality
Child Mortality
Goals of MCH Services
Need for MCH Services
WOMEN'S HEALTH CARE
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE AND CARE
Menstrual Cycle
Pre-menstrual Symptoms
Disturbances and Menstruation
Health Teaching for Menstruation
ADAPTATION TO PREGNANCY
Developmental Tasks During Pregnancy
First-trimester
Second-trimester
Third-trimester
COPING DURING PREGNANCY
Nursing Management
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning/Objectives
Nursing Interventions
Evaluation
SEXUAL RESPONSES DURING PREGNANCY
Changes during Phases of the Sexual Response
Cycle
Desire
Excitement
Plateau and Orgasm
Resolution
Nursing Management
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning/Objectives
Nursing Interventions
Evaluation
Psychosocial Risk of Pregnancy
Mature Gravidas
Adolescent Gravida
Sex Education
Family Planning
Adolescent Parents Problems
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnoses
Planning (Objectives)
Nursing Interventions
Evaluation
Attachment and Bonding during Pregnancy
Cultural Diversity
Education for Self-care during Pregnancy
Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection
Kegel'S Exercises
Additional Teaching
Schedule for Care
Warning Signs
Discomforts of Pregnancy
Employment
Physical Activity
Dental Health
Medication
Immunizations
Alcohol, Cigarette Smoke, and Other Substances
Parent Education for Parenthood
Birth Plan
SEXUAL COUNSELLING DURING PREGNANCY
Sexuality in First Trimester of Pregnancy
Countering Misinformation
Suggesting Alternative Behaviours
CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN PRENATAL CARE
MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES
Antenatal Care
Goals of Antenatal Care
Aims of Antenatal Care
Objectives of Antenatal Care
NURSING MANAGEMENT IN FIRST TRIMESTER
Prenatal Health History/Antenatal History
Estimation of the Duration of Pregnancy
Naegele's Rule
Prenatal Examination
General Appearance
Head and neck
Chest/Breasts
Extremities
Abdomen
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation
Roles and Responsibilities of Community Health Nurses in Prenatal Care
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PREGNANCY
4–8 Weeks
8–12 Weeks
12–16 Weeks
16–20 Weeks
20–24 Weeks
24–28 Weeks
30–36 Weeks
36–40 Weeks
PERSONAL HYGIENE IN PREGNANCY
Conditions Affecting the Breast and Their Care
Self-examination of the Breasts (Figs 11.10 and 11.11)
Nutrition in Pregnancy
Nutritional Requirements (Expectant Mother)
Energy
Dietary Modification During Pregnancy
Warning Signals of Potential Complications
First Trimester
Second Trimester
Third Trimester
Conditions Affecting the Reproductive Health
Vaginal Discharge
Second Trimester (Middle Pregnancy)
Third Trimester (Later Pregnancy)
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF SECOND TRIMESTER
Maternal Assessment
Supine Hypotension
Signs/Symptoms
Interventions
Signs of Potential Complications Second and Third Trimesters
Foetal Assessment
Foetal development at 26 weeks
Implementation
NURSING MANAGEMENT IN THIRD TRIMESTER
Maternal Assessment
Roll-over Test
Significance
Assessing Pitting Oedema, Deep Tendon Reflexes and Clonus
Equipment
Signs of Potential Problems
Foetal Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Client Self-care during Third Trimester
Child Birth Education
Content of Classes
INTRANATAL CARE
Preparation for Delivery in the Home
Labour
Physiology of Labour
Assessment of Normal Labour
False Labour
Mechanism of Labour
Engagement
Internal Rotation
Show
Attitude
Position
Stages of Labour
First Stage
Second Stage
Third Stage
Management of First Stage of Labour
Monitoring of First Stage of Labour and Maintenance of Partogram
Use of a Partograph
Example 1: (Plotting of a Partograph) (Chart 11.1)
Foetal Heart Rate
Cervical Dilatation
Inference
Descent of Head
Uterine Contractions
Maternal Condition
Example 2: (Plotting of a Partograph) (Chart 11.2 and 11.2a)
Management of Second Stage of Labour
Conduct of Delivery
Third Stage of Labour
Mechanism of Separation
Management of Third Stage of Labour
Signs of Placental Separation
Episiotomy
Timing of Episiotomy
Type of Episiotomy
Procedure
Perineal Tears
Procedure
After Care
Equipment Required for Normal Delivery in the Labour Room
Fourth Stage of Labour
Immediate Care of the New Born
Apgar Scoring
Resuscitation of the New Born
Care of the Mother
Prevention of Infection during Delivery
Complications of Labour
1. Prolonged Labour
Signs and Symptoms of Prolonged Labour:
Nursing Interventions
2. Mal-Presentation of the Foetus
3. Ecclampsia
4. Presentation and Prolapse of the Cord
5. Post-Partum Haemorrhage (PPH)
Nursing Intervention during PPH
Infection Control Measures by Nurses
Syringes and Needles
Labour Room
Gloves
Blood Spills
Disposal of the Placenta
Abnormalities of Descent
Management of Abnormal Progress of Labour
Foetal Distress
POSTNATAL CARE (PNC)
Objectives of the Puerperium/PNC
Physiology of Puerperium
Changes during the Puerperium
Nursing Management of Postnatal Mother
Ist Visit (Table 11.25)
II Visit (Table 11.26)
III Visit (Table 11.26)
IV Visit (Table 11.26)
Nutritional Management for Lactating Women
Nutritional Requirements of Lactating Women
Energy
Factors Responsible for Lactation Failure
STATUS OF THE NEW BORN AND ITS CARE
Need of Newborn Care
Immediate Care of Newborn
Assessment Newborn (Table 11.31)
Physical Assessment
Vital Signs
General Appearance
Nourishment
Parent-infant Attachment
Rest
Immunisation
NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT FOR INFANTS
I. Breast Feeding and its Advantage
Nutritional Factors
Immunological Factors
Macrophages
Psychological Factors
Economical Factors
Physiological Factors
II. Artificial Feeding
NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT IN PRETERM BABY
Feeding the Preterm Baby
WEANING OF CHILDREN
Types of Supplementary Foods
A. Liquid Supplements
B. Solid Supplements Mashed Well before Feeding
C. Solid Supplements Unmashed
D. Points to be Considered in Introducing Weaning Foods
E. Low Cost Supplementary Food
F. Problems in Weaning
Physiological Disturbances in the Body
Fluid Management
1. Initial Management with any Fluid Available
2. Oral Rehydration
3. Oral Rehydration
NURSING THE UNDER-FIVES
Assessment of the Under Five (Figure 11.28 to 11.39)
General Appearance
Head
Face
Neck
Eyes
Ears
Nose
Mouth and Throat
Chest
Abdomen
Genitalia
Spine
Buttocks and Anus
Extremities
Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC)
Skin
Nutritional Aspects of Infants and Preschoolers (under fives)
Infant Feeding
Breast Feeding
Procedures for Breastfeeding
Weaning
Feeding of Preschooler
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF PRESCHOOLER
Factors Affecting the Growth of Preschooler
Nutrition Problems of Preschooler
Dental Decay
Malnutrition
PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION
Symptoms of different types of PEM
Kwashiorkor
Marasmic Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Nutritional Dwarfing
The Underweight Child
Management of PEM
Criteria for improvement will include in:
Hospital Treatment
Dietary Management
Rehabilitation
Residential Units
Day-care Centres
Domiciliary Rehabilitation
Suggested Diet during Convalescence
Low Cost Recipes for Children Recovering from PEM
Concentrated Food Supplements
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Management of Vitamin A Deficiency
Actual Preventive Measures
COMMON ILLNESS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI)
1. Nutrition
2. Immunisation
3. Environments
4. Management of ARI at Home
Diarrhoeal Diseases
Causes of Diarrhoea
Types of Diarrhoea
Management of Diarrhoea
Under-Fives Clinic
1. Care in Illness
2. Adequate Nutrition
3. Immunisation
4. Family Planning
5. Health Teaching/Education
Growth Monitoring
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN
Management of School Children Nutrition
Feeding Problems
Underweight
Constipation
Dental Caries
Packed Lunches
Suggested Packed Lunches
School Lunch Programmes
A. Objectives of Feeding Programmes
B. Nutrition Programmes Implemented in India
Mid-day Meal Programme for School Children
Special Nutrition Programme (SNP)
Food Supplements
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)
Objectives
Components of the Scheme
Supplementary Nutrition
Immunisation
Prophylaxis against Vitamin A Deficiency
Nutrition and Health Education
Health Checkup
Tamilnadu Government nutritious meal programme
Components of the Programme
Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Programme (TINP)
World Bank Assisted ICDS III Project (Tamil Nadu)
Specific Objectives of WB Assisted lCDS-III
Services to Target Groups
Components of WB.ICDS III-Project
Major Components
Nutrition and Health Service Delivery
Concept of Therapeutic Feeding (Weaning)
Factors that Influence Feeding Programmes
12:
Immunisation
INTRODUCTION
Historical Background
Immune Response
CLASSIFICATION OF IMMUNITY
Agents of Immunisation
Vaccines
Live Vaccines
Inactivated or “Killed” Vaccines
Cellular Fractions
Toxoids
Combinations
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
UNIVERSAL IMMUNISATION PROGRAMME (UIP)
The National Immunisation Schedule (Table 12.1)
Immunisation of Pregnant Women
Immunisation of Children
i. DPT and Polio
ii. BCG
iii. Measle
iv. DT
v. Typhoid
Reactions
PRESERVATION OF VACCINES: COLD CHAIN SYSTEM
Refrigerator
Ice Lined Refrigerators (lLR)
Deep Freezer
Conventional Refrigeration
Cold Box
Vaccine Carrier
ADMINISTRATION OF VACCINES
Checking the Vaccine
Vaccine Container-Ampules
Vaccine Container-Vials
Injectable Vaccines
Steps of Administering of DPT, DT and TT
Steps of Administering OPV
ADMINISTRATION OF MEASLES AND BCG VACCINE
Reconstitution of the Vaccine
Measle Vaccine
BCG Vaccination
PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF IMMUNISATION SESSION
Eligibles /Beneficiaries
Actions for Reactions after Immunisation
13:
Family Planning
INTRODUCTION
Causes of Population Explosion in India
Effects of Population Explosion
Goals of National Health Policy
Definition of Family Planning
Objectives of the Family Planning
Scope of Family Planning Services
The Family Welfare Programme
Small Family Norm and Its Importance
Hazards of the Large and Unplanned Family
Advantages for Adopting Small Family
Advantages to Mother
Advantages for the Child
Advantages for the Father
Advantages for the Community
Practices for Small Family Norm
Barriers of Small Family Norm
Evolution of Fertility Regulations Methods (Contraceptions)
Methods of Fertility Regulation (Contraception)
SPACING METHODS: NON-HORMONAL
Non-hormonal Contraceptives
Condom or Nirodh Use
Vaginal Contraceptive Sponge
Lippes Loop
Copper-T
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
TERMINAL METHODS
Male Sterilisation (Refer page 601 for details)
Female Sterilisation (Refer page 600 for details)
Role of Nurses in Family Welfare Programme
Administrative Role
Supervisory Role
Functional Role
Educational Role
Role in Research
Role of Evaluation
NEW FOCUS OF FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME
Activities at Subcentre and PHC
1. At Subcentre Level
Communication and Counselling
Provide
Gather Information by Taking to Mothers
Update Records
2. At PHC level
Prerequisites for Target Free Approach (TFA)
Family Welfare Activities of Health Workers (ANMs/FHW/MHW)
A. Identification of Beneficiaries
B. Estimate Beneficiaries
Example
C. Registration of Beneficiaries
IUCD and its Insertion
Side Effects or Complications of Intrauterine Devices
COPPER-T AND ITS INSERTION
Nursing Interventions during IUD Insertion
Management of Complications after IUD Insertion
Do's and Don'ts about Cu-T Insertion
Do's
Dont's
HORMONAL METHODS
Effects of Oral Hormonal Contraceptives
The Injectable Steroid Hormonal Contraceptives
Oral Contraceptives in National Family Welfare Programme
Side Effects and Risks of Oral Contraceptives
A. Minor Side Effects
B. Major Effects
Instructions for Use of 28 Pill Pack
• Take the pill
Follow-up Services
Management of Oral Pill Programme
MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Methods of Pregnancy Termination in the First Trimester
PERFORMING MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Equipment Required for MTP
Suction Machine (Fig. 13.22)
Connection Tubing
Menstrual Regulation Syringe (Fig. 13.24)
Suction Cannulae
Preparation of Client for MTP
Supportive Counselling
Contraceptive Counselling
Selection of Clients for MTP
Demographic Information
Preoperative Care of the Client
Local Anaesthesia Procedure for MTP
SURGICAL PROCEDURES OF MTP
i. Suction Evacuation
II. Menstrual Regulation
A. Preparation of Vacuum Syringe and Cannulae
B. Steps of Evacuation
Management of Problems during Procedure
Syringe not Creating or Holding Vacuum
Vacuum is Decreased or Lost during the Procedure
III. Dilatation and Evacuation (D&E)
POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND FOLLOW-UP
Follow-up
a. Emergency Attention
b. Routine Visit at the Centre
c. Home Visit by HA(F) or HW(F)
NONSURGICAL PROCEDURES OF MTP
A. Slow Cervical Dilatation Agents
a. Hygroscopic Agents
b. Prostaglandin Analogs
B. Nonsurgical Methods for MTP
a. Antiprogestins (RU 486)
b. Prostaglandin Analogs
c. Combination of RU 486 and PG analogs
MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS AFTER MTP
(1) Immediate Complications and their Management a. Complications of Local Anaesthesia
Systemic Toxic Reaction
Treatment
Hypersensitivity and Allergic Reaction
Treatment
b. Complications during MTP Procedure
Syncope (Fainting)
(2) Delayed Complications and their Management
• Incomplete Evacuation
• Continuation of Pregnancy
• Infection
(3) Remote Complications and their Managements
INFECTION CONTROL
Universal Precautions
Sterilisation and Maintenance of Equipment
Step 1: Decontamination
Step 2: Cleaning
Step 3: Sterilisation/High Level Disinfection
Step 4: Storage/Assembly
Waste Disposal
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act
Experience or Training Required for MTP
Consent for MTP
Confidentially/Custody of Forms
14:
Epidemiology
INTRODUCTION
Definitions
ERAS IN THE EVOLUTION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Aims of Epidemiology
Uses of Epidemiology
Advantages of Using Epidemiology in CHN Practice
Epidemiological Process
Step I: Findout the Nature, Extent, and Scope of the Problem
Step II: Formulate Tentative Hypothesis(es)
Step III: Collect and Analyze Further Data to Test Hypothesis(es)
Step IV: Plan for Control
Infectious Diseases Notifiable at the National Level
Step V: Implement Control Plan
Step VI: Evaluate Control Plan
Step VII: Make Appropriate Report
Step VIII: Conduct Research
NATURAL LIFE HISTORY OF DISEASE
Disease or Illness
Determinants of Illness Behaviour
Epidemiological Triad
A. Agent
B. Host
C. Environment
Multiple Causation of Disease
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Implications of Epidemiology in Community Health Nursing
Types and Sources of Health Statistics
Scope of Measurements in Epidemiology
Concept of Numerator and Denominator
i. Related to the Population
ii. Related to Total Events
Measures of Central Tendency
Rates and Ratios
Morbidity and Mortality Statistics
Epidemiological Studies
Observational Studies
1. Descriptive Epidemiology
2. Analytical Epidemiology
Retrospective Method
Prospective Method
Experimental Studies
Types of Experimental Studies
DYNAMICS OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION
Source or Reservoir
Homologous Reservoir
Heterologous Reservoir
Modes of Disease Transmission
Direct Transmission
Indirect Transmission
Susceptible Host
Immunity
A. Humoral Immunity
B. Cellular Immunity
A. Passive Immunity
B. Active Immunity
C. Herd Immunity
Immunising Agents
Vaccines
Immunoglobulins
Antisera or Antitoxins
Terms Used in Epidemiology
The Dynamics of Infectious Disease Transmission
Host Characteristics
Agent Characteristics
Environmental Characteristics
15:
Communicable Diseases
POLIOMYELITIS
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Epidemiological Features
Geographical Distribution
Agent
Morphology
Viability
Reservoir of Infection
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Prodromal Stage
Preparalytic Stage
Symptoms
Signs
Paralytic Stage
Distribution of Paralysis
Convalescence
Clinical Features
Complications
Prognosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Control Measures
Treatment
Prevention
Active Immunisation
Passive Immunisation
INFLUENZA
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Morphology of Influenza Virus
Reservoir of Infection
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Effects of Maternal Infection on Foetus and Neonate
Associated Factor
Prevention
Type of Vaccine
Control Measures
AVIAN FLU
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Global
India
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Host
Modes of Transmission
Animal to Human
Environment to Human
Incubation Period
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
Preparedness and Response Plan
Recommendations to All Health Care Workers
Recommendations for Travellers
Preparing Poultry
Vaccine
Nursing Management
MUMPS
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Epidemiological Features
Geographic Distribution
Agent
Source of Infection
Host Factors
Modes of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Laboratory Data
Treatment
General Measures
Passive Protection
Active Immunisation
Measures
MEASLES (RUBEOLA)
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Source of Infection
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Signs and Symptoms
Prodromal Phase
Eruptive Phase
Post-measles State
Complications
Prognosis
Diagnosis
Exanthematus Stage
Prevention
RUBELLA (GERMAN MEASLES)
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Host
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Prevention and Control
VIRAL HEPATITIS
Introduction
Epidemiological Features
Agents
Host
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Treatments
Prevention and Control
Adopting
SMALLPOX (VARIOLA)
Introduction
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Pre-eruptive stage
Eruptive Stage
Prevention and Control
CHICKENPOX (VARICELLA)
Introduction
Epidemiology
Agent
Host
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Prevention and Control
DENGUE FEVER
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Risk Groups
Epidimological Feature
Agent Factor
Vector
Host Factor
Environmental Factor
Mode of Transmission
Period of Communicability
Incubation Period
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Lab Studies
Epidemiological Surveillance
Vector Surveillance
Prevention and Control
Treatment
Management of DHF
Advice for Parents on Source Reduction in the Home
Complications
Prevention and Control
Health Education
CHIKUNGUNYA
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Global
India
Epidemiological Features
Agent Factors
Life Cycle
Genetic Sequence of Virus
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
Mode of Transmission
Incubation Period
Clinical Features
Differences between Chikungunya and Dengue Fever
Complications
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Preventive Measures
Nursing Management
Imbalanced body temperature (fever) related to the presence of Infection
Arthralgia related to chikungunya infection
Fatigue related to increased disease activity
Disturbed sleep pattern related to pain
Potential for
Knowledge deficit regarding
SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS)
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Epidemiological Factors
Agent Factor
Source of Infection
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
Incubation Period
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Later on patient develops:
Investigations
Other tests are:
Suspected Case
Probable Case
Treatment and Management
Prevention
Nursing Management
Health Education
TRACHOMA
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Epidemiological Features
Geographic Distribution
Agent
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Control of Trachoma
Assessment of the Problem
Chemotherapy
Surgical Correction
Surveillance
Health Education
Problem of Blindness
Strategy
The Goal
Plan of Action
RABIES
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Epidemiology
Geographic Distribution
Agent
Source of Infection
Reservoir of Infection
Host Factors
Modes of Transmission
Incubation Period
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Preventive Measures
ARV (Antirabies Vaccine)
Classification of Wounds
Complications
Health Education to Public
National Programme
JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Variation of JE Incidence within the States
Case Fatality Rates in Different Outbreaks
Seasonal Variation of JE
Age and Sex Distribution of JE Cases
Clinical/Subclinical Ratio
Natural Cycle of JE
Reservoir
Vector
Susceptibility and Resistance
Clinical Features
Control
Immunoprophylaxis
Surveillance
KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Natural Hosts and Reservoir
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Clinical Features
Vectors
Morphology of Ticks
Life History of Hard Tick
KFD poisonous organism have different stages
Control Measures
Control of Ticks
Vaccination
Personal Protection
Preventive Measure
DIPHTHERIA
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Source of Infection
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Schick Test
Negative Reaction
Positive Reaction
Pseudo-positive Reaction
Combined Reaction
Control Measures
Cases and Carriers
Carriers
Diphtheria Immunisation
A. Current Prophylactics
Side Effects
PERTUSSIS (“WHOOPING COUGH”)
Introduction
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Magnitude of Problem
Morphology
Source of Infection
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Diagnosis
Control Measures
Prophylaxis
Active Immunisation
Passive Immunisation
Reactions
Health Education
TETANUS
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Morphology
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Types of Tetanus
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnostic Measure
Preventive Measures
Prophylaxis
Active Immunisation
Indications
Contraindications
Passive Immunisation
TUBERCULOSIS
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Epidemiological Features
Geographical Distribution
Agent
Source of Infection
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Fate of the Primary Infection
Clinical Features
Prevention and Control of Tuberculosis
Early Detection of Cases
Chemotherapy
Antitubercular Drugs
Short Course of Chemotherapy
BCG Vaccination
Rehabilitation
Role of hospitals: Main indication are:
Drug resistance-resistant strains
Health Education
Improvement of Social Conditions
National Tuberculosis Control Programme
Long-term Objectives
Main Activities, Strategies of NTCP
Organisation
Staffing
District Tuberculosis Programme (DTP)
The Revised Strategy (RNTCP)
Objectives of RNTCP
Pilot vs Phased Coverage and Programme Expansion
Structural Organisation
DOTS Components
Identification of Suspects
Sputum Collection
Sputum Transportation
Diagnosis and Management
Follow-up
Preventive Treatment to Children under 6 Years
Challenges and Solutions in Implementation
LEPROSY
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Areas of Prevalence
High Prevalence
Moderate Prevalence
Low Prevalence
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Reservoir of Infection
Host Factors
Modes of Transmission
Classification of Leprosy
Indian Classification
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Early Signs
Later Deformities
Diagnosis
Clinical Examination
Bacteriological Examination
Bacterial Index
Morphological Index
Methods of Leprosy Control
Survey
Early Detection of Cases
Chemotherapy
Antileprosy drugs
Recommenced Treatment Regimen (Followed and Recommended by NLEP)
Multidrug Treatment (MDT) Regiment
Criteria for Discharges
Modified MDT Regimen Suggested under NLEP in India
Selection of Patients for Multi-drug Therapy
New MDT Dose Schedule
I. Regimen for Multibacillary Cases
II. Regularity of Treatment
III. Side-effects of Antileprosy Drugs Used for MB Patients
Prevention of Disabilities
Health Education
Social Aspect of Leprosy
Immunoprophylaxis
The National Leprosy Control Programme
Objectives
Major Components
The Programme Organisation
Evolution of the National Leprosy Eradication Programme
a. Leprosy Control before 1955
b. Leprosy Control after 1955 till 1983
High Power Committee
MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Introduction
Epidemiological Features
Geographic Distribution
Agent
Source of Infection
Host Factors
Mode of Infection
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Prevention and Control
Treatment
GAS GANGRENE
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Morphology
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Preventive Measure
Precaution during Immunisation
Treatment
CHOLERA
Introduction
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Host
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Signs and Symptoms
Prevention
Diagnosis
Treatments
Notification
Surveillance
Isolation
Vaccination
Disinfection
Improvement of Sanitation
Health Education
TYPHOID
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Morphology
Source of Infection
Reservoir of Infection
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
1st Week
IInd Week
IIIrd Week
IVth Week
Complications
Convalescence
Control of Typhoid Fever
1. Control of Reservoir
Cases
Carriers
2. Control of Sanitation
3. Immunisation
Antityphoid Vaccines
Dosage and Mode of Administration
Storage
Live Oral Ty 21a Vaccine
4. Health Education
DIARRHOEAL DISEASES
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Epidemiological Features
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Fluid Loss
Electrolyte Changes
Sodium
Patassium
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis and Treatment (Table 15.16 and 15.17)
Treatment
Oral Rehydration Therapy
Appropriate Feeding
Appropriate Drugs
Control and Preventive Measures
Short-term Objectives
Long-term Objectives
Plan of Action
Availability of Oral Rehydration Salt
Training Programme
Increasing Host Resistance to Infection
Provision of Safe Drinking Water Supply
Improvement of Sewage Disposal System
Improvement of General Environmental Sanitation
Health and Nutritional Education of the Community
Research
National Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme
Primary Health Care
SUMMARY
BACILLARY DYSENTERY
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Shigella
Host
Source of Infection
Mode of Infection
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Assessment
Preventive Measures
Appropriate Clinical Management
Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme
Pathophysiology of Diarrhoea
Magnitude of the Problem
Evolution of the Programme
Cholera Control Programme
Current Plan of Action
LEPTOSPIROSIS
Introduction
Meaning
Magnitude of the Problem
In India
Epidemiological Features
Agent Factors
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
Mode of Transmission
Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medical management
Children dose:
Amoxycilline
Prognosis
Control Measures
1. Environmental measures
2. Rodent control measures
3. Proper environmental measures
4. Trapping
5. Rodenticides
6. Fumigation
7. Chemostrerilents
Preventive Measures
Nursing Management
Health Education
CONCLUSION
AMOEBIASIS (AMOEBIC DYSENTERY)
Introduction
Magnitude of Problems
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Morphology
Host
Mode of Infection
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Prevention and Control
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Treatment
Mass Treatment
National Programmes
National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme
Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme
MALARIA
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Life History of Malarial Parasite
Reservoir of Infection
Period of Communicability
Vectors of Malaria
Mode of Transmission
Factors for Transmission of Malaria
Incubation Period
Host Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Measurement of Malaria
Classification of Endemicity (WHO)
Vector Indices
Malaria Survey
Treatment
Presumptive Treatment
Radical Treatment
Antimalarial Drugs Used in Areas Where P. falciparum is Sensitive
Chemoprophylaxis
In Pregnancy and Infancy
Antimalarial Measures
National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) 1953
Achievements
National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP) 1958
Modified Plan of Operation, 1977
Objectives of MPO, 1977
Strategy
Areas with API less than two
Drug Distribution Centres and Fever Treatment Depots
Urban Areas
P. Falciparum Containment
Reorganisation
Technique of Preparation of Blood Smears
KALA-AZAR
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
World
India
Epidemiological Features
Agents
Reservoirs of Infection
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Clinical Features
1. Kala-azar
2. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
3. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Parasitological Diagnosis
2. Aldehyde Test
3. Serological Tests
4. The Leishmanin (Montenegro) Test
5. Haematological Findings
Control Measures
1. Control of Reservoir
Treatment
2. Control of Sandflies
3. Personal Prophylaxis
ROUNDWORM INFESTATION (ASCARIASIS)
Introduction
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES
Agent
Morphology
Host
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Preventive Measures
Specific Treatment
PIN WORM INFESTATION
Introduction
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Life Cycle
Host
Pathophysiology
Control Measures
HOOKWORM INFESTATION
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Life History of Worm
Host
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Complications
Control Measures
Treatment and Prevention
Specific Treatment
GUINEA WORM INFESTATION
Introduction
Morphology
Life Cycle
Host
Clinical Features Pathophysiology
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Preventive Measure
Specific Treatment
Eradication
Guinea Worm Eradication Programme
FILARIA
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Human Filarial Infection
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Morphology
Life Cycle
Development-Stages in the Vector (Microfilaria in the Mosquito)
Reservoir of Infection
Vectors of Filariasis
Mode of Transmission
Host Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Stage of Invasion
Symptomless or Carrier Phase
Stage of Acute Manifestations
Stage of Chronic Manifestation
Filaria Survey
Blood Survey
Clinical Surveys
Entomological Survey
Filarial lndices
Parasitological Indices
Vector Indices
Control Measures
Detection and Treatment of Carriers
Antimosquito Measures
Antilarval Measures
Antiadult Measures
National Filaria Control Programme (NFCP)
TAPEWORM INFESTATION
Introduction
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Morphology
Life Cycle
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Complications
Preventive Measures
Specific Treatment
SYPHILIS
Morphology of Treponema Palladium
Types
Congenital Syphilis
Acquired Syphilis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
1. Primary Stage
2. Secondary Stage
3. The Tertiary Stage
GONORRHOEA
Morphology of Gonococcus
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
CHANCROID
Morphology
Incidence
Clinical Types
Clinical Features
LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM (LGV)
Incidence
Clinical Manifestations
GRANULOMA INGUINALE
Morphology
Incidence
Clinical Findings
Investigations for STDs
Syphilis
Gonorrhoea
Chancroid
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
LGV
Chemotherapy of STDs
Preventive Measures
Control Measures
Present Status of STD Programme and Future Directions
AIDS
Introduction
Historical Background
Magnitude of the Problem
AIDS in India
Epidemiological Features
Agent Factors
Sources of Injection
Reservoir of infection
Host Factors
Mode of Transmission
Sexual Transmission
Blood Contact
Maternal Foetal Transmission
Clinical Features
Initial Infection
Asymptomatic Carrier State
AIDS-related Complex
AIDS
Diagnosis of AIDS
Clinical
Major Signs
Minor Signs
Screening Tests
Virus Isolation
A New Diagnostic Test for HIV Uses Saliva
AIDS Control Programme
1. Establishment of a Surveillance Programme
2. Public Opinion, Education and Behaviour
3. Framing Specific Guidelines
4. Training
5. Research
6. Indigenous Production of Test Kits
7. Prostitution Issue
8. Legislation
Treatment
16:
Noncommunicable Diseases
INTRODUCTION
National Programmes and NCD Control Programmes
Magnitude of Problem of NCD
BLINDNESS
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Prevention of Blindness
1. Primary Level of Prevention
School Health Care
Public Care
Factories
Health Education
Secondary Level of Prevention
Disability Limitation and Rehabilitation
National Programme for the Control of Blindness
Epidemiological Features of Blindness in India
Cataract
Refractive Errors and Low Vision
Xerophthalmia and Childhood Blindness
Trachoma and Corneal Blindness
Factors Causing Blindness
Age, Gender, Poverty and Social Inequality
Ageing and Blindness
Gender and Blindness
Objectives of the Programme of Blindness
Organizational Structure of the Programme
National Bodies for NPCB
At State Level
Organizational Structure at District Level
Composition of DBCS
Members
Functions of the DBCS
At the Subdistrict Level
CANCER
Introduction
Magnitude of Problem
Problem in India
Epidemiological Features
Agent Factors
Host Factor
Pathophysiology of Cancer Cells
Clinical Features
Cancer Lung—Sputum Cytology
Control Measures
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cancer Registration
Early Detection of Cancer
NATIONAL CANCER CONTROL PROGRAMME
Evolution of National Cancer Control Programme
Objectives
Schemes under National Cancer Control Programme
Assistance to Regional Cancer Centres
Development of Oncology Wings in Government Medical College Hospital
Cobalt Therapy Installation
District Cancer Control Scheme
Financial Assistance to Voluntary Organisations
Regional Cancer Centres
Assistance for Regional Research and Treatment Centres
List of Regional Cancer Centres (RCCs)
National Cancer Registry Programme
Tobacco-related Health Problems and Education
‘Gutka’ and Oral Cancer
Projects for Control of Cervical Cancer
Transformation of Precancerous Lesions to Invasive Disease
Cancer of Gallbladder
Breast Cancer
Operational Research to Supplement National Cancer Control
Chemo-prevention
Breast Cancer
Genitourinary Malignancies
Lymphoma
CARDIAC DISEASES
Introduction
Classification of Heart Diseases
Congenital Heart Disease
Prevention of Heart Diseases
Acquired Heart Diseases
i. Pericarditis
ii. Myocarditis
iii. Sub-acute Bacterial Endocarditis
iv. Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
v. Mitral Stenosis
vi. Hypertension
vii. Ischaemic Heart Disease
Prevention
viii. Angina Pectoris
Follow-up
ix. Cardiac Arrhythmias
Follow-up
x. Congestive Heart Failure
Treatment
Follow-up
National Cardiovascular Diseases, Stroke Control Programme and Diabetes
National Diabetes Control Programme
Objectives of the National Cardiovascular Disease, Stroke and Diabetes Control Programme
Future Strategies
National Oral Health Programme
Future Strategies
DIABETES MELLITUS
Introduction
Epidemiological Features
Agent
Host
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
1. Juvenile Diabetes
2. Maturity Onset Diabetes
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Complications
Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Self-care
Home Blood Glucose Monitoring
Tertiary Prevention
Nursing Management
1. Psychological Considerations
2. Diet
3. Excercise
4. Health Education
ACCIDENTS
Introduction
Magnitude of the Problem
World
India
Types of Accidents
Road Accidents
Domestic Accidents
Occupational Accidents
Railway Accidents
Suicides
Causes
Road Accidents
Domestic Accidents
Railways Accidents
Prevention
SUICIDE
Introduction
Meaning
Magnitude of Problem
Age
Methods of Suicide
Causes
Theories of Suicide
1. Psychiatric Disorders
2. Personality Disorders
3. Psychosocial Factors
4. Genetic Factor
5. Biochemical Factors
6. Central Nervous System
7. Gastrointestinal Disorders
8. Miscellaneous
Assessing Suicide Risk
1. Person always ask about thoughts and plans for suicide:
Prevention
Individual Methods
2. Community Methods
3. Suicidal Prevention in Hospitals
17:
Special Health Programmes
SCHOOL HEALTH PROGRAMME
Introduction
Policies Related to School Health Programmes
Goals of School Health Programme
Aims of the School Health Programme
Objectives of School Health Programme
Components of School Health Programme
Health Education in School
Healthful School Living
The Physical Setting
Location
Building
Class Room
Furniture
Playground
Sanitation
The Emotional Climate
School Health Services
Observation
Medical Examination
Immunisation
Teachers Training
Health and Population Education
Healthful School Environment
Nutrition Programmes
Role of Nurses in School Health Programme
Health Supervision
Health Counselling
Health Education
II. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMME
Introduction
Aims of Occupational Health Programme
Objectives of the Occupational Health Programme
Occupational Hazards
Physical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Biological and Mechanical Hazards
Psychosocial Hazards
Agricultural Hazards
Occupational Health Nursing
Definition
Philosophy
Philosophy of Occupational Health Nursing Service
Role of Nurse in Occupational Health Programme
Functions of Occupational Health Nursing
Professional Role
Environmental Role
Managerial Role
Educational Role
III. COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH NURSING PROGRAMME
Introduction
Criteria of Good Mental Health
1. Positive Attitude Towards Self
2. Growth Development and Self-actualisation
3. Integration
4. Autonomy
5. Reality Perception
6. Environmental Mastery
Mental Health Nursing
Community Mental Health Nursing
Principles of CMHN
Role of Nurse in CMHN
Goals of CMHN Practice
Preventive Measures
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Promotion of Mental Health Through Life-span
Stage I—Infancy (Birth to 12/18 months) Trust vs Mistrust
Stage II—Toddler (12/13 months to 4/5 years) Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Stage III—The School Age Child (5 to 12 years) Initiative vs Guilt
Stage IV—Adolescence (13 to 19 years) Industry vs Inferiority
Stage V—Early Adulthood (19 to 25 years) Identity vs Diffusion
Stage VI—Adulthood (26 to 50 years) Intimacy vs Isolation
Nursing Responsibilities
Stage VII—Late Adulthood (51 to 65 years) Generativity vs Stagnation
Stage VIII—Old Age (above 65 years) Integrity vs Despair
Nursing Responsibilities (Implication)
Nurse and Community Mental Health
Services to the Family
Service to the Patient
Services to the Mental Hospital
Services to the Family Physician
National Mental Health Programme
18:
Health Administration in India
INTRODUCTION
Definitions
Principles of Community Health Administration
Objectives of Community Health Administration
Community Health Administration and Policy
HEALTH PLANNING IN INDIA
NPC Sub-committee on National Health
Health Survey and Development Committee (Bhore Committee 1946)
Recommendations
The Short Term Programme
The Long Term Programme
Implications of BHORE Committee
Shetty Committee 1954
Recommendations
The Health Survey and Planning Committee (1962) (Mudaliar Committee)
Recommendations
Manpower Requirements
Chadha Committee (1963)
Mukherjee Committee (1965)
Mukherjee Committee (1966)
Jungalwalla Committee (1967)
Kartar Singh Committee (1974)
Shrivastav Committee (1975)
Recommendations
Implications
National Health Policy (1983)
Mehta Committee 1983
Working Group on Medical Education, Training and Manpower Training 1984
Committee on Health Manpower Planning, Production and Management (Bajaj Committee 1987)
1. Hospital Nursing Services
2. Community Nursing Service
HIGH POWER COMMITTEE ON NURSING AND NURSING PROFESSION (1987-1989)
Health in Five-Year Plans (FYP)
Community Development
First Five Year Plan 1951-56
Second Five Year Plan 1956-61
Third Five Year Plan 1961-66
Annual Plans 1966-69
Fourth Five Year Plan 1969-74
Achievements from First FYP to Fourth FYP
Fifth Five Year Plan 1974-79
Sixth Five Year Plan 1980-85
Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)
Health Sector MNP
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90)
Eighth Five Year Plan (1991-95)
Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07)
HEALTH ORGANISATION IN INDIA
Government Health Agencies
a. National Level
i. Union List
ii. Concurrent List (These functions are the responsibility of both the Union and State Governments)
Department of Health
Functions
Department of Family Welfare
Functions
b. State Level
STATE MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
STATE HEALTH DIRECTORATE
Functions of the State Health Department
Problems of State Health Services
c. District level
Functions of the Health organisation at Local Level
d. Block Level (Rural Health Scheme)
Village Level
Subcentre
Evolution of PHC
Genesis
ORGANISATION CHART OF PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE
Public Health Nurse—District Family Welfare Bureau
I. Essential Qualification
II. Pay Scales
III. The Public Health Nurse
IV. Job Description
DUTIES OF MEDICAL OFFICER, PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE
General
I. Curative Works
II. Preventive and Promotive Work
1. Family Planning
2. Maternal and Child Health
3. Universal Immunization Programme
4. National Malaria Eradication Programme
5. Control of Communicable Diseases
6. Leprosy
7. Tuberculosis
8. Sexually Transmitted Diseases(STD)
9. School Health
10. National Programme for Prevention of Visual Impairment and Control of Blindness
11. Diarrhoeal Diseases Control Programme
III. Training
IV. Administrative Work
Job Responsibilities of Community Health Officer
1. Control of Communicable Diseases
2. Maternal and Child Health
3. School Health
4. Universal Immunisation Programme
5. Family Planning
6. Nutrition
7. Environmental Sanitation
8. Treatment of Minor Ailments
9. Community Involvement and Health Education
10. Training of Health Personnel and Community Level Workers
11. Management and Supervision
Job Responsibilities of Block Extension Educator/Block Health Educator
Working Relationship
Duties and Functions
Job Responsibilities of Health Assistant Male/Sr. Health Assistant (Male)
1. Supervision and Guidance
2. Team Work
3. Supplies and Equipment
4. Records and Reports
5. Malaria
6. Communicable Diseases
7. Leprosy
8. Tuberculosis
9. Environmental Sanitation
10. Universal Immunisation Programme
11. Family Planning
12. Nutrition
13. Control of Blindness
14. Vital Events
15. Primary Medical Care
16. Health Education
Job Responsibilities of Health Assistant Female/LHV/Sr. Health Assistant (F)
1. Supervision and Guidance
2. Team Work
3. Supplies, Equipment and Maintenance of Subcentres
4. Records and Reports
5. Training
6. Maternal and Child Health
7. Family Planning and Medical Termination of Pregnancy
8. Nutrition
9. Universal Immunisation Programme
10. Primary Medical Care
11. Health Education
Job Responsibilities of Health Worker Male/Junior Health Assistant (M)
1. Malaria
2. Communicable Diseases
3. Leprosy
4. Tuberculosis
5. Environmental Sanitation
6. Universal Immunisation Programme
7. Family Planning
8. Medical Termination of Pregnancy
9. Health Education
10. Nutrition
11. Vital Events
Job Responsibilities of Health Worker Female/ANM/Jr. Health Asstt. (F)
1. Maternal and Child Health
2. Family Planning
3. Medical Termination of Pregnancy
4. Nutrition
5. Universal Immunisation Programme
6. Dai Training
7. Communicable Diseases
8. Vital Events
9. Record Keeping
10. Primary Medical Care
11. Team Activities
Job Responsibilities of Laboratory Technician
I. General Laboratory Procedures
II. Laboratory Investigations
III. Maintenance of Records and Registers under NMEP
Job Responsibilities of Computer
Working Relationship
Duties and Functions
Activities of Health Guide
Activities of Dai
Activities of Anganawadi Worker
Community Health Centre (CHC)
VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES
Definition
Functions
Problems of Voluntary Health Agency
Voluntary Health Agencies in India
Functions of Voluntary Health Agencies in India
Indian Red Cross Society
Tuberculosis Association of India
The Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh (HKNS)
Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW)
Bharat Sewak Samaj (BSS)
The Central Social Welfare Board
All India Blind Relief Society
The Kasturba Memorial Fund
Family Planning Association in India
Professional Bodies
Semi-official Organisations
Voluntary Health Association of India
History
Objectives
Training
Public Policy
Public Affairs
State VHAs
Communications
Health for the Millions
Video Films
Hamari Chitthi Aapke Naam
Hamarahi
“Swasthaya Ke Naye Charan”
“Khoj” Project
Organisation
Financing
Highlights of 1993-94
New Initiatives
Planning Process in Community Health Administration
1. Pre-planning
2. Assessment of Health Situation
3. Selection of Priorities
4. Definition of Goals and Objectives
5. Write-up Formulated Plan
6. Implementation
7. Monitoring or Managerial Planning
8. Evaluation
COMMUNITY HEALTH AND COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING SERVICE ADMINISTRATION
Introduction
Principles of Community Health Administration
Objectives of Community Health Nursing Administration
PHILOSOPHY AND TRENDS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Philosophy of Community Health Nursing
Current Trends of Community Health Nursing Administration
Approaches to Community Health Nursing Administration
1. Comprehensive Health Care Approach
2. Basic Health Care Approach
3. Primary Health Care Approach
4. Integrated Child Development Service Approach
5. RCH Approach
6. Rural Health Care Approach
Areas in Community Health Nursing Administration
1. School Health Services
Objectives
2. Home Health Care
Purposes
3. Geriatric Nursing
4. Occupational Health Nursing
5. Hospices Care
6. Industrial Strength Triage (IST)
Quality Assistance in Community Health Nursing
8. Aerospace Nursing
9. Tele Nursing:
COORDINATION IN COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICE ADMINISTRATION
Importance of Coordination
Purposes of Coordination
Characteristics Features of Coordination
Principles of Coordination
Techniques of Coordination
Effective Coordination
Difficulties in Coordination
EVALUATION ACTIVITIES AND PROGRAMMES
Definition
Purposes of Programme Evaluation
Principles of Evaluation
Methods of Evaluation
Steps in Evaluation
I. Establishment of Criteria and Standards
II. Planning the Methodology
III. Gathering the Information
IV. Analysis of Result
V. Taking Action
VI. Re-evaluation
COMMUNITY AUDIT
Types of Audit
1. Outcome Audits
2. Process Audit
3. Structure Audit
Purposes of Community Audit
Principles of Audit
Methods of Community Audit
1. Retrospective Review System
2. Concurrent Review System
3. Quality Circles
Standards
Characteristics of Standards
Audit Tools
Audit Process
Audit Process
NURSE's ROLE
I. Observations of Situations
II. Evaluate Total Situation and Draw Up Plans for Nursing
III. Implementation of Nursing
IV. Co-ordination of Other Services Intra-and InterAgency
V. Recording Format
MONTHLY SUMMARY REPORT
Category Name
Record Score Range
19:
International Health Agencies
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO)
Origin of the WHO
Objectives
Functions
Activities
Structure of WHO
The World Health Assembly
The Executive Board
The Secretariat
Regionalisation
Functions of WHO
Financial Resources
WHO Contribution to India
SEARO Assistance in Nursing Education Service
Assistance in Research in Nursing
UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN EMERGENCY FUND (UNICEF)
Membership of UNICEF
Organisation
Executive Board
Executive Director and Secretariat
Financing
Functions of UNICEF
Activities of UNICEF
1. Child Health
2. Primary Health Care
3. Immunisation
4. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
5. Child Nutrition
6. Village Level Technology
7. Formal and Nonformal Education
8. Social Welfare Services for Children
9. Urban Services
10. Emergency Relief and Rehabilitation
The Mechanism of Cooperation
Progress Made in UNICEF
UNICEF in India
Health
Education
Nutrition and Child Development
The Girl Child
UNICEF Activities Around the Country
Andhra Pradesh Women's Development
Bihar—Basic Education
Maharashtra—AIDS Awareness
Rajasthan—Guineaworm Eradication (RGEP)
Tamil Nadu—Elimination of Child Labour
UNICEF Greeting Cards
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP)
FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANISATION (FAO)
INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS
COLOMBO PLAN
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Cooperative for American Relief Everywhere (CARE)
Rockfeller Foundation (USA)
International Labour Organisation (ILO)
20:
Disaster Nursing
INTRODUCTION
Meaning
Types
Epidemiology of Disaster
Factors Related to Epidemiological Framework
PHASES OF A DISASTER
DIMENSIONS OF A DISASTER
THE NURSING ROLE IN DISASTERS
Assess the Community
Diagnose Community Disaster Threats
Community Disaster Planning
Implement Disaster Plan
Evaluate Effectiveness of Disaster Plan
PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Mitigation
Principles of Disaster Management
Triage
STAGES OF DISASTER AND THE ROLE OF NURSES
1. Preparedness
Personal Preparedness
Professional Preparedness
Community Preparedness
Role of the Community Health Nurse in Disaster Preparedness
Mass Casualty Drills or Mock Disasters
Response
Levels of Disaster and Agency Involvement
Role of the Community Health Nurse in Disaster Response
Recovery
Role of the Community Health Nurse in Disaster Recovery
Community Health Nursing's Responsibilities in a Disaster Planning
Disaster Stress Reaction Assessment
Indian Experience in Disaster Management
India's Key Vulnerabilities
Global Losses through Natural Disasters
21:
Biomedical Waste Management
INTRODUCTION
Meaning of Different Biomedical Wastes
CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE
1. Infectious Waste
2. Pathological Waste
3. Sharps
4. Pharmaceutical Waste
5. Genotoxic Waste
a. Carcinogenic
b. Possibly or Probably Carcinogenic
6. Chemical Waste
7. Wastes with High Content of Heavy Metals
8. Pressurized Containers
9. Radioactive Waste
SOURCES OF HEALTH-CARE WASTE
Major Sources of Health-care Waste
Nursing Homes for the Elderly
Minor Sources of Health-care Waste
Unsealed Sources
Sealed Sources
Research Laboratories
Clinical Laboratories
Health-care Waste Generation
Sources of Biomedical Waste
Problems of Biomedical Waste
i. Air Pollution
ii. Water Pollution
iii. Land Pollution
Health Hazards of Biomedical Waste and its Management
How to Use the Checklist?
Examples
WHO Health Care Waste Policy, 2005
Short-term
Medium-term
Long-term
BIOMEDICAL WASTE (MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING) (SECOND AMENDMENT) RULES, 2000 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 2nd June, 2000
Note:
Standards for Waste Autoclaving
Standard for Liquid Waste
Standards of Microwaving
Standards for Deep Burial
Appendices
BRIEF HISTORY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH IN INDIA
Public Health in Ancient and Medieval Period
Public Health in British India/Pre-independence Period
Public Health in the Post-independence Era
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 1983
Introduction
Our Heritage
Progress Achieved
The Existing Picture
Need for Evolving a Health Policy—The Revised 20-Point Programme
Population Stabilisation
Medical and Health Education
Need for Providing Primary Health Care with Special Emphasis on the Preventive, Promotive and Rehabilitative Aspects
Re-orientation of the Existing Health Personnel
Practitioners of Indigenous and Other Systems of Medicine and their Role in Health Care
Problems Requiring Urgent Attention
Health Education
Management Information System
Medical Industry
Health Insurance
Health Legislation
Medical Research
Inter-sectoral Cooperation
Monitoring and Review of Progress
NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY–2002
Introduction
CURRENT SCENARIO
Financial Resources
Equity
Delivery of National Public Health Programmes
The State of Public Health Infra-structure
Extending Public Health Services
Role of Local Self-government Institutions
Norms for Health Care Personnel
Education of Health Care Professionals
Need for Specialists in ‘Public Health’ and ‘Family Medicine’
Nursing Personnel
Use of Generic Drugs and Vaccines
Urban Health
Mental Health
Information, Education and Communication
Health Research
Role of the Private Sector
The Role of Civil Society
National Disease Surveillance Network
Health Statistics
Women's Health
Medical Ethics
Enforcement of Quality Standards for Food and Drugs
Regulation of Standards in Paramedical Disciplines
Environmental and Occupational Health
Providing Medical Facilities to Users from Overseas
The Impact of Globalization on the Health Sector
Inter-sectoral Contribution to Health
Population Growth and Health Standards
Alternative Systems of Medicine
Objectives
NHP-2002 – POLICY PRESCRIPTIONS
Financial Resources
Equity
Delivery of National Public Health Programmes
The State of Public Health Infrastructure
Extending Public Health Services
Role of Local Self-government Institutions
Norms for Health Care Personnel
Education of Health Care Professionals
Need for Specialists in ‘Public Health’ and ‘Family Medicine’
Nursing Personnel
Use of Generic Drugs and Vaccines
Urban Health
Mental Health
Information, Education and Communication
Health Research
Role of the Private Sector
The Role of Civil Society
National Disease Surveillance Network
Health Statistics
Women's Health
Medical Ethics
Enforcement of Quality Standards for Food and Drugs
Regulation of Standards in Paramedical Disciplines
Environmental and Occupational Health
Providing Medical Facilities to Users from Overseas
Impact of Globalisation on the Health Sector
Summation
NATIONAL POPULATION POLICY–2000
Introduction
India's Demographic Achievement
Population Projections for India (million)
Objectives
National Socio-Demographic Goals for 2010
Anticipated Growth in Population (million)
Strategic Themes
1. Decentralized Planning and Programme Implementation
2. Convergence of Service Delivery at Village Levels
3. Empowering Women for Improved Health and Nutrition
4. Child Health and Survival
5. Meeting the Unmet Needs for Family Welfare Services
6. Under-served Population Groups
a. Urban Slums
Promotional and Motivational Measures for Adoption of the Small Family Norm
REPORT OF THE HIGH POWER COMMITTEE ON NURSING AND NURSING PROFESSION
Conclusions and Summary of Recommendations
Recommendations
Working Conditions of Nursing Personnel
Additional Facilities for Nurses Working in Rural Areas
Nursing Education
Continuing Education and Staff Development
Nursing Services: Hospitals/Institutions (Urban Areas)
Community Nursing Services
Norms Recommended for Nursing Service and Education Hospital Settling
Community Nursing Services
Total Nursing Manpower Required
Nursing Legislation
Note
Organisation of Nursing Services
National Nursing Policy
OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES OF RURAL URBAN FIELD EXPERIENCE
BSc., Nursing (PC)/Basic BSc., Nursing/Intern
GUIDELINES FOR STUDENTS TO WRITE A SURVEY REPORT OF THE COMMUNITY
GUIDELINES FOR STUDENTS TO ASSESS PHC ACTIVITIES
IV. FUNCTIONS
Identify reasons and suggest.
FAMILY PLANNING SERVICE
7. CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF NURSING STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN THE FIELD
TOTAL MARKS OBTAINED
IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
1. Maternal Mortality
2. Child Mortality
3. Primary Sterility (PS)
4. Secondary Sterility (SS)
5. Early Menopause (EM)
6. First Priority
7. Second Priority
8. Literate, Illiterate
9. Urban and Rural Population
10. Qualifying Terms Used for Illness
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH-CALCULATIONS AND ESTIMATION
1. Calculation of Expected Date of Delivery
2. Calculations of Weight Gain of an Infant
3. Assessment of Dentition In Infants
4. Immunisatlon Schedule
5. Estimation of Eligibles for UIP
6. Estimation of Vaccine Needs for UIP
7. Estimation of Requirements of Syringes and Needles for UIP
8. Calculation of Percentage of Malnutrition
Terms Used in Community Health Nursing
INDEX
TOC
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