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Principles of Geriatric Physiotherapy
Narinder Kaur Multani, Satish Kumar Verma
1:
Introduction to Geriatric Physiotherapy
DEFINITION OF ELDERLY
CLASSIFICATION OF ELDERLY
DEMOGRAPHY OF AGING
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
IMPLICATIONS OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
SEX DISTRIBUTION AND MARITAL STATUS OF ELDERLY
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS OF ELDERLY
DISEASE, DISABILITY AND DEATH
TO SUMMARIZE
2:
Physiological Response to Aging
NORMAL AGING
WHY AGING
Theories of Aging Based on Intrinsic Factors
Theories of Aging Based on Extrinsic Factors
Features of Normal Aging
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Muscular Strength
Muscle Mass
Muscular Endurance
Muscular Power
Bone Health
Articular Cartilage
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Aerobic Capacity
Heart
Heart Rate
Cardiac Output
Local Factors
PULMONARY FUNCTION
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
SPECIAL SENSES
Visual Acuity
Hearing
Taste
Smell
Touch
VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
CHANGES IN OTHER SYSTEMS (ORGANS)
To Summarize
3:
Physiological Response to Exercise in Elderly
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
To Summarize
4:
Principles of Geriatric Assessment
AIMS OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT
THE TEAM FOR GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT
EFFICIENCY OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT
COMPONENTS OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT
History Taking
Physical Examination
Ideal Body Weight (IBW)
Lean Body Weight (LBW)
Functional Status
Mental Status
Emotional Status
Laboratory Testing
To Summarize
5:
Principles of Geriatric Physical Therapy
AIMS OF GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT
GERIATRIC PHYSICAL THERAPY IN DIFFERENT SETTINGS
Geriatric Physical Therapy in Acute Care Hospitals
Geriatric Physical Therapy in Skilled Nursing Facilities
Geriatric Physical Therapy at Home
Geriatric Physical Therapy in Outpatient Departments
GERIATRIC PHYSICAL THERAPY PROGRAM
Assessment
Goal-Setting
Therapeutic Intervention
Range-of-Motion Exercise
Passive ROM is Indicated:
Therapeutic Benefits of Passive ROM
Procedure for Performing Passive ROM Exercise: (Fig. 5.1)
Therapeutic Benefits of Active ROM
Procedure for Performing Active ROM Exercise: (Fig. 5.2)
Contraindications
Stretching Exercise
Mobilization Exercise
Therapeutic Benefits of Mobilization Exercise
Technique of Mobilization Exercise
Strengthening Exercise
Therapeutic Benefits of Strengthening Exercise
Considerations of Strength Training for Elderly Patients
Aerobic Exercises
Therapeutic Benefits Aerobic Exercise
Gait Training
Orthotics
Principles of Orthotic Intervention in Elderly Patients
Electrotherapeutic Modalities
Cold Modalities
Techniques of Cold Modalities
Therapeutic Benefits of Cold Modalities
Heat Modalities
Therapeutic Benefits of Heat Modalities
Considerations of Using Heat and Cold Modalities in Geriatric Patients
Laser Therapy
Depth of Penetration
Technique of Application
Therapeutic Benefits of Laser Therapy
Contraindications
Electrical Stimulating Currents
Considerations of using Electrical Stimulating Currents in Geriatric Patients
Reassessment
To Summarize
6:
Cardiorespiratory Disorders in Elderly
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS IN ELDERLY
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Signs and Symptoms
Evaluation and Assessment
Management
Coronary Heart Disease
Signs and Symptoms
Evaluation and Assessment
Management
Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances
Atrial Fibrillation (Fig. 6.6)
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Heart Block
Bundle-branch blocks
Hypertension
Definitions
Prevalence
Classification
Aggravating Factors
Pseudohypertension
Signs and Symptoms
Evaluation and Assessment
Management
Congestive Cardiac Failure
Prevalence
Causes
Precipitating Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Evaluation and Assessment
Management
Respiratory Disorders in Elderly
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Evaluation and Assessment
Mortality
Management
Asthma
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Evaluation and Assessment
Mortality
Management
Pulmonary Embolism
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Evaluation and Assessment
Mortality
Management
Prophylaxis
To Summarize
7:
Musculoskeletal Disorders in Elderly
OSTEOPOROSIS
Definition
Prevalence
Impact on Economical Status
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Evaluation and Assessment
Mortality
Prevention
Universal Recommendations for the Effective Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis
Management
Osteoarthritis
Definition
Prevalence
Etiology
Factors
Clinical Features
Evaluation and Assessment
Management
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Prevalence and Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathology
Additional Pathological Changes
Clinical Features
Progression
Characteristic Deformities
Extra-articular Features
Investigations
Stages of Radiological Progression in RA
Treatment
Rest and Constitutional Treatment
Drugs
Intra-articular Injections
Physiotherapy in Acute Phase
Physiotherapy in Chronic Phase
Surgery
GOUT ARTHRITIS
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Chronic Gout
Investigations
Radiographic Examination
Diagnosis
Treatment
8:
Falls in Elderly
DEFINITION
PREVALENCE
RISK FACTORS
THE ROLE OF BALANCE CONTROL
AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN BALANCE AND GAIT PATTERN
Musculoskeletal Changes Across Age
Changes in Posture Across Age
Changes in Temporal and Distance Parameters of Gait Across Age
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
TREATMENT
THE PROPRIOCEPTIVE EXERCISE
To Summarize
9:
Neurological Disorders in Elderly
STROKE
Definition
Prevalence
Morbidity and Mortality
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Investigations
Evaluation and Assessment
Management
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Definition
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Course of the Disease
Evaluation and Assessment
Management
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
To Summarize
10:
Diabetes in Elderly
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION1
PREVALENCE
RISK FACTORS
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
ADDITIONAL LABORATORY FINDINGS
MANAGEMENT
MORTALITY RATE
DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
Neuropathy
Retinopathy
Nephropathy
To Summarize
11:
Cognitive Deficits and Dementia in Elderly
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF KEY TERMS
PREVALENCE
CAUSES OF DEMENTIA
CLINICAL FEATURES
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease
Preclinical
Early Stage (Between 1 and 3 years from onset of symptoms)
Middle Stage (Between 2 and 8 years from onset of symptoms)
Late Stage (Between 6 and 12 years from onset of symptoms)
Vascular Dementia
Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Frontotemporal Dementia
EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT
MANAGEMENT
Aims of Treatment
Pharmacological Treatment
Environmental Modifications
Improving the Efficiency of Learning
Advice to Caregivers
Communication Skills
Behavior Modifications
Physiotherapy
Movement Therapy Approaches
To Summarize
APPENDIX I:
APPENDICES: Activities of Daily Livings (ADLs)
Appendix II Instrumental Activities of Daily Livings (IADLs)
Appendix III Modified Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA)
BALANCE
GAIT
Appendix IV Mini-Cog Assessment Instrument
Appendix V Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
Appendix VI Physical Therapy Evaluation Performa for Geriatric Patients
Appendix VII Dynamic Gait Index
Appendix VIII Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS)
Appendix IX Parkinson's Disease Evaluation Form
INDEX
TOC
Index
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