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Textbook of Medical Biochemistry
MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde
SECTION ONE: CELL BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1:
CELL AND CELL ORGANELLES: CHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS
CHAPTER 2:
BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
SECTION TWO: CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES
CHAPTER 3:
CHEMISTRY OF CARBOHYDRATES
HAWORTH PROJECTION
MONOSACCHARIDES OF BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
PROPERTIES OF DISACCHARIDES
HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES (HOMOGLYCANS)
CLASSIFICATION
CHAPTER 4:
CHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS
FATTY ACIDS
TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS
NEUTRAL FATS (TRIGLYCERIDES OR TRIACYLGLYCEROL)
LIPASES
PHOSPHOLIPIDS: CHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS
PHOSPHATIDYL CHOLINE (LECITHIN)
PHOSPHOLIPASES (DAWSON)
OTHER PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
1. CEREBROSIDES (GLYCOSPHINGOSIDES)
2. GANGLIOSIDES
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
3. SULFOLIPIDS
CLINICAL ASPECT
3. Krabbe's Disease
AMPHIPATHIC LIPIDS
CHAPTER 5:
PROSTAGLANDINS—CHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS
CHEMISTRY OF PROSTAGLANDINS
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PROSTANOIDS (PGS, PG-I2 AND TX)
LIMITATIONS OF USE OF PGs AS DRUGS
CHAPTER 6:
CHEMISTRY OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
INTRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF PROTEINS
CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURE OF AMINO ACIDS
PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS
COLOUR REACTIONS OF PROTEINS
CHAPTER 7:
PLASMA PROTEINS—CHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS
SEPARATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS
NATURE OF DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF GLOBULINS
CHAPTER 8:
IMMUNOGLOBULINS—CHEMISTRY AND FUNCTIONS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 9:
CHEMISTRY OF ENZYMES
INTRODUCTION
FEEDBACK REGULATION VS FEEDBACK INHIBITION
CHAPTER 10:
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
INTRODUCTION
ATP SYNTHASE
CHAPTER 11:
CHEMISTRY OF HAEMOGLOBIN AND HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 12:
VITAMINS
DEFINITION
Classification
VITAMIN A
HYPERVITAMINOSIS D
VITAMIN K
DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN K
VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)
THIAMINE (VITAMIN B1)
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
FOLATE TRAP (METHYL TRAP HYPOTHESIS):
CHAPTER 13:
CHEMISTRY OF RESPIRATION AND FREE RADICALS
INTRODUCTION
THE COMPOSITION OF AIR AND PARTIAL PRESSURE OF GASES
FACTORS OF DISSOCIATION OF OXYHAEMOGLOBIN—OXYGEN-DISSOCIATION CURVES
FACTORS AFFECTING CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT
FUNCTION OF NITROGEN IN PLASMA
SCAVENGERS OF FREE RADICALS
ANTI-OXIDANTS
SECTION THREE: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 14:
CHEMISTRY OF NUCLEOTIDES
A. SUGARS
B. PYRIMIDINE BASES
C. PURINE BASES
CLASSIFICATION
A. ADENOSINE CONTAINING NUCLEOTIDES
B. GUANOSINE NUCLEOTIDES
C. URIDINE NUCLEOTIDES
D. CYTIDINE NUCLEOTIDES
E. MISCELLANEOUS
FORMATION AND DEGRADATION OF CYCLIC AMP
2. CYCLIC GMP
CHAPTER 15:
METABOLISM OF PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES
INTRODUCTION
SYNTHESIS OF PYRIMIDINES
CHAPTER 16:
CHEMISTRY OF NUCLEIC ACIDS, DNA REPLICATION AND DNA REPAIR
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
CLASSES OF T-RNA
TYPES OF REPLICATION:
MAJOR ENZYMES AND OTHER PROTEINS INVOLVED IN DNA REPLICATION
SOME SALIENT FEATURES
SEQUENTIAL EVENTS OF DNA REPLICATION
CHAPTER 17:
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, GENE EXPRESSION AND RECOMBINANT DNA
INTRODUCTION
STEPS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
CHAPTER 18:
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) AND REAL TIME PCR (For Detection and Quantification of Nucleic Acid)
CONCLUSIONS
CHAPTER 19:
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
INTRODUCTION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 20:
GENE THERAPY
CHAPTER 21:
BIOCHEMISTRY OF CHOLERA VIBRIO TOXINS, PATHOGENESIS
INTRODUCTION
SECTION FOUR: METABOLISM
CHAPTER 22:
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
MECHANISMS OF ABSORPTION
CHAPTER 23:
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
INTRODUCTION
REACTIONS OF GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY(FIG. 23.1)
CHAPTER 24:
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF LIPIDS
INTRODUCTION
A. PREPARATORY PHASE
B. TRANSPORT PHASE
C. TRANSPORTATION PHASE
ABSROPTION OF RESYNTHESIZED TG AND OTHER PRODUCTS
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF CHOLESTEROL
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
CHAPTER 25:
METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
TRANSPORTATION OF PLASMA LIPIDS
SEPARATION OF PLASMA LIPIDS
METABOLISM OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
METABOLISM
INFLUENCE OF HORMONES ON ADIPOSE TISSUE
EFFECT OF DRUGS LIKE METHYL XANTHINES
BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE
OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS
A. β-OXIDATION
CARNITINE AND ITS ROLE IN FA METABOLISM
STEPS OF β-OXIDATION (FIG. 25.3)
ELONGATION OF FATTY ACIDS
INTRODUCTION
BIOSYNTHESIS OF TRIACYL GLYCEROLS (TG) (FIG. 25.6)
CATABOLISM OF LECITHIN (PHOSPHATIDYL CHOLINE)
UTILIZATION OF KETONE BODIES (KETOLYSIS)
FACTORS DETERMINING MAGNITUDE OF KETOGENESIS
ANTIKETOGENIC MECHANISMS
GLUCOSE-FA CYCLE OF RANDLE
TRANSPORT OF CHOLESTEROL
BIOSYNTHESIS OF BILE ACIDS
REGULATION OF BILE ACID SYNTHESIS
BILE
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF LIPOPROTEINS
FUNCTIONS OF APO-PROTEINS
SYNTHESIS OF CHYLOMICRONS AND VLDL
CATABOLISM OF CHYLOMICRONS AND VLDL
METABOLIC FATE OF LDL
METABOLISM OF HDL
LIPOTROPIC AGENTS
CHAPTER 26:
DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OF PROTEINS
INTRODUCTION
DIGESTION IN STOMACH
DIGESTION IN DUODENUM
CHAPTER 27:
METABOLISM OF PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS
INTRODUCTION
GLUCOSE-ALANINE CYCLE
FATE OF CARBAMOYL-P
FUNCTIONS OF GLUTAMINE
STEPS OF BIOSYNTHESIS
FUNCTIONS OF GLUTATHIONE
METABOLIC ROLE OF OTHER AMINO ACIDS
CHAPTER 28:
INTEGRATION OF METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS AND PROTEINS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 29:
METABOLISM IN STARVATION
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 30:
PORPHYRINS AND PORPHYRIAS (SYNTHESIS OF HEME)
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 31:
HEME CATABOLISM
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 32:
DETOXICATION
CHAPTER 33:
HORMONES—CHEMISTRY, MECHANISM OF ACTION AND METABOLIC ROLE
INTRODUCTION
ENDORPHINS AND ENCEPHALINS
BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES
INTRODUCTION
METABOLIC ROLE OF PTH
CATABOLISM OF INSULIN
INSULIN RECEPTORS
RELATION OF TYROSINE KINASE ACTIVITY WITH GROWTH FACTORS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 34:
METABOLISM OF MINERALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONS
POTASSIUM
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION
FUNCTIONS
METABOLIC FUNCTIONS
TRANSFERRIN
ABSORPTION OF IRON AND FACTORS REGULATING ABSORPTION
FUNCTIONS
ABSORPTION
FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS
METABOLIC ROLE
SELENIUM TOXICITY
TOXICITY IN HUMANS
SECTION FIVE: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 35:
ENZYMES AND ISOENZYMES OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
A. ENZYMES
VALUE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENT ISOENZYMES
CHAPTER 36:
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
INTRODUCTION
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT
1. Urea Clearance Test:
2. Endogenous Creatinine Clearance Test:
3. Inulin Clearance Test:
A. Concentration Tests:
B. Water Dilution/Elimination Test:
C. Tests of Tubular Excretion and Reabsorption:
D. Tests to Measure Tubular Secretory Mass:
CHAPTER 37:
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
INTRODUCTION
HIPPURIC ACID TEST OF QUICK:
CHAPTER 38:
GASTRIC FUNCTION TESTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 39:
THYROID FUNCTION TESTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 40:
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE AND IMBALANCE
DISTRIBUTION OF BODY WATER
MEASUREMENT OF BODY WATER
CHAPTER 41:
ACID BASE BALANCE AND IMBALANCE
INTRODUCTION
ROLE OF DIFFERENT BUFFER SYSTEMS
1. Bicarbonate Buffer System:
2. Phosphate Buffer System:
3. Protein Buffer System:
4. Hemoglobin as a Buffering Agent:
A. Bicarbonate Mechanism:
B. Phosphate Mechanisms:
C. Ammonia Mechanism:
ANION GAP
CHAPTER 42:
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)—CHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 43:
RADIOACTIVITY: RADIOISOTOPES IN MEDICINE
INTRODUCTION
RADIOACTIVE EMISSIONS
MEASUREMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY
RADIATION SAFETY AND PROTECTION
SECTION SIX: MISCELLANEOUS
CHAPTER 44:
DIET AND NUTRITION
INTRODUCTION
BASAL METABOLISM AND BMR
CHEMICAL SCORE
ACID-FORMING AND BASE-FORMING PROPERTIES OF FOODS
INTRODUCTION
ROLE OF HORMONE LEPTIN IN OBESITY
1. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF MILK
2. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF EGG
3. OTHER BASIC FOOD GROUPS
ROLE OF DIETARY FIBRES
EFFECT OF COOKING
CHAPTER 45:
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCHEMISTRY*
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 46:
BIOCHEMISTRY OF CANCER
INTRODUCTION
I. RADIANT ENERGY (RADIATIONS): MECHANISM OF CARCINOGENESIS
II. CHEMICALS AS CARCINOGENS
III. VIRAL ONCOGENESIS
ONCOGENIC PRODUCTS
ACTIVATION OF PROTO-ONCOGENES TO ONCOGENES: BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS
CANCER SUPPRESSOR GENES (GROWTH SUPPRESSOR GENES)
SUMMARY
INTERFERONS (IFN)
INTRODUCTION
INTERACTION OF INVADING CANCER CELL WITH EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
WHAT ARE TUMOUR MARKERS?
TYPES OF TUMOUR MARKERS
PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM
CLINICAL USES AND REMARKS
CLINICAL USES AND REMARKS FOR β-HCG:
CLINICAL USES AND REMARKS
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 47:
BIOPHYSICS: PRINCIPLES AND BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 48:
INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES *
CHAPTER 49:
BIOCHEMISTRY OF AIDS*
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 50:
BIOCHEMISTRY OF AGEING*
REFERENCES
INDEX
TOC
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