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Long Cases in General Surgery
R Rajamahendran
CHAPTER 1:
Inguinal Hernia
DEFINITION
HISTORY TAKING
PRESENTING COMPLAINTS
I. ABOUT THE HERNIA
II. COMPLICATIONS
III. H/O PRECIPITATING FACTORS
PAST HISTORY
FAMILY HISTORY
PERSONAL HISTORY
GENERAL EXAMINATION
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
ABDOMEN
LOCAL EXAMINATION
INSPECTION
PALPATION
DISCUSSION OF PALPATION
PERCUSSION
AUSCULTATION
OTHERS
PER-RECTAL EXAMINATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
TRUSS
ANATOMY OF INGUINAL HERNIA
BOUNDARIES OF INGUINAL CANAL
INGUINAL CANAL (HOUSE OF BASSINI)
CONTENTS OF INGUINAL CANAL
HESSELBACH'S TRIANGLE
COVERINGS OF INGUINAL HERNIA
INDIRECT HERNIA
DIRECT HERNIA
How can you identify the neck of the sac?
How does ilioinguinal nerve enter the inguinal canal?
FEMORAL HERNIA: ANATOMY (FIG. 1.3)
SURGERIES FOR HERNIA
HERNIOTOMY
HERNIORRHAPHY (FLOW CHART 1.1)
HERNIOPLASTY
SHOULDICE TECHNIQUE
LICHTENSTEIN'S HERNIOPLASTY
GILBERT'S PLUG REPAIR
STOPPAS PROCEDURE
LAPAROSCOPIC REPAIR
PROLENE HERNIA SYSTEM (Fig. 1.4)
DARNING
HAMILTON BAILEY OPERATION
FEMORAL HERNIA SURGERY
STRANGULATED HERNIA
STRANGULATION IN MAYDL'S HERNIA
SLIDING HERNIA (FIG. 1.6A)
SCROTAL ABDOMEN
SPIGELIAN HERNIA
MISCELLANEOUS
RICHTER'S HERNIA (Fig. 1.6B)
LITTRE'S HERNIA (Fig. 1.6C)
SACLESS HERNIA
NYHUS CLASSIFICATION OF HERNIA
Dual Hernia (Pantaloon/Saddle Bag)
OGILVIE HERNIA
CONSOLIDATION
CHAPTER 2:
Thyroid Gland
INSPECTION
PALPATION
PERCUSSION
AUSCULTATION
FEATURES OF PRIMARY THYROTOXICOSIS
I. EYE SIGNS
FEATURES OF SECONDARY THYROTOXICOSIS
SIGNS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM
SIGNS OF MALIGNANCY
EXAMINATION OF OTHER SYSTEMS
DISCUSSION
Swellings Moving with Deglutition (Flow Chart 2.2)
RETROSTERNAL GOITER
Types
Treatment
INVESTIGATIONS
INDIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY
FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
TRUCUT BIOPSY
RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPTAKE STUDY
THYROID SCAN
INFERENCE
I. ANTITHYROID DRUGS
PROPRANOLOL
LUGOL'S IODINE
II. RADIO – IODINE (RAI)
III. SURGERY
SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THYROID
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY (FIG. 2.2)
BLOOD SUPPLY
VENOUS DRAINAGE
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
NERVE SUPPLY (FLOW CHART 2.4)
SUBTOTAL THYROIDECTOMY
LOBECTOMY (HEMITHYROIDECTOMY)
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
CARCINOMA THYROID
DUNHILL'S CLASSIFICATION OF MALIGNANT THYROID
ETIOLOGY
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA (MEN)
I. PAPILLARY CARCINOMA
TREATMENT
II. FOLLICULAR CARCINOMA
IV. MEDULLARY CARCINOMA
V. ANAPLASTIC CARCINOMA
VI. LYMPHOMAS
DISCUSSION IN GENERAL (FLOW CHART 2.5)
GOITER
HYPERTHYROIDISM (FLOW CHART 2.6)
GRAVES' DISEASE (PRIMARY THYROTOXICOSIS)
TOXIC MULTINODULAR GOITER (SECONDARY THYROTOXICOSIS)
TOXIC ADENOMA (PLUMMER'S DISEASE)
THYROIDITIS
CHAPTER 3:
Carcinoma Breast
HISTORY TAKING
C/O
OTHER HISTORY
PAST HISTORY
PERSONAL HISTORY
MENSTRUAL AND MARITAL HISTORY
FAMILY HISTORY
GENERAL EXAMINATION
EXAMINATION OF BREAST
INSPECTION
PALPATION
EXAMINATION OF NIPPLE
EXAMINATION OF LYMPH NODES IN AXILLA
PERCUSSION
INVESTIGATIONS
MAMMOGRAPHY
ULTRASOUND BREAST
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
TREATMENT MODALITIES
DISCUSSION OF CARCINOMA BREAST
CARCINOMA IN SITU
DIFFERENCES
INVASIVE CARCINOMA
ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS
STAGING OF CARCINOMA BREAST TNM STAGING
TREATMENT MODALITIES
CHEMOTHERAPY
III. HORMONE THERAPY
ANTI-ESTROGEN: TAMOXIFEN
Advantage
Adverse effects
Other modes of hormone therapy
IV RADIOTHERAPY
CONSOLIDATION
1. IN SITU BREAST CANCER
2. EARLY INVASIVE BREAST CANCER: STATE I, IIA OR IIB
3. ADVANCED LOCOREGIONAL BREAST CANCER (STAGE IIIA, IIIB)
4. DISTANT METASTASIS
OTHER BREAST SWELLINGS
1. PHYLLODES TUMOR
Treatment
2. GIANT FIBROADENOMA
3. INFLAMMATORY CARCINOMATOSA
4. SARCOMAS
Treatment
CHAPTER 4:
Epigastric Swelling
HISTORY TAKING
RELATIONSHIP TO FOOD
PAST H/o
PERSONAL H/o
FAMILY H/o
GENERAL EXAMINATION
EXAMINATION OF ABDOMEN
INSPECTION
PALPATION
PERCUSSION
PER-RECTAL EXAMINATION
Salient features of GOO
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF GOO
INVESTIGATIONS
A. BASIC INVESTIGATIONS
B. SPECIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
I. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
SCOPY FINDING
II. Barium meal
Barium meal is highly useful in
III. X-ray abdomen erect
C. STAGING INVESTIGATIONS
D. OTHER INVESTIGATIONS (not essential to say in exams)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY (Fig. 4.1)
BLOOD SUPPLY (Fig. 4.2)
NERVE SUPPLY (Fig. 4.3)
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE (Fig. 4.4)
PHYSIOLOGY
DISCUSSION
CARCINOMA STOMACH
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
PREMALIGNANT FACTORS
SITE
HISTOLOGICAL TYPES
CLASSIFICATION
MACROSCOPIC
MICROSCOPIC
LAUREN'S CLASSIFICATION
DIFFERENCES
Serological marker
METHODS OF SPREAD
SIGNS OF INOPERABILITY
TNM STAGING
TREATMENT MODALITIES
SURGICAL MODALITIES
OPERABLE
INOPERABLE
INOPERABLE TUMORS
1. PYLORUS END (FIGS 4.6A AND B)
2. CARDIA END
3. ULTIMATELY INOPERABLE
BILLROTH I (Fig. 4.7A)
BILLROTH II (Fig. 4.7B)
AFTER TOTAL GASTRECTOMY
1. JEJUNAL INTERPOSITION (FIG. 4.8)
2. ROUX - EN - Y LOOP (FIG. 4.9)
CHEMOTHERAPY
RADIOTHERAPY
Peptic Ulcer (Flow Chart 4.1)
Sites
COMMONEST SITES
CLASSIFICATION (Fig. 4.10)
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
AETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC PEPTIC ULCER CHRONIC DUODENAL ULCER
CHRONIC GASTRIC ULCER
COMPLICATIONS OF PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
MANAGEMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER
I. H. PYLORI ERADICATION THERAPY
II. MEDICAL TREATMENT
PEPTIC ULCER
GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION
1. DUODENAL ULCER
i. Truncal Vagotomy with Posterior Vertical Retrocolic Isoperistaltic Noloop Notension Gastro Jejunostomy: (Mayo's GJ) (Fig. 4.12)
Procedure
Disadvantage
ii. Truncal Vagotomy With Heineke - Mikulicz Pyloroplasty (Fig. 4.13)
Disadvantage
iii. High Selective Vagotomy
Advantages of HSV
iv. Taylor's Procedure
v. Hill's Procedure
vi. Truncal Vagotomy with Antrectomy
2. GASTRIC ULCER
KELLING MADLENER PROCEDURE (Fig. 4.14)
SEQUELAE OF GASTRIC SURGERIES
1. WEIGHT LOSS ANEMIA
2. IN POLYA TYPE HYPOCALCEMIA OCCURS; SINCE
3. EARLY AND LATE DUMPING (POST CIBAL SYNDROME)
EARLY DUMPING
Treatment
LATE DUMPING
TREATMENT
BILE VOMITING
DIARRHEA
DUODENAL STUMP BLOW OUT
AFFERENT LOOP SYNDROME
III. DUE TO GASTRO-JEJUNOSTOMY
Causes of recurrent ulcer
MISCELLANEOUS
GASTRIC LYMPHOMA
Pathology
Complications
Treatment
GASTRIC STROMAL TUMORS (Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcomas)
CHAPTER 5:
Right Iliac Fossa Mass
EXAMINATION OF ABDOMEN
EXAMINATION FINDINGS FOR EACH SWELLING
DIAGNOSIS (Flow chart 5.1)
INVESTIGATIONS
DISCUSSION
I. APPENDICULAR MASS
SALIENT FEATURES
EXAMINATION FEATURES
DEFINITION
TREATMENT OF APPENDICULAR MASS
CRITERIA FOR STOPPING CONSERVATIVE REGIMEN
ON CONSERVATIVE REGIMEN, THE FOLLOWING ARE EXPECTED
SURGERY SHOULD NOT BE DONE IN APPENDICULAR MASS BECAUSE
TYPES OF INCISIONS FOR APPENDICECTOMY (Fig. 5.1)
OPERATIVE STEPS IN APPENDICECTOMY
FEATURES OF ACUTE APPENDICITIS
II. APPENDICULAR ABSCESS
TREATMENT
III. ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS (FLOW CHART 5.2)
INTESTINAL TUBERCULOSIS
Types
TREATMENT
IV. CARCINOMA CAECUM
V. MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES
1. TUBERCULOUS MESENTERIC LYMPHADENITIS (Fig. 5.3)
On Palpation
Treatment
2. LYMPHOMA
3. SECONDARIES IN EXTERNAL ILIAC NODES
VI. MESENTERIC CYST
CLASSIFICATION
1. CHYLOLYMPHATIC CYST
2. ENTEROGENOUS CYST
3. OTHER CYSTS
VII. RETROPERITONEAL SARCOMA
VIII. RIF MASS IN FEMALES
OTHER RARE LUMPS IN RIF
1. ACTINOMYCOSIS (RAY FUNGUS)
2. AMOEBOMA (AMOEBIC GRANULOMA)
3. ANEURYSM
4. CROHN'S DISEASE (REGIONAL ILEITIS)
5. ILIOPSOAS ABSCESS
6. ILIAC ABSCESS
CHAPTER 6:
Liver Secondaries
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA HEPATOMA
TREATMENT FOR SECONDARIES LIVER
INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY IN SECONDARY LIVER
Chemotherapy
Other Modalities
COURVOISIER'S LAW
CARCINOMA COLON
CARCINOMA RECTUM
RADIOTHERAPY
CHEMO/IMMUNO THERAPY
INOPERABLE CASES
CHAPTER 7:
Varicose Veins
ANATOMY OF LOWER LIMB VEINS
PERFORATOR - ANATOMY (Fig. 7.1)
PERFORATORS OF LOWERLIMB-LANDMARK
INSPECTION
PALPATION
LIPODERMATOSCLEROSIS
I. BRODIE - TRENDELENBURG TEST
PROCEDURE
II. THREE TOURNIQUET TEST OR MULTIPLE TOURNIQUET TEST (Fig. 7.2)
INFERENCE
SHORT SAPHENOUS VENOUS INCOMPETENCE
III. PERTHES' TEST
IV. MODIFIED PERTHES' TEST
V. PRATT'S TEST
VI. FEGAN'S TEST
VII. SCHWARTZ'S TEST
VIII. MORRISEY'S COUGH IMPULSE
IX. TESTS FOR DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
VARICOSE VEINS
CLASSIFICATION
Primary Varicose Veins
Secondary Varicose Veins
HYPOTHESIS FOR VARICOSITY
CLINICAL FEATURE
VENOUS CLAUDICATION
COMPLICATIONS OF VARICOSE VEINS
DISCUSSION
VENOGRAM
DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
3. DUPLEX ULTRASOUND IMAGING
1. SCLEROTHERAPY
2. SURGICAL PROCEDURES
3. DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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