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Retinal Imaging
Rajvardhan Azad, Pradeep Venkatesh, Satpal Garg
1:
Positron-Emission Tomography
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE AND TECHNIQUE
MECHANISM OF FDG
PATIENT PREPARATION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF FDG
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Choroidal Melanoma
Intraocular Metastasis
Ocular Adnexal Disease
Limitations
Infectious Diseases
Granulomatous Disease
SUMMARY
2:
Modern Cross-sectional Imaging Techniques in Ophthalmology: An Overview
INTRODUCTION
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
CT Protocol
Use of Iodinated Contrast
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
Principle
T1 and T2 Weighted Images and Fat Suppression
Use of Contrast Agent
Protocol
RADIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF OCULAR PATHOLOGY WITH EMPHASIS ON RETINA
Ocular Detachments
Retinal Detachment
Posterior Hyaloid Detachment
Choroidal Detachment and Choroidal Effusion
Ocular Inflammations
Scleritis
Uveitis
Ocular Tumors
Uveal Melanoma
Retinoblastoma
Uveal Metastasis
Choroidal Hemangiomas
Optic Nerve Head Tumors
Parasitic Diseases
Ocular Cysticercus
Hydatid Cyst
Ocular Trauma and Foreign Bodies
Intraocular Calcifications
Other Ocular Diseases
Coats' Disease
Phakomatosis
CONCLUSION
3:
Ultrasonography
HISTORY
PHYSICS
INSTRUMENTATION
Probe/Transducer
Signal Processing
Gain and Time Gain Compensation
Display System
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
Positioning of the Patient
Characteristics of Ultrasound Probes
Probe Orientations
Transverse Scans
Longitudinal Scans
Axial Scans
Para-axial Scans
BASIC SCREENING EXAMINATION
SPECIAL EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
Topographic Echography
Quantitative Echography
Kinetic Echography
IMMERSION SCANNING
VITREOUS
Asteroid Hyalosis (Figure 3.21)
Vitreous Hemorrhage (VH)
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
Subvitreal Hemorrhage (Subhyaloid)
Posterior Hyphema
Retina
4:
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
INTRODUCTION
5:
Fluorescein Angiography
FUNDUS CAMERA
FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Technique
Setting the Reticule (Eyepiece adjustment)
Terminology
Graphic Patterns
Pattern 1: Hyperfluorescence due to Leakage of Dye
Pattern 2: Hyperfluorescence due to Pooling of Dye
Pattern 3: Hyperfluorescence due to Window Defect
Pattern 4: Hyperfluorescence due to Staining
Pattern 5: Early Hypofluorescence; Late Hyperfluorescence
Pattern 6: Hypofluorescence from Blockage of Underlying Fluorescence
Pattern 7: Hypofluorescence from Non-filling of the Dye
Interpretation
FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY IN SPECIFIC DISORDERS
Cystoid Macular Edema
Central Serous Retinopathy
Vitelliform Dystrophy (Bests' Disease)
Cone Dystrophy
Fundus Flavimaculatus (Stargardt's Dystrophy)
Epimacular Membrane
Macular Retinoschisis
Macular Hole
Parafoveal Telangiectasis
Fluorescein Angiographic Features
Retinal Arterial Occlusions
Retinal Venous Occlusions
Fluorescein Angiographic Features
Diabetic Retinopathy
Retinal Macroaneurysms
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Fluorescein Angiographic Features
Coats' Disease
Choroidal Neovascular Membranes
Angioid Streaks
Fluorescein Angiographic Features
Choroidal Rupture
Central Areolar Choroidal Atrophy
Choroidal Nevus
Optic Disc Pit
Papilledema
Optic Disc Drusen
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Optic Disc Hemangiomas
Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome (MEWDS)
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome
Retinal Vasculitis
Choroiditis
Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Cavernous Hemangioma of the Retina
Fluorescein Angiographic Features
Capillary Hemangioma of the Retina
Retinal Arterio-Venous Malformation (Racemose Hemangioma)
Astrocytic Hamartoma of the Retina
Fluorescein Angiographic Features
Melanocytoma of Optic Disc
Choroidal Hemangioma
Fluorescein Angiographic Features
Choroidal Melanoma
Fluorescein Angiographic Features
Choroidal Metastasis
Choroidal Osteoma
6:
Indocyanine Green Angiography
TECHNIQUE
Interpretation
7:
RetCam Fundus Imaging
INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS
COMPONENTS OF THE RETCAM
PROCEDURE FOR RETCAM IMAGING
BENEFITS OF THE RETCAM
LIMITATIONS
TELEMEDICINE ROLE
8:
Optical Coherence Tomography
OPTICAL PRINCIPLES
TECHNIQUE
SCAN PROTOCOLS
MACULAR ANALYSIS PROTOCOLS
INTERPRETATION
PATTERNS OF ABNORMALITIES
OCT IN SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
Age related macular degeneration
Diabetic retinopathy
RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
Central serous retinopathy
Epiretinal membranes
MACULAR HOLE
High Myopia
MACULAR RETINOSCHISIS
UVEITIC DISORDERS
HEREDOMACULAR DEGENERATIONS
ANGIOID STREAKS
IDIOPATHIC PARAFOVEAL TELENGIECTASIS
SOLAR RETINOPATHY
9:
Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (HRT II)
INTRODUCTION
HRT FOR RETINAL IMAGING
10:
Special Techniques
FUNDUS AUTOFLUORESCENCE IMAGING
WIDE ANGLE FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
SEVEN FIELD FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHY
STEREO-IMAGING
ANTERIOR SEGMENT ANGIOGRAPHY
FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERPRETATION
ORAL FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
INDEX
TOC
Index
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