Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Second Edition
Editors Asim Kurjak MD PHD
Professor and Chairman Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical School University of Zagreb Sveti Duh Hospital
Zagreb, Croatia
Frank A Chervenak MD PHD
Professor and Chairman Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The New York Weill Hospital-Cornell Medical Center
New York, USA
Jitendar P Vij
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Donald School Textbook of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
© 2008, Asim Kurjak, Frank A Chervenak
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the editors and the publisher.
First Edition: 2004
Second Edition: 2008
9788184482027
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Printed at Ajanta Press
Ian Donald
(Our Teacher and Friend)
7Contributors
- A Kubilay Ertan
- Saarland University, Medical School
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Homburg/Saar
- Germany
- E-mail: ertan@uks.eu
- Aida Salihagic-Kadic
- School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Salata
- Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail: asalih@mef.hr
- Ajlana Mulic-Lutvica
- Department of Women's and Children's Health/Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Uppsala University
- SE 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
- E-mail: Ajlana.Lutvica@kbh.uu.se
- Aleksandar Ljubic
- Institute for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center of Serbia
- Belgrade, Serbia
- Alin Basgul Yigiter
- Lecturer, Fetal Medicine Unit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marmara University School of Medicine,
- Istanbul, Turkey
- E-mail: alinbasgul@hotmail.com
- Ana Tripalo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb, Sveti Duh Hospital Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail: ana.tripalo@zghinet.hr.
- Anabel Padilla
- Assistants Division of US and Fetal Medicine, Departmento de Obstetricia Y Ginecologia
- University Hospital of Canary Islands
- Tenerife, Spain
- Arevalo S
- Aris J Antsaklis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital “Alexandria”
- Athens, Greece
- E-mail: arisants@otenet.gr
- Armando Pintucci
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynaecology, University of Bari,
- Italy
- Ashok Khurana
- Consultant in Reproductive Ultrasound, The Ultrasound Lab
- C-584, Defence Colony
- New Delhi-110024,
- India
- Asim Kurjak
- Professor and Chairman
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Medical School
- University of Zagreb
- Sveti Duh Hospital
- Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail: asim.kurjak@public.srce.hr
- Badreldeen Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Feto-maternal Unit, Women's Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation
- Doha, Qatar
- Biserka Funduk-Kurjak
- Modern Medical Center
- Zagreb, Croatia
- Bonilla Jr F
- Facultad de Medicina de Valencia. Spain
- INTRO, Salvador Bahia Brasil
- Bonilla-Musoles F
- Facultad de Medicina de Valencia. Spain, INTRO, Salvador
- Bahia Brasil
- Boris Brkljacic
- Department of Radiology
- Clinical Hospital Dubrava
- Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail: boris,brkjacic@zg,tel,hr
- Boris Ujevic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb
- Sveti Duh Hospital
- Zagre Croatia
- E-mail: boris.ujevic@zg.tel.hr
- Branko Breyer
- Laboratory “Breyer”
- Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail Branko.breyer@lab-breyer.hr
- Branko M. Plavsic
- Cabero L
- Fetal Medicine Unit
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d’ Hebron
- Barcelona, Spain
- Carmina Comas Gabriel
- Unidad de Ecografia Obstetrica Diagnostico Prenatal
- Centro Gutenberg, Malaga
- E-mail: minacomas@centrogutenberg.com
- Carreras E
- Fetal Medicine Unit
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d’ Hebron
- Castagno R
- Fetal Medicine Unit
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d’ Hebron
- Barcelona, Spain
- Cihat Sen
- University of Istanbul, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Department of Perinatology,
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Daniel W Skupski
- Director, Maternal-Fetal Medicine
- Associate Chairman,
- Dept. Obstetric and Gynecology
- The New York Hospital of Queens
- 56-45 Main Street, Room M-372
- Flushing, NY 11355
- Email: dwskupsk@med.cornell.edu
- Dinko Mitrecic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Croatian Institute of Brain Research, School of Medicine,
- University of Zagreb
- Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail: lili@mef.hr
- Edoardo Di Naro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical School of Bari
- Bari, Italy
- Frank A Chervenak
- Ian Donald School Director
- Professor and Chairman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
- New York, USA
- E-mail: fac2001@med.cornell.edu
- Fransce Figueras
- Fetal Medicine Service
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- University Institute “Dexeus”
- Barcelona, Spain
- Geeta Sharma
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University
- New York, New York 10021
- E-mail: gsharma@med.Cornell.edu
- Giampaolo Mandruzzato
- Divisione Ostetricia e Ginecologia
- Burlo Garofolo
- Tries Italy
- E-mail: Mandruzzatogiampaolo@tin.it
- Giancarlo Conoscenti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda Ospediliera Cannizzaro-Catania
- Italy
- Gianpaolo Maso
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Istituto per I'Infanzia-IRCCS- “Burlo Garofolo”
- Via dell'Istria 65/1
- 34137 Trieste, Italy
- Gino Varga
- Polyclinic Nemetova
- Zagreb, Croatia
- Giovanni Centini
- Prenatal Diagnosis Unit, University of Siena, Italy
- Giovanni Monni
- Head, Prenatal and Preimplantation
- Genetic Diagnosis, Fetal Therapy,
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Ospedale Regionale
- Microcitemico Cagliari, Italy
- E-mail: prenetalmonni@tiscalinet.it
- Guillermo Azumendi Perez
- Unidad de Ecografia
- Obstetrica y Diagnostica Prenatal
- Centro Malaga
- C/ Gutenberg n°1 Malaga 29016
- H Alper Tanriverdi
- Zonguldak Karaelmas University,
- Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and gynecology, 67600
- Kozlu/Zonguldak, Turkey
- Higueras T
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital
- Materno-infantil Vall d’ Hebron
- Barcelona, Spain
- Hitoo Nakano
- Chairman
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Maternity and Perinatal
- Care Unit, Graduate School of
- Medical Sciences
- Kyushu University Hospital
- Kyushu University, Fukuo, Japan
- E-mail: midori@med.kyushu-u.ac.JP
- Ichiro Kawabata
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, National Hospital Organization, Nagara Medical Center
- 1300-7 Nagara Gifu, Japan 502-8558
- Ivica Zalud
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine
- Fetal Diagnostic Center
- Kapiolani Medical Center of Women and Children
- Honolulu, Hawaii
- E-mail: Zaludioo1@hawaii.rr.com
- Jaideep Malhotra
- Malhotra Nursing and maternity Home Pvt. Ltd.
- Malhotra Test Tube Baby Centre
- Agra,
- E-mail: mnmhagra@sancharnet.in
- Jose M Carrera
- Head, Fetal Medicine Service
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, University Institute
- “Dexeus”, Barcelona, Spain
- Juan Luis Alcazar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
- Clinica Universitaria de Navarra,
- School of Medicine,
- University of Navarra,
- Pamplona, Spain
- Email: jlalcazar@unav.es
- Juan M Troyano Luque
- Division of US and Fetal Medicine. University Hospital of the Canary Islands.
- University of La Lagina, Tenerife, Spain
- Judith L Chervenak
- Of Counsel
- Heidell, Pittoni, Murphy and Bach, LLP
- New York, New York
- Clinical Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- New York University School of Medicine
- New York, USA
- Julia Hajdu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Semmelweis University, Medical School
- Budapest, Hungary
- E-mail: hajdu@noil.sote.hu
- Kazunori Baba
- Center for Meternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine
- Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University
- Saitama, Japan
- E-mail: baba-tokyo@umin.ac.jp
- Kazuo Maeda
- Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Emeritus), Tottori University Medical School,
- Yonago, Japan
- Ian DSchool Co-director and Japanese Branch Director
- KH Pooh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kagawa National Children's Hospital
- Zentsuji, Japan
- Kohei Shiota
- Director, Congenital Anomaly Research Center
- Kyoto, Japan
- E-mail: shiota@anat1.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp
- Kotaro Fukushima
- Department Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Kyushu
- Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- E-mail: kfuku@gynob.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
- Kuldeep Singh
- Ultrasound and Color Doppler Clinic
- New Delhi, India
- E-mail: singhdrkuldeep@rediffmail.com
- Ladislav Pavic
- Head, Department of Radiology
- Clinical Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail: Brois.brkljacic@zg.tel.hr
- Ljiljana Kostovic-Knezevic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Croatian Institute of Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb
- Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail lili@mef.hr
- Luca Di Cagno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical School of Bari, Bari, Italy
- E-mail: V.daddario@gynecology4.unibait.
- Lucia Rosignoli
- Prenatal Diagnosis Unit, University of Siena, Italy
- Luigi Raio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- University Medical School of Bern, Bern
- Switzerland
- E-mail: luigi.raio@insel.ch
- Luis T Merce
- Assisted Reproduction Unit. International Ruber Hospital. Madrid, Spain.
- E-mail: ltmerce@sego.es
- Machado LE
- Facultad de Medicina de Valencia, Spain
- INTRO, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Maher G Sarraf
- Al-Amal Hospital
- Maternity Hospital, Amman, Jordan
- E-mail: sarrof@go.com.jo
- Margarita Alvarez de la Rosa
- Assistant, Division of US and Fetal Medicine
- Departmento de Obstetricia y Ginecologia
- University Hospital of Canary Island,
- Tenerife, Spain
- Maria Angelica Zoppi
- Prenatal and Preimplantation
- Genetic Diagnosis
- Fetal Therapy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Ospedale Regionale Microcitemico
- Cagliari, Italy
- E-mail: Prenatalmonni@tiscalinet.it
- Maria J Barco
- Gyecologic Centre “Blonia”
- Martina Ujevic
- Matija Prka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynocogy,
- Medical School University of Zagreb
- Sveti Duh Hospital.
- Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail: mprka@mef.hr
- Milan Stanojevic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Medical School University of Zagreb
- Sveti Duh Hospital,
- Zagreb, Croatia
- Mona Zvinca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Elias Emergency University Hospital
- Bucharest, Rommania
- Monica Piccoli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynacology
- Institute of per I’ Infanzia “Burlo Garofolo”—IRCCS
- Trieste, Italy
- Narendra Malhotra
- Malhotra Nursing and maternity Home Pvt. Ltd.
- and Malhotra Test Tube Baby Centre
- Agra, India
- E-mail: mnmhagra@sancharnet.in
- Oliver Vasilj
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Zagreb University, Sveti Duh Hospital
- Zagreb, Croatia
- Ozren Grgic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Medical School University of Zagreb
- Sveti Duh Hospital, Sveti Duh, Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail: Ozreng@net.hr
- Radu Vladareanu
- Chief of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department
- Carol Davila Medical School
- Elias University Emergency Hospital
- Bucharest, Romania
- E-mail: vladareanu@gmail.com
- Francisco Raga
- Facultad de Medicina de Valencia, Spain, INTRO,
- Salvador Bahia Brasil
- Ratko Matijevic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb
- Sveti Duh Hospital,
- Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail: ratko.matijevic@zg.tel.hr
- Renata Huzjan Korunic
- Depatment of Radiology
- Clinical Hospital Dubrava
- Zagreb
- E-mail: ladislav.pavic@zg.hinet.hr
- RK Pooh
- CRIFM Clinical Research Institute of Fetal Medicine PMC
- Kagawa, Japan
- E-mail rkpooh@guitar.ocn.ne.jp
- Robin B Kalish
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University
- New York, USA
- E-mail: robinkal@aol.com
- Sanja Kupesic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School University of Zagreb,
- Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail sanja.kupesic@zg.tel.hr
- Santiago Bau
- Assisted Reproduction Unit,
- International Ruber Hospital,
- Madrid, Spain
- Seiichi Morokuma
- Assistant Professor
- Maternity and Perinatal Care Unit
- Kyushu University Hospital, Japan
- E-mail: morokuma@med.kyuchu-u.ac.jp
- Shigenori Iwagaki
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Gifu University School of Medicine
- Gifu, Japan
- Shu-Yan Dai
- Department of Perinatology and
- Gynecology, Kagawa University
- School of Medicine
- Kagawa, Japan
- Srecko Gajovic
- Department of Histology and
- Embryology, Croatian Institute for
- Brain Research, School of Medicine,
- University of Zagreb
- Zagreb, Croatia
- E-mail: sgajovi@mef.hr
- Sriram C Perni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- New York, USA
- E-mail scperni@yahoo.com
- Stephen T Chasen
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Cornel Medical Center
- New York, USA
- E-mail: stchasen@med.cornel!edu
- Tamas Marton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Semmelweis University
- Budap Hungary
- E-mail: pz@noi1,sote,hu
- Tatjana Bonjanovic
- Institute for Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Clinical Center of Serbia
- Tirso Perez Medina
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Santa Cristina
- University Hospital
- Madrid, Spain
- Toran N
- Fetal Medicine Unit
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Hospital Materno-infantil Vall d’ Hebron
- Barcelona, Spain
- Toshiyuki Hata
- Professor and Chairman
- Department of Perinatology and
- Gynecology, Kagawa University
- School of Medicine1
- Kagawa, Japan
- E-mail: toshi28@med.kagawa-u.ac.jp
- Veljko Vlaisavljevic
- Department of Reproductive
- Medicine, Maribor Teaching
- Hospital, Maribor, Slovnia
- Vincenzo D’ Addario
- Fetal medicine Unit
- Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology
- University of Bari, Italy
- Vincenzo Pinto
- IV Unit of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, University Medical
- School of Bari, Italy
- E-mail: v.pinto@gynecology4.uniba.it
- Werner Schmidt
- Sarrland University, Medical School,
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology, Homburg/Saar,
- Germany
- Wiku Andonotopo
- Department of Obstetrics and
- Gynecology
- Medical School University of Zagreb,
- Zagreb, Croatia
- Yoram J Meir
- Divisione Ostetricia e Ginecologia
- Burlo Garofolo
- Trieste, Italy
- E-mail: Y.meir@tin.it
- Yuichiro Takahashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Gifu University School of Medicine
- Gifu, Japan
- E-mail: y-taka@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp
- Zera Nese Kavak
- Director, Fetal Medicine Unit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
- Marmara University School of
- Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Zlatan Fatusic
- University Clinical Center
- Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics
- Trnovac bb
- 7500 TUZLA
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Zoltan Ban
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Semmelweis University
- Budapest, Hungary
- E-mail: pz@noi1,sote,hu
- Zoltan Papp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Semmelweis University
- Budap Hungary
- E-mail: pz@noi1,sote,hu
The Ian Donald International School of Ultrasound bears testament to globalization in its most successful and worthwhile form. The school was founded in Dubrovnik in 1981. In the preface of the first edition in 2004 we were proud to announce that the School had grown to 8 branches. Since then, the growth has been meteoric and now consists of 32 branches throughout the world. The reason for this success has been the tireless and selfless efforts of the world's leading authorities in ultrasound who are willing to dedicate their valuable time without reimbursement to teach sonologists and sonographers throughout the world. The teachers set national, religious, political, and other parochial considerations aside as they strive to improve the care of all women and fetal patients. Our directors in all of the 32 countries represented in the school have much learnt from the purity of spirit that exists throughout the international family of Ian Donald school. We believe that Ian Donald is smiling down from heaven at the School that bears his name.
In the educational efforts of the 32 branches of the Ian Donald School, there is clearly a need for a textbook to complement and supplement lectures and didactic sessions. The first edition of the book was a global success in this endeavor, but with the explosion of knowledge, it was clear that an expanded and updated second edition would be invaluable. For the sake of simplicity, the book is divided into three parts. Section 1 deals with a variety of topics that lay the foundation for the rest of the book. Section 2 addresses the myriad subtopics in obstetric ultrasound that optimize the care of pregnant women and fetal patients. Section 3, the last one, addresses the essential role that ultrasound plays in the many dimensions of gynecology.
We are grateful to many course directors and lecturers of the Ian Donald School that have enabled its growth and have again selflessly contributed to this book. In order to maximize the reach of this textbook by minimizing its price, all contributors have waived any honorarium or royalty. Their dedication to the dream of globalized quality ultrasound has enabled its reality.
Asim Kurjak
Frank A Chervenak
13Preface to the First Edition
Ultrasound is the backbone of modern obstetric and gynecology practice. For those of us old enough to remember the dark ages of clinical practice prior to ultrasound, this is not an over statement. Younger physicians may find it hard to imagine the clinical realities of doctors who delivered undiagnosed twins presenting at delivery, who performed unnecessary surgeries for the clinical suspicion of a pelvic mass that was not present, and who consoled anguished parents when an anomalous infant was born unexpectedly. Recent technological breakthroughs in diagnostic ultrasound, including the advent of color Doppler, power Doppler, three-dimensional and four-dimensional imaging, have led ultrasound to surpass the expectations of Ian Donald, its visionary father.
The Ian Donald School was founded in 1981 and is devoted to international education and research cooperation concerning all aspects of diagnostic ultrasound. The first chapter was founded in Dubrovnik at that time and has now expanded to 7 additional national branches.
To facilitate the educational efforts of the Ian Donald School we believed a textbook would be of value. The text is divided into three parts general aspects, obstetrics, and gynecology. All contributors are either present or former teachers in the 8 branches of the Ian Donald School. We believe this comprehensive text with state-of-the-art images will be of value for both new learners and experienced practitioners.
We are grateful to all of the teachers in the school and especially to all of the contributors to this textbook for their tireless efforts to enhance the quality of ultrasound practice throughout the world.
Asim Kurjak
Frank A Chervenak