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Diagnostic Radiology and Imaging for Technicians
AN Shastri
1:
Introduction
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
2:
Nature and Properties of X-rays
3:
Production of X-rays
INTERACTION AT THE ANODE
1. Effects near the orbiting electron
2. Effects near the nucleus
3. Collision with orbiting electrons
4. Interaction with nucleus
4:
X-ray Interaction with Matter
5:
Total Radiographic System
DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EQUIPMENT
(A) X-ray Generator
Major Subassemblies
I. Routine Diagnostics
II. Special Examinations
MARKET REQUIREMENTS
1. Dental X-ray (Fig. 5.3)
2. Orthopantograph (Fig. 5.4)
3. Portable/Mobile X-ray (Figs 5.5 and 5.6)
Portable
Mobile X-ray
Capacitor Discharge Unit
Advantages
Disadvantages
Battery Powered Unit (Fig. 5.8)
Disadvantages
4. Simple Radiographic System (SRS) or Basic Radiographic System (BRS)
(A) Simple radiographic system (SRS)
(B) Basic radiographic system (BRS) (Figs 5.10 and 5.11)
5. Hand Operated Radiographic/Fluoroscopy Unit (Fig. 5.12)
6. Motor Operated unit for Radiography and Fluoroscopy (Fig. 5.13)
7. Body Section Radiography Unit
Planigraphy Unit (Fig. 5.14)
8. Image Intensifier Television Units
9. Angiography Systems
10. Mammography Units (Fig. 5.16)
11. Radiological System for use in Mobile Van
INFRASTRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
Power Ratings of X-ray Generator
Earthing
Protective Earthing
System Earthing
Wiring and Wiring Terminals
Space Requirement
Civil Work
Water Connection
Air Conditioning, Humidity and Temperature Control
6:
X-ray Tubes
7:
X-ray Generators
1. BASIC CIRCUITS TO OBTAIN VOLTAGE ACROSS X-RAY TUBE
(A) Single-pulse Generator (Fig. 7.1)
(B) Two-pulse Generator (Fig. 7.2)
(C) Six-pulse Generator (Fig. 7.3)
(D) Twelve-pulse Generator (Fig. 7.4)
(E) Constant-potential Generator (Fig. 7.5)
(F) High Frequency Multi-pulse Generator
Ripple Factor (Fig. 7.6)
1. HIGH TENSION TRANSFORMER
Core and Frequency
Windings
2. FILAMENT TRANSFORMER
3. HIGH VOLTAGE RECTIFICATION
4. TWO TUBE CONNECTION (Fig. 7.12)
5. HT CABLES AND PLUGS
Measurement of High Tension Voltages
X-ray Tube Current (mA)
6. FILAMENT CIRCUIT
(I) Auto Transformer
(II) Voltage Stabilizer
Techniques
Isowatt Technique
Register Technique
Falling Load Technique
7. PROTECTION OF X-RAY TUBE
8. TIMER
Primary Switching
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR)
Secondary Switching
Grid Controlled Tube
Constant Potential Generator
Interrogation Time
Automatic Exposure Control
9. MAINS COMPENSATION (Fig. 7.27)
10. ROTATING ANODE CIRCUIT (Fig. 7.28)
Modern X-ray Generators
High Frequency Generators
High Dose Yield
Low Skin Dose
Shorter Exposure Time
Compactness
8:
X-ray Examination Units
9:
X-ray Image and Beam Limiting Devices
SOURCE OF X-RAY RADIATION
1. Fluoroscopy
Conventional Fluoroscopy
Drawbacks of Conventional Fluoroscopy
2. Image Intensifier
Advantages
3. Radiography
BEAM LIMITING DEVICES
Radiographic Cone (Fig. 9.1)
Double Slot Diaphragm or Light Beam Collimator
Compression Device
Compression Cone
Compression Band
Grids
Effect of Decentering
(A) Cassette
(B) Intensifying Screens
10:
Radiographic Materials and Processing Technique
PROCESSING OF X-RAY FILM
(A) Dry Work Area
(B) Wet Work Area
(C) Illumination Inside
Automatic Film Processors
Manual Dark Room Processing
BEFORE EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
AFTER EXPOSURE
(a) Dry Section
(b) Wet Section
11:
Requirement of Good Radiograph
12:
Image Intensifiers and Related Systems
DESIGN (Fig. 12.3)
Photo Cathode or Input Screen
Electronic Lenses
Output Screen
Housing and Power Supply
Basic Terms and Definitions
Multiple Field Image Intensifiers (Fig. 12.4)
Processing of Image at Output Screen
Visualization
Misalignment can cause distorted image
(a) Fiberoptic system (Fig. 12.6)
(b) Tandem lens system (Fig. 12.7)
Objective Lens
Camera Lens
VIDEO CAMERA
Vacuum Tube Type
Image Orthicon Tube (Fig. 12.9)
Vidicon Tube (Fig. 12.10)
CCD CAMERA
ZOOM
CAMERA CONTROL UNIT (Fig. 12.12)
Automatic Gain Control
Dark Current Compensation
Television Sync Generator
MONITOR
Construction and Design (Fig. 12.13)
Automatic Dose Rate Control (Fig. 12.15)
Combined System
RECORDING
Spot Film Device (SFD)
Photo Spot Cameras
Cine Camera
Video Recording
Description of Ampex System
CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN OF VCR
Tape Movement
DVD PLAYERS
Multi-Layer Storage
Construction of DVD Player
Upgradation of System
13:
Angiography Techniques and Systems
X-ray Generator Requirements
Equipment Requirements
Universal Angiography Equipment
PAG4 (Fig. 13.2)
Serial Film Changer
Comparison of Roll Film and Cut Film
Exposure Time and Film Cycle
Definitions
Angiographic Injectors
Pressure Controlled Injection
Flow Rate Injection
Design Aspects
Other important Features
ECG Triggering Facility
14:
Tomography
ZONOGRAPHY
Disadvantages of Planigraphy System
COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY
Principle of CT Scanner
Major Components of CT Scanner Unit
X-ray Generator
Scanning Gantry
Patient Table (Couch)
Computer Console
Generations of CT scanners
First Generation
Second Generation
Fourth Generation
Difference between Conventional and Slip ring CT Scanner
Slip Ring Spiral CT Scanner
Multi-directional Computer Tomography (MDCT)
Applications of CT Scanner
Evaluation of CT Scanner System
Accessories of CT Scanner
DEVELOPMENT OF IMAGE
Image Reconstruction
(a) Iterative Method
(b) Back Projection Method
(c) Analytical Method
15:
Radiation Protection
PROTECTION AGAINST X-RAY RADIATION
GENERAL RULES
Choice of Films and Processing Material
Duty of Radiologist
Dose Monitoring
Duties of Radiation Protection Officer in Institute
Installation Requirements
16:
Bone Densitometry
17:
Digital Radiography
DETECTORS
CCD Camera Technology
Flat-panel Technology
Direct-conversion Flat-panel Digital Detectors
Indirect Flat-Panel Digital Detectors
THIN FILM TRANSISTOR (TFT) ARRAYS
Design of Flat Panel Direct Conversion System
Design of Flat Panel Indirect Conversion System
Evaluation and Selection of DR System
(a) Detector Size
(b) Detector Element and Matrix Size
(c) Image Spatial Resolution
(d) Image Quality
Advantages of DR System
To The Hospital
To The Radiologist
INDEX
TOC
Index
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