AN Shastri M.Sc. (Physics)
Nagpur University, Maharashtra, India
B.E. (Electrical Communications Engineering)
Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
Fellow of the Institute of Engineers (India), Kolkata West Bengal, India
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Diagnostic Radiology and Imaging for Technicians
© 2008, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher.
First Edition: 2008
9788184482140
Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit
Dedicated to my wife Shaila who gave all the encouragement to write this book
6Foreword
The rapid advances in the field of radiology in the past few decades have been remarkable, largely contributed by the exponential leap in the technological aspects of invention of faster and better imaging systems. Scientific research has led technological developments in imaging which has progressed leaps and bounds whereby it has been difficult for surgical techniques to keep pace. Imaging science has kept pace with these cutting edge technological innovations with development of landmark systems for diagnostic and therapeutic imaging. Static imaging has become a thing of the past with more emphasis on dynamic approaches whereby technological advances represent the dynamic pathophysiological changes which occur in the human body.
A large quantum of today's clinical work in radio-imaging still depends to a large extent on established imaging techniques which have stood the test of time. This means, we, as radiologists, radiographers and technicians, should have an extensive and in-depth knowledge of the mechanics and functioning capabilities of our systems so as to eke out the maximum from each of these systems. To keep in touch and routinely upgrade ourselves on the technological aspect of imaging means to have a comprehensive data bank on these technical aspects of imaging.
I have personally known and have worked with Mr. Shastri for the last three decades, especially on the evolving nature of technological advances in the field of radiology. In our country, 7we definitely lack a definitive and concise book which encompasses to a great extent the physics and technical advances in radiology. This book has achieved these expectations to a great extent and provides an excellent insight into this rapidly developing and self-innovating field. This book primarily represents an up-to-date textbook which provides a bird's eye view into the basic physics and technical advances in the field of radiology.
I firmly believe that this excellent monogram on radiology will be of great value and guidance to the biomedical engineers, radiographers as well as postgraduate students in radiology. I say so after having gone through the book in great details. Mr Shastri has taken pain to explain in the simplest forms, the newer technologies in radiology with great ease and lucid explanations.
I am sure this great effort from an Indian author will be accepted globally!
Dr. Mukund S. Joshi
MD FAMS (INDIA)
Consultant Radiologist
Jaslok Hospital
Mumbai 400 026, India
8Preface
When I began my teaching career, I painstakingly compiled the teaching material from various sources such as application notes and product data sheets. Fortunately with my technical background and work experience, I was able to access the valuable technical information. This motivated me to take up the effort of writing a textbook on Radiology.
This book is written for the undergraduate students undertaking a course in biomedical engineering as well as for upcoming radiologists.
This book covers Basic Physics and Principles of Radiology, Engineering aspects of Radiology such as manufacturing and testing techniques involved, Applications, Features, Specifications, Market requirements, Sales and Marketing, Modern Methods of Imaging and practical aspects of installation in hospitals. I had included figures and photographs on relevant topic to make the subject simple and easy to understand.
The general structure of this book is that of textbook with continuity between chapters.
The intended readers of this book would be biomedical engineers, radiologists and radiographers, etc. aiming to gain an insight into the basics of diagnostic radiology.
A. N. Shastri
9Acknowledgements
I owe a great debt of gratitude to M/s Siemens Limited, where I learnt different aspects of this subject, which include R&D, QC, Manufacturing and Sales & Marketing. I received technical training on various modalities of Radiology in their technical school at Erlangen, Germany. I also thank the present management of Siemens Ltd., for providing me the current specifications and data sheets of various radiological equipments. I am grateful to my seniors for guiding me through my assignments and sharing the valuable information with me from time to time. This approach has created an interest in the subject and gave me confidence.
I was brought up in a professor's family. I was lucky enough to get guidance and help from my parents in early part of my career. Later I developed the habit of sharing the technical knowledge with others. This helped me in teaching the basics during my assignment as Technical Training Manager for Sales & Service Engineers and led to the lecturing at various institutes in the capacity of visiting faculty.
I thank Prof (Mrs) Meeta Bhowmick, Head of the department of Biomedical engineering, Thadumal College of engineering, Bandra, Mumbai and Mr L.B. Barretto for giving their technical help and proofreading of this book.