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The Sankara Nethralaya Atlas of “Retinal Diseases”
Padmaja Kumari Rani, Gopal Lingam, Tarun Sharma, Lekha Gopal
SECTION I: GETTING STARTED
1:
Fundus Photography
a. Choosing a Fundus Camera
b. Technique of Fundus Photography
Stereo fundus photography
Stereo fundus photography
Sequence of Montage fundus photography
Sequence of Montage fundus photography
c. Field of view in Fundus Photography
d. Artifacts in Fundus Photography
Self-test
2:
Normal Retina
a. Normal Retina—Anatomy
The peripheral retina anatomy
b. Normal Retina—Histology
c. Normal Retina—OCT
Self-test
SECTION II: CONGENITAL RETINAL ANOMALIES
3:
Foveal Hypoplasia
a. Isolated Foveal Hypoplasia
b. Foveal Hypoplasia in Ocular Albinism
Self-test
4:
Retinoschisis
a. X-linked Foveal Schisis
b. X-linked Juvenile Retinoschisis with Foveal and Peripheral Retinoschisis
c. Foveal Schisis with Retinal Detachment
d. Senile Retinoschisis with Retinal Detachment
Self-test
EXCAVATORY ABNORMALITIES OF OPTIC DISC
5:
Optic Disc Coloboma
a. Bilateral Optic Disc Coloboma
b. Isolated and Unilateral Disc Coloboma
c. Optic Disc Coloboma with Choroidal Coloboma
d. Colobomatous Optic Disc as part of Choroidal Coloboma
e. Optic Disc Coloboma with Myelinated Nerve Fibers
f. Optic Disc Coloboma with Optic Disc Drusen
Self-test
6:
Morning Glory Disc Syndrome
a. Morning Glory Disc Anomaly
b. Morning Glory Disc Anomaly with Retinal Detachment
c. Morning Glory Disc Syndrome with Spontaneously Attached Retina
d. Morning Glory Disc Syndrome with Optic Disc Pit and SRF
Self-test
7:
Optic Disc Pit
a. Asymptomatic Large Optic Disc Pit
b. Bilateral Optic Disc Pit
c. Optic Disc Pit with Outer Lamellar Macular Hole
d. Optic Disc Pit with Serous Macular Detachment
e. Optic Disc Pit with RPE Atrophy
Self-test
8:
Choroidal Coloboma
a. Optic Disc in Choroidal Coloboma—Classification3
a. Optic Disc in Choroidal Coloboma—Classification
b. Choroidal Coloboma with RD
c. OCT in Choroidal Coloboma
d. Choroidal Coloboma with CNVM
Self-test
9:
Optic Nerve Aplasia
Bilateral Optic Nerve Aplasia
Self-test
SECTION III: RETINAL DEGENERATIONS AND HEREDOMACULAR DYSTROPHIES
10:
Retinitis Pigmentosa
a. Retinitis Pigmentosa with Macular Coloboma
b. Unilateral Retinitis Pigmentosa
c. Pigmented Paravenous Chorioretinal Atrophy (PPCRA)
d. Central Retinitis Pigmentosa
e. Sector Retinitis Pigmentosa
f. Retinitis Pigmentosa Sine Pigmento
g. Retinitis Punctata Albescens
h. Retinitis Pigmentosa with CNVM
i. Retinitis Pigmentosa with Cystoid Macular Edema
j. Retinitis Pigmentosa with Coat❑s Response
k. Retinitis Pigmentosa with Foveal Schisis (Goldmann-Favre Syndrome)
Self-test
11:
Hereditary Choroidal Dystrophies
a. Gyrate Atrophy
b. Choroideremia
c. Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy
Self-test
12:
Best Disease
a. Stages of Best Disease
b. Best Disease—Imaging (FA, OCT and EOG)
c. Best Disease with CNVM
Self-test
13:
Stargardt❑s Disease
a. Spectrum of Stargardt❑s Disease
b. Stargardt❑s Disease with Subtle Flecks
c. Atrophic Maculopathy with Flecks (Fundus Flavimaculatus)
Self-test
14:
Abnormalities of Cone and Rod Function
a. Cone Dystrophy
b. Oguchi❑s Disease
c. Fundus Albipunctatus
Self-test
15:
Pattern Dystrophy
a. Adult onset Foveomacular Vitelliform Dystrophy
b. Butterfly shaped Pigment Dystrophy
Self-test
SECTION IV: MACULAR DISORDERS
16:
Age Related Macular Degeneration
a. Drusen and Disciform Scar
b. Geographic Atrophy with Drusen
c. Classification of CNVM
I. Based on location—FFA
II. Based on type of leakage on FFA
d. Classic CNVM
e. Mixed CNVM (Classic and Occult)
f. Occult CNVM
g. Conversion of Occult to Classic CNVM
h. Retinal Angiomatosis Proliferans (RAP)
Self-test
17:
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Rip (RPE Rip)
a. Bilateral Spontaneous RPE Rip
b. Unilateral Spontaneous RPE Rip in AMD
c. RPE Rip following Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT) in AMD
Self-test
18:
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
a. CSC with Inkblot Type of Leakage
b. CSC with Reverse Smokestack Type of Leakage
c. Multifocal CSC
d. Multifocal CSC Showing Both Inkblot and Smokestack Leaks
e. CSC with Subretinal Gliosis
f. ICG in CSC
g. Resolution of Multifocal CSC with Laser Photocoagulation
h. Resolution of Recurrent CSC with Laser Photocoagulation
i. Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT) for CSC
Self-test
19:
Macular Hole
a. Macular Hole and Lamellar Macular Hole
b. Lamellar Macular Hole with Irvin-Gass Syndrome
c. Macular Hole following Retinal Detachment Surgery
d. Diabetic Retinopathy with Macular Hole
e. Macular Hole with CNVM
f. Macular Microholes
g. Macular Hole Post-surgical Type 1 Closure
h. Macular Hole Post-surgical Type 2 Closure
i. Impending Macular Hole Treated by Surgery
Self-test
20:
Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (IPCV)
a. IPCV with Multiple Polyps
b. IPCV with SubRPE Hemorrhage
c. IPCV Treated by Transpupillary Thermotherapy
d. IPCV Treated with Laser Photocoagulation
e. IPCV Treated by Photodynamic Therapy
f. IPCV Subretinal Hemorrhage Treated by Intravitreal Tissue Plasminogen Activator, C3 F8 and Laser Photocoagulation
Self-test
21:
Angioid Streaks
a. Angioid Streaks with Choroidal Neovascular Membrane (CNVM)
b. Angioid Streaks with CNVM and Subretinal Hemorrhage
c. Angioid Streaks with Disciform Scar
d. Angioid Streaks and Choroidal Folds
e. Angioid Streaks with Juxtapapillary Scarred CNVM
Self-test
SECTION V: VASCULAR DISORDERS
22:
Diabetic Retinopathy
a. Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy
b. Classification of Diabetic Macular Edema
c. Role of FFA in Diabetic Retinopathy
• Asteroid hyalosis
• Guiding CSME treatment
• Diagnosing the type of maculopathy
• Diagnosing suspicious NVE in eyes with media opacity
• Diagnosis of CNVM in Diabetic retinopathy
• Parafoveal telangiectesia (PFT) with Diabetic Retinopathy
d. Role of OCT in Diabetic Retinopathy
• Diagnosis and documentation of macular edema
• Monitoring of response to laser photocoagulation
• Diagnosis of vitreomacular traction and monitoring of response to surgery
e. Laser Treatment in Diabetic Retinopathy
f. Intravitreal Triamcinolone in Diabetic Retinopathy
g. Screening Models for Diabetic Retinopathy
Self-test
23:
Ocular Effects of Hypertension
a. Mild Hypertensive Retinopathy
b. Moderate Hypertensive Retinopathy
c. Malignant Hypertensive Retinopathy
d. Combined Retinopathy (Diabetes and Hypertension)
e. Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)
f. Pregnancy Induced Hypertensive Retinopathy
g. Benign Intracranial Hypertension
Self-test
24:
Retinal Arterial Occlusions
a. Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
b. CRAO in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
c. Combined CRAO and CRVO
a. Inferotemporal BRAO with Macular Involvement
b. BRAO with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG)
c. Inferotemporal BRAO with Visual Field Loss
a. Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion Secondary to Periarteritis
b. Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion with Non-ischemic CRVO
c. Cilioretinal Artery Occlusion in Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
Self-test
25:
Retinal Vein Occlusions
a. Ischemic Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)
b. Bilateral CRVO (sequential)
c. Ischemic CRVO with CME
d. Old CRVO with Opticociliary Shunts in a Young Male
e. Non-ischemic CRVO with Open Angle Glaucoma
f. Intravitreal Triamcinolone in CRVO with Macular Edema
g. Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO) with Macular Edema
h. Inferior Hemi-CRVO
i. Hemi-CRVO with Sub-hyaloid Hemorrhage
Self-test
26:
Parafoveal Telangiectasia
a. Group 2 PFT
b. PFT Managed by Observation
c. PFT with CNVM Treated by TTT
d. PFT with CNVM Treated by PDT
e. PFT with CNVM Treated by Intravitreal Triamcinolone and PDT
f. PFT with CNVM with RPE atrophy
Self-test
27:
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm
a. Bilateral Macroaneurysms in a Patient with Aortoarteritis
b. Bilateral Macroaneurysms
c. Macroaneurysm in a Young Male
d. Macroaneurysm Associated with Hemi-CRVO in the Fellow Eye
Self-test
28:
Radiation Retinopathy
a. Radiation Retinopathy following EBRT for Langerhan❑s Cell Histiocytosis of Orbit
b. Radiation Retinopathy following EBRT for Non-Hodgkin❑s Lymphoma of Orbit
c. Radiation Retinopathy following Plaque Therapy for Choroidal Melanoma
Self-test
29:
Ocular Ischemic Syndrome (OIS)
a. OIS Treated by Laser Photocoagulation
b. OIS with Neovascular Glaucoma
c. OIS in Takayasu❑s Arteritis
Self-test
30:
Coats❑ Disease
a. Coats❑ in a Female
b. Atypical Coats❑ in a Female
c. Adult Onset Coats❑
d. Coats❑ Treated by Laser Photocoagulation
e. Coats❑ Treated by Cryotherapy
f. Coats❑ Managed by Surgery
g. End Stage Coats❑
h. End Stage Coats❑ with Anterior Cholesterosis
Self-test
31:
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
a. International Classification of ROP—Staging
Stage 1 (Demarcation line)
Stage 2 (Ridge)
Stage 3 (Ridge with Extraretinal proliferation)
Stage IV ROP (Tractional Retinal detachment): IV A (extra foveal TRD) and VI B (involving fovea)
b. Zone I ROP
c. Zone II ROP
d. Zone III ROP
Self-test
32:
Familial Exudative Vitreo-retinopathy (FEVR)
a. Typical FEVR
b. Atypical FEVR
Self-test
SECTION VI: TUMORS
33:
Retinoblastoma
a. International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification (IIRC)
b. Imaging in Retinoblastoma
Ultrasound in Retinoblastoma
CT scan in Retinoblastoma
MRI in Retinoblastoma
OCT in Retinoblastoma
c. Histopathology of Retinoblastoma
d. Group A Intraocular Retinoblastoma
e. Group B Intraocular Retinoblastoma
f. Group C Intraocular Retinoblastoma
g. Group D Intraocular Retinoblastoma
h. Group E Intraocular Retinoblastoma
i. Regression Patterns of Retinoblastoma
Type I regression (Only calcium)
Type II regression (Fish flesh semitransparent appearance)
Type III regression (Most common type-combination of I andII)
Type IV regression (Flat chorioretinal scar)
j. Adult Onset Retinoblastoma
Self-test
34:
Retinal Capillary Hemangioma
a. Capillary Hemangioma with Systemic Association
b. Asymptomatic Retinal Angioma
c. Capillary hemangioma with Exudative RD
d. Solitary Capillary Hemangioma treated by Laser Photocoagulation
e. Multiple Capillary Hemangioma with Exudative RD treated by Surgical Management
f. Bilateral Retinal Angiomatosis without Systemic Association
g. Juxtapapillary Capillary Hemangioma
h. Angioma like Lesion
i. Acquired Retinal Angioma(Vasoproliferative tumor)
Self-test
35:
Cavernous Hemangioma
a. Cavernous Hemangioma of ONH
b. Cavernous Hemangioma of Retina
Self-test
36:
Racemose Angioma
a. Racemose Angioma
b. Group I Arteriovenous Malformation
Self-test
37:
Melanocytoma of the Optic Disc
a. Melanocytoma of Optic Disc Angiographic Features
b. Melanocytoma of Optic Disc Ultrasound and OCT
c. Melanocytoma of Optic Disc with Choroidal Nevus
Self-test
38:
Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRPE)
a. Solitary CHRPE
b. Bilateral grouped CHRPE with Bear Track Appearance
c. Large Solitary CHRPE
d. Solitary CHRPE with Conjunctival nevus
Self-test
39:
Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRRPE)
a. Bilateral CHRRPE of Optic Nerve Head
b. Unilateral Juxtapapillary CHRRPE with ERM
Self—test
40:
Choroidal Nevi
a. Choroidal Nevus Angiographic and OCT Features
b. Choroidal Nevus with Exudative RD Treated by TTT
Self-test
41:
Choroidal Melanoma
a. Choroidal Melanoma Cytology and Histology
b. Choroidal Melanoma Immunohistochemistry
c. Choroidal Melanoma-Angiographic Features
d. Choroidal Melanoma-Imaging
e. Is it a Choroidal Melanoma?
f. Laser Photocoagulation and Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT) in Choroidal Melanoma
g. Choroidal Melanoma in Albinotic fundus
h. Brachytherapy in Melanoma
i. Choroidal Metastases (Melanoma Simulating Lesions)
Self-test
42:
Choroidal Hemangioma
a. Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma
b. Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma Treated by Radiation
c. Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma with CME Treated by ICG enhanced TTT
d. Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma Treated by TTT
e. Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma with Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (IPCV) in Fellow eye
f. Circumscribed Choroidal Hemangioma with Sturge-Weber Syndrome
g. Diffuse Choroidal Hemangioma with Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Self-test
43:
Choroidal Osteoma
a. Unilateral Juxtapapillary Choroidal Osteoma
b. Bilateral Choroidal Osteoma in a Male
c. Choroidal Osteoma with CNVM
Self-test
44:
Tuberous Sclerosis
a. Optic Nerve Head Astrocytoma
b. Bilateral Optic Nerve Head Astrocytoma with Retinitis Pigmentosa
Self-test
SECTION VII: POSTERIOR SEGMENT TRAUMA
45:
Traumatic Chorioretinopathies
a. Choroidal Rupture
b. Choroidal Rupture with Macular Hole and Subretinal Hemorrhage
c. Choroidal Rupture with CNVM
d. Choroidal Rupture with Epiretinal Membrane
e. Chorioretinitis Sclopteria
f. Traumatic Chorioretinal Atrophy
g. Optic Nerve Head Avulsion
h. Valsalva Retinopathy
i. Traumatic Retinal Vascular Occlusion
Self-test
46:
Photic Retinal Injury
a. Solar Retinopathy
b. Laser Induced Foveal Burn
Self-test
47:
Drug Induced Retinal Toxicity
a. Amikacin Induced Macular Infarction
b. Chloroquine Induced Retinal Toxicity
c. Ethambutol Induced Optic Neuritis
d. Chlorpromazine Induced Retinal Toxicity
Self-test
INDEX
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