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Anatomy and Physiology for Paramedicals
AK Singh
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction, General Terminology, Different System Functioning in the Body
SUBDIVISION OF ANATOMY
SUBDIVISION OF PHYSIOLOGY
LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
ANATOMICAL POSITION
Directional terms
Abdominopelvic region
Body cavities
Mediastinum
Homeostasis
Feedback Systems
It is of two types
Body Fluid
CHAPTER 2:
Cell
THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
Cell
Structure of the Cell
CYTOPLASM
Cytoplasmic inclusions
Secretion Granules
Pigments
Endogenous Type
Exogenous Type
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Plasma Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Function
Peroxisomes
Centrosomes
NUCLEUS
CHAPTER 3:
Tissue
CHAPTER 4:
Skeletal System
CHAPTER 5:
Muscular System
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
MUSCLES OF WRIST, HAND AND FINGER
Anterior Group (Flexors)
MUSCLES OF THE LEG (TIBIA AND FIBULA)
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH (FEMUR)
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
CHAPTER 6:
Digestive System
FOOD AND NUTRITION
NUTRITION
CONTENTS OF FOOD
PROTEIN
Sources
Requirement
Functions of Protein
FAT
Sources
Requirement
Functions
CARBOHYDRATES
Sources
Requirement
Functions
DIET FIBRES
Sources
WATER
Functions
MINERALS
Calcium
Sources
Functions
Phosphorus
Sources
Functions
Iron
Sources
Functions
Iodine
Sources
Function
Sodium
Sources
Function
Potassium
Sources
Function
Chlorine
Sources
Functions
Magnesium
Sources
Functions
Zinc
Sources
Functions
Manganese
Functions
Selenium
Sources
Functions
VITAMINS
Fat soluble vitamins
VITAMIN A
Sources
Function
Deficiency
Vitamin D
Source
Functions
Deficiency
Vitamin E
Source
Functions
Deficiency
Vitamin K
Sources
Function
Deficiency
Water Soluble vitamins
VITAMIN B1
Sources
Functions
Deficiency
VITAMIN B2
Sources
Functions
Deficiency
NIACIN
Source
Functions
Deficiency
VITAMIN B6
Source
Functions
Deficiency
VITAMIN B12
Sources
Functions
Deficiency
VITAMIN B3
Sources
Functions
Deficiency
FOLIC ACID
Sources
Functions
Deficiency
BIOTIN
Sources
Functions
Deficiency
VITAMIN C
Sources
Functions
Deficiency
DIGESTION
Mouth
BOUNDARIES OF ORAL CAVITY
Cheeks
Teeth
Deciduous Teeth
Permanent Teeth
Salivary gland
COMPOSITION OF SALIVA
Functions
Mastication
Deglutition or swallowing
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Boundaries of Stomach
Function
Gastric Juice
Composition of Gastric Juice
In Solids
Functions
Pancreas
Functions
Liver
Boundaries of Liver
Function of Bile
Gallbladder
Functions
Intestine
Small Intestine
COMPOSITION OF INTESTINAL JUICE
FUNCTION OF SMALL INTESTINE
Movement of Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Functions
Defecation
Feces
Digestion and Absorption in GI Tract
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrate
Digestion and absorption of protein
Digestion and absorption of fat or lipids
CHAPTER 7:
Metabolism
DEFINITION
Anabolism
Catabolism
BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR)
Metabolic Rate
Factors Affecting the BMR
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
Glucose Anabolism
Glycogenesis (Fig. 7.1)
Glycogenolysis (Fig. 7.1)
Glyconeogenesis
Glucose Catabolism
Glycolysis (Fig. 7.2)
Formation of Acetyl Co-enzyme-A
Citric Acid Cycle (Fig. 7.3)
Production of ATP
Kreb's cycle
METABOLISM OF FAT
Fat Anabolism
Fat Catabolism (Fig. 7.4)
METABOLISM OF PROTEIN
Protein Anabolism
Protein Catabolism
CHAPTER 8:
Cardiovascular System
BLOOD
Composition of Blood (Flow chart 8.1)
Blood Plasma
FUNCTION OF BLOOD
Blood Groups
M and N Factors (Paternity Test)
Importance of Blood Group
HAZARDS OF INCOMPATABLE BLOOD
Transfusion
Clotting Factors
Factors Name
Clotting Mechanism
Haemostasis
Stages of Haemostasis (Flow chart 8.2)
COAGULATION OF BLOOD
Coagulation
Clotting factors
Mechanism of Coagulation (Flow chart 8.3)
Clot Retraction
Heart
Heart Wall
Heart Chambers
Heart Valves
Blood Supply of Heart
Functional Tissue of Heart or Pacemaker Tissue
Cardiac Cycle Time
Events of Cardiac Cycle
INNER RING
VENTRICULAR EVENTS (OUTER RING)
VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
ISOMETRIC RELAXATION
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND HEART SOUND
First Heart Sound
Character
Duration
Site
Second Heart Sound
Character
Duration
Site
Blood Pressure
Systolic Pressure (SBP)
Diastolic Pessure (DBP)
Pulse Pressure (PP)
Mean Pressure
Physiological Variation
Age
Sex
Build
Exercise
Posture
Sleep
During Meals
Excitement
Function of Blood Pressure
Circulation of Blood
Lymphatic System
Thoracic Duct
Right Lymphatic Duct
Spleen
CHAPTER 9:
Respiratory System
DEFINITION
PHARYNX
LARYNX
Bronchi
Lungs
Mechanism of Respiration
Gaseous Exchange or Transport
Pathway of CO2 Transport
Some Important Definitions
CHAPTER 10:
Endocrine System
PITUITARY GLAND
Anterior Pituitary Gland or Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
Middle Lobe
Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis)
THYROID GLAND
T3 and T4 Hormone
PARATHYROID GLAND
ADRENAL GLAND
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
PANCREAS
OVARY AND TESTIS
PINEAL GLAND
THYMUS GLAND
CHAPTER 11:
Nervous System
NERVE CELL
Introduction
Special Feature
Structure of a Nerve Cell
Principle Function of Nerve Cell
Function of Neuroglia
BRAIN
Brainstem
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Function of Parts of Brain
SPINAL CORD
TRACTS
Sensory and Motor Tracts
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
CHAPTER 12:
Sense Organs
SPECIAL SENSE ORGANS
1. Olfactory Sensations (Nose)
2. Gustatory Sensations (Tongue)
3. Visual Sensations (Eye)
Anatomy of Eyeball
Auditory Sensations (Ear)
i. External Ear
ii. Middle Ear
iii. Internal Ear
Hearing Mechanism
CHAPTER 13:
Urinary System
KIDNEYS
External Anatomy
Internal Anatomy
Hilus
Nephron
HISTOLOGY OF JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
Blood Supply Kidney
Blood Supply
PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE FORMATION
Ultrafiltration (or glomerular filtration)
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Regulation of GFR
Tubular reabsorption
Reabsorption of Na+ in PCT
Renal Threshold
Reabsorption in the Loop of Henles (LOH)
Reabsorption in the DCT and Collecting Duct
Reabsorption of Nutrients in the PCT
The Reabsorption of Glucose
Function
Water Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion (TS)
Secretion of K+
Secretion of K+ is Control by
Secretion of Ammonia and Ammonium Ion
SUMMARY OF FILTRATION AND REABSORPTION
Region of Nephrons Activity
Ureters
Structure
Histology
Physiology
Urinary Bladder
Structure
Histology
Physiology
Urethra
Histology
Physiology
Volume and Character of Urine
Sulphates
Minerals
CHAPTER 14:
Reproductive System
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Scrotum
Cryptorchidism
Testis
Spermatogenesis
Spermatozoa
Ducts of the Testis
Epididymis
Vas Deferens (Ducts Deferens)
Ejaculatory Ducts
Urethra
Accessories Sex Gland
Semen
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ovaries
Germinal Epithelium
Tunica Albuginea
Stroma
Vesicular Ovarian Follicles
Corpus Luteum
Oogenesis
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
Mammary Glands
CHAPTER 15:
Miscellaneous
INDEX
TOC
Index
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