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Sociology in Nursing Globe
Kavitha VRS
UNIT 1:
Introduction
DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
Sociology is an Independent Science
Sociology is a Social Science and not a Physical Science
Sociology is a Categorial and not a Normative Discipline
Sociology is a Pure and not an Applied Science
Sociology is Relatively an Abstract Science and not a Concrete Science
Sociology is a Generalizing and not a Particularizing Science
Sociology is a General Science and not a Special Social Science
Sociology is both a Rational and an Empirical Science
SOCIOLOGY NOT AS A SCIENCE
Interdependence of Cause and Effect
Intangibility of Social Phenomena
Complexity of Social Data
Unpredictability
Problem of Objectivity
SCOPE
The Specialistic School or Formalistic School
Criticism
The Synthetic School
The Views of Emile Durkheim
Social Morphology
Social Physiology
General Sociology
The Views of Ginsberg
Social Morphology
Social Control
Social Processes
SUBJECT MATTER OF SOCIOLOGY
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
APPLICATION OF SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
UNIT 2:
Sociology and Health
INTRODUCTION
INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIETY AND HEALTH
SOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH STATUS
Occupation
Gender
Social Class
Physical Environment
Religion
PERCEPTION OF ILLNESS
Age
Gender
Education
Domicile
Occupation
UNIT 3:
Individual and Society
ORIGIN OF SOCIETY
Social Contract Theory
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
JJ Rousseau
Organismic Theory
The Sustaining System
The Distributory System
The Regulating System
INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN MAN AND SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Meaning
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY
Society Consists of People
Gregariousness
Mutual Interaction and Mutual Awareness
Society Depends on Likeness
Society Rests on Differences
Co-operation and Division of Labor
Society Implies Interdependency
Culture
Society is Dynamic
Social Control
COMMUNITY
Definitions
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY
Locality
Community Sentiment
Naturalness
Stability
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOCIETY AND COMMUNITY
SOCIALIZATION
THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION
Looking-glass Self CH Cooley (1864–1929)
Theory of ‘Self” GH Mead (1863–1931)
Concept of human mind-Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Id
Ego
Super Ego
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Family
Peer Group
School
Mass Media
Merits of Socialization
Demerits of Socialization
IMPACT OF SOCIALIZATION ON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
Geographical Environment
Biological Environment
Social Environment
Heredity
TYPES OF PERSONALITY
Introvert
Extrovert
UNIT 4:
Culture
DEFINITION
MAIN FEATURES OF CULTURE
Culture is Learnt
Culture is Social and Shared
Culture is a Gratifier
Culture Differs from Society to Society
Culture is Transmissive
FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE
Culture Defines Social Situations
Culture Moulds Personality
Culture Provides Behavior Pattern
Civilization
Contrast between Culture and Civilization
CULTURAL LAG
DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY OF CULTURE
EVOLUTION OF CULTURE
CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATION
IMPACT OF CULTURE ON HEALTH AND DISEASE (Illness)
UNIT 5:
Social Groups
MEANING
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS
Collection of Individuals
Interaction among Members
Mutual Awareness
Promotes We-feeling
Group Unity
Similar Behavior
Common Interests
Group Norms
Group Size
Groups are Dynamic
ESSENTIAL FACTORS FOR THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL GROUPS
Psychological Factor
Biological Factor
Geographic Factor
Economic Factor
Cultural Factor
Religious Factor
Political Factor
FUNCTIONS (OR) IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL GROUPS
Facilitates Survival
Satisfy Gregarious Instinct of Man
CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL GROUPS
MEANING OF PRIMARY GROUP
Definition
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY GROUPS
Face-to-face Relations
Small in Size
Physical Proximity
Informal Structure
Informal Social Control
Personal Relationship
Stability
Informal Communication
Unspecialized
Limited Self-interest
Direct Co-operation
IMPORTANCE OR FUNCTIONS OF PRIMARY GROUPS
Satisfaction of Psychological Needs
Provision of Basic Needs
Facilitates Socialization
Acts as an Agent of Social Control
Development of Personality
Strengthens the Democratic Spirit
SECONDARY GROUPS (SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP, DERIVATIVE GROUP)
Meaning
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY GROUPS
Indirect Relations
Deliberately Created
Large in Size
Voluntary Membership
Formal Structure
Impersonal Relations
Formal Communication
Indirect Co-operation
Formal Social Control
Temporary
Special Interest Groups
IMPORTANCE OR FUNCTIONS OF SECONDARY GROUPS
Cater the Needs and Demands of the Modern Society
Provides Opportunities
Plays the Role of Primary Group
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GROUPS
IN-GROUP
OUT-GROUP
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
CROWD (unorganized group)
Meaning
CHARACTERISTICS OF CROWD
Consists of People
Spontaneously Formed
Temporary
Unorganized
TYPES OF CROWD
Expressive Crowd
Conventional Crowd
Casual Crowd
Active Crowd
Types of Active Crowd
Mob
TYPES OF MOB
Purposive and Active Mobs
Confused and Random Mobs
The Riots
THEORIES OF CROWD BEHAVIOR
The Contagion Theory
The Emergent Norms Theory
PUBLIC OPINION
Meaning
Definitions
ECONOMIC GROUP (ORGANIZED GROUP)
UNIT 6:
Social Process
INTRODUCTION
Associative Process
Dissociative Process
CO-OPERATION
CONDITIONS FOR CO-OPERATION
IMPORTANCE OF CO-OPERATION
Co-operation is a Biological Necessity
Co-operation is Essential for Progress
Co-operation Lights Social Life
Types of Co-operation
Primary Co-operation
Secondary Co-operation
Tertiary Co-operation
Direct Co-operation
Indirect Co-operation
COMPETITION
NATURE (OR) CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETITION
Competition is an Unconscious Action
Competition is Personal or Impersonal
Competition is Continuous
Competition is Universal
Competition is Dynamic
Competition may be Constructive or Destructive
Functions (or) Importance of Competition
Increases Efficiency
Assigns Social Status
Provides Social Mobility
Forms (or) Types of Competition
Social Competition
Cultural Competition
Racial and Religious Competition
Political Competition
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CO-OPERATION AND COMPETITION
CONFLICT
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
Conflict is Universal
Conflict is Conscious Action
Conflict Lacks Continuity
Conflict Defines Issues
GENERAL TYPES OF CONFLICT
Personal Conflict
Group Conflict
Class Conflict
Caste Conflict
Racial Conflict
International Conflict
Corporate Conflict
War
Feud
Litigation
Conflict of Impersonal Ideas
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COMPETITION AND CONFLICT
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CO-OPERATION AND CONFLICT
ACCOMMODATION
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS
Accommodation is Universal
Accommodation is Continuous
Accommodation may be Conscious
Accommodation may be Unconscious
Accommodation is the Result of Conflict
FORMS OF ACCOMMODATION
Yielding to Coercion
Compromise
Arbitration
Conciliation
Toleration
Conversion
Sublimation
ASSIMILATION
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS
Assimilation is not Confined to Single Field
Assimilation is a Slow and Gradual Process
Assimilation is an Unconscious Process
Assimilation is a two-way Process
Pros and Cons for Assimilation
Toleration
Intimacy
Cultural Similarity
Amalgamation
Isolation
Cultural Differences
Physical Differences
Prejudice
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACCOMMODATION AND ASSIMILATION
UNIT 7:
Population
INTRODUCTION
SOCIETY AND POPULATION
Hinduism
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
EARLY THINKING ON POPULATION ISSUES
Confucius and Other Chinese Thinkers
Greek Thinkers
Roman Thought
MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION
Nuclei of the Essay
Preventive Checks
Positive Checks
Criticism of Malthusian Theory
POPULATION EXPLOSION IN INDIA
Causes
Medical Knowledge
Impact of Social Institution
Lack of Recreation Centers
Lack of Consciousness in Family Planning
Impact of Science and Technology
Hazards of Over Population (or) Impact on Health Status
Food Shortage
Shortage in Housing
Literacy
Unemployment
Hinders the Economic Development
Ill-Health
MEASURES TO CONTROL THE OVER POPULATION
Over population is related to two aspects namely:
Size of the Population
Use of Birth Control Methods
Age at Marriage
Elevation of Recreational Centers in Rural Area
Utilization of the Country's Resources
Agricultural Development
Industrialization
UNIT 8:
Family and Marriage
FAMILY
Meaning
Definitions
Characteristics
A System of Nomenclature
A Common Residence
Universality
Tracing the Descent
FUNCTIONS OF THE FAMILY
Essential (or) Primary Functions
Stable Satisfaction of Sex Need
Production and Rearing of the Child
Provision of Home
Agent of Socialization
Non-essential (or) Secondary Functions
Economic
Educational
Religious
Recreational
CHANGES IN THE FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY
The Sexual Regulation Function
The Reproductive Function
Parental and Educational Function
Protective Function
Economic Function
The Recreational Function
TYPES OF FAMILY
Marriage
Residence
Matrilocal Residence
Patrilocal Residence
Descent or Ancestry
Matrilineal Descent
Patrilineal Descent
Nature of Authority
Matriarchal Family
Patriarchal Family
Nature of Relations
Conjugal Family
Consanguine Family
Size (or) Structure
NUCLEAR (OR) SINGLE UNIT FAMILY
Definition
Functions of Nuclear Family
Stable Satisfaction of Sex Need
Procreation and Upbringing of Children
Socialization of Children
Provision of Home
JOINT FAMILY (OR) UNDIVIDED FAMILY (OR) EXTENDED FAMILY
Definition
Characteristics of Joint Family
Depth of Generations
Common Roof
Common Property
Common Kitchen
Common Workship
Exercise of Authority
Procreation
Merits of Joint Family
Demerits of Joint Family
MARRIAGE
CHARACTERISTICS
Universality
Social Approval
Marriage is Associated with Civil or Religious Ceremony
Marriage Creates Mutual Obligations
FUNCTIONS OR IMPORTANCE OF MARRIAGE
Regulation of Sex Life
Establishment of Family
Division of Labor
Contributes to Emotional and Intellectual Interstimulation of the Partners
Aims at Social Solidarity
CONDITIONS OF MARRIAGE
Endogamy
Causes
Merits
Demerits
Exogamy
Causes
Forms of Exogamy
Forms of Marriage
Monogamy
Merits
Universally Practicable
Better Understanding between Spouses
Stable Family and Sex Life
Helps to better Socialization
Aged Parents are not Neglected
Better Status for Women
Polygamy
POLYANDRY
Types of Polyandry
Fraternal Polyandry
Non-fraternal Polyandry
Causes
POLYGYNY
Types of Polygyny
Sororal Polygyny
Non-sororal Polygyny
Causes
Imbalance in the Sex-ratio
Economic Advantage
Reduction of Workload
Childlessness of the First Wife
Earlier Aging of the Female
Other Forms of Marriage
Levirate
Concubinage
Anuloma
Protiloma
Hypergamy
LEGISLATIONS ON MARRIAGE
The Prevention of Sati Act - 1829
The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act-1856
The Special Marriage Act-1872
The Child Marriage Restraint Act-1929
The Hindu Marriage Act-1955
UNIT 9:
Anthropology
MEANING
Definition
SCOPE
Branches
Physical Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology
Ethnology
Ethnography
Applied Anthropology
ANTHROPOLOGY IN RELATION TO HEALTH
SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY APPLIED TO NURSING
ANTHROPOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH
Hunters and Gatherers
Settled Village Stage
Pre-industrial Cities Stage
Industrial Cities Stage
UNIT 10:
Social Stratification
MEANING
Definition
FORMS OF STRATIFICATION
Origin of the Word ‘caste’
Definition
GENERAL FEATURES OF CASTE
Particulars
Ascribed Status
Closed System
Caste Implies Purity and Impurity
Endogamous Group
Divine Origin
CHANGES IN THE CASTE SYSTEM
Pre-independent Period
Declining Hold of Caste Panchayats
Impact of Social Reform Movements
Impact of Social Legislation on Caste
Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization (1919–1947)
Impact of Western Ideas
CHANGES IN THE TRADITIONAL FEATURES OF CASTE
SOCIAL CLASS
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL CLASS
Universal
Achieved Status
Social Class is an Open Group
Element of Prestige
Mode of Living
Social Class is not an Endogamous Group
Social Class is Secular
UNIT 11:
Community
FEATURES OF RURAL COMMUNITY
Small in Size
Homogeneity
Traditional (Joint) Family
Low Social Mobility
High Superstitious Belief
Solidarity and Unity
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Functions of Community Development Program
CHANGES IN INDIAN RURAL LIFE
HEALTH FACILITIES IN RURAL AREAS
Primary Health Center
URBAN COMMUNITY
Definitions
Characteristics of Urban Community
Heterogeneous in Population
Large in Size
Open Society
Artificial Environment
Voluntary Association
MAJOR URBAN PROBLEMS
UNIT 12:
Social Change
MEANING
Definitions
FACTORS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Geographic (or) Physical Factors
Biological Factors
Cultural Factors of Social Change
Technological Factors
SOCIAL CHANGE AND HEALTH
CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Migration
Disintegration of Joint Family
Caste Indiscrimination
Disturbs Social Institution
Emergence of Secondary Groups
Changes in the Status of Women
Leads to Diseases
Environmental Pollution
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Noise Pollution
THEORIES OR DIRECTIONS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Evolutionary Theory
August Comte (1798 – 1857)
Theological or Fictitious Stage
Metaphysical Stage
Positive Stage
Cyclical Theory
Oswald Spengler (1880–1936)
Arnold Toynbee (1889 – 1975)
Pitrim Sorokin (1889–1968)
Functional Theory
Talcott Parsons (1951)
Conflict Theory
Karl Marx (1818–1883)
UNIT 13:
Social Control
MEANING
Definitions
NECESSITY OF SOCIAL CONTROL
Social Control Brings about Social Conformity
Social Control Brings about Solidarity
Social Control Assures Survival of Society
TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
INFORMAL MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL
FOLKWAYS
MORES
Types of Mores
Positive Mores
Negative Mores
Customs
Religion
Norms
Functions (or) Importance of Social Norms
Norms Ensure Survival
Norms Guide Behavior
Norms Facilitate Self-control
Norms Maintain Social Order
Norms Unite Society
Values
Aspects of Values
General Values
Specific Values
Mean's Values
End's Values
FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL
FORMAL MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL
LAW
Characteristics
Functions of Law
EDUCATION
Meaning
Definitions
COERCION
SOCIAL DEVIANCE AND DISEASE
UNIT 14:
Social Disorganization
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
GENERAL CAUSES OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
Cultural Lag
Change in Social Values
Crisis
Precipitate Crisis
Cumulative Crisis
MODERN CAUSES OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
Communalism
Lack of Integral Education
Religious Differences
Industrialization
Epidemics
Social Problems Leading to Social Disorganization
Biological Factors
Types of Disorganization
Personal or Individual Disorganization
CAUSES OF PERSONAL DISORGANIZATION
Personal Disabilities
Social Crisis
Abnormalities of Personality
Conflict of Personal Attitudes and Social Norms
Family Disorganization
Community Disorganization
DISTINCTION BETWEEN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
FUNCTIONS OF JUVENILE COURT
Definitions
ACTS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS
CAUSES
Social Causes
Broken Families
Sense of Insecurity
Behavior of the Parents
School Dissatisfaction
Unhealthy Recreation
Films and Pornographic Literature
Impact of Social Groups (Gangs)
ECONOMIC CAUSES
Poverty
Beggary
Biological Causes
Remedies
I. Prevention
II. Rehabilitation
Children Acts
Agencies to Rehabilitate Juvenile Delinquents
Juvenile Courts
Remand Homes
Certified Schools
Auxiliary Homes
Foster Homes
Reformatory Schools
Borstal Institutions
Open type
Closed type
CRIME
Definition
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CRIME
Physical Factors
Sociological Factors
Cinema
Biological Factor
Economic Factors
TYPES OF CRIME
Organized Crime
Corporate Crime
White Collar Crime
Organizational Crimes
Occupational Crime
THE PROBLEM OF INDIAN WOMEN
Work and Sex
Role Conflict
Devaluing Female Education
Domestic Violence
Degrades Feminine Quality
Employment and Disease
Involuntary Prostitution
Unpaid Laborers
SPECIAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN
Special Rights for Children
PROSTITUTION
Social Function
STIMULANTS OF PROSTITUTION
Causes for Females
Biological Effects
AGING
MULTIPLE PROBLEMS OF AGING
Problems in Social Aspects
Biological Problems
Psychological Problems
HOUSING
SHORTAGE OF HOUSING
Causes
SLUMS
Characteristics of Slums
Appearances
Over Crowding
Indication of Economic Status
Delinquent Area
Sanitation and Health
Growth of Slums
CHILD ABUSE
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
CHILD LABOR
Causes
Effects
Types of Child Labor
Migrant Child Labor
Bonded Child Labor
Invisible Child Labor
Urban Child Labor
Children on the Streets
Children off the Streets
Abandoned/Orphaned Children
Within the Family
Within the Family but Outside the Home
Outside the Family
The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986
ALCOHOLISM AND DRUG ADDICTION
Causes of Addiction
Family Values
Curiosity and Experimentation
Peer Pressure and Influence
Rebel Without a Cause
Frustration and Stress
Poor Housing
Occupation
Ignorance
UNIT 15:
Social Security
Glossary
Bibliography
INDEX
TOC
Index
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