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Growth and Development
Dilip K Mukherjee, MKC Nair
SECTION 1: GROWTH
1:
A Short Review of Growth Studies–National and International
THE FIRST YEAR
THE TANNER ERA
NORTH AMERICAN STUDIES
STUDIES IN THE UK
THE DEVELOPING WORLD
THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
DENTITION STUDIES
SKELETAL ASSESSMENT
THE MODERN PERSPECTIVE
REFERENCES
2:
Normal Growth–Birth Right of the Child
BIRTH WEIGHT AND NORMAL GROWTH
NUTRITIONAL AND NORMAL GROWTH
INFECTIONS AND NORMAL GROWTH
GROWTH MONITORING
INTERVENTION
THE NEED
3:
The Study of Growth
GROWTH STUDY—TYPES
Cross Sectional Study
Longitudinal Study
Linked Cross Sectional Study
Linked Longitudinal Study
STATISTICAL PROCEDURES IN GROWTH STUDIES
Study Design
Sample Size
Statistical Methods
BIBLIOGRAPHY
4:
Assessment of Growth and Development
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DEVELOPMENTAL TOOLS AND ITS APPLICATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
Rationale for Early Detection of Developmental Problems
Specific Approaches to Screening
Whom to Screen (High risk infant selection criterion NNF 1990)
Guidelines for Screening
Simple Clues for Detecting Poor Vision
Simple Clues for Detecting Hearing Problem (Tests for assessing hearing)
Warning Signs for Hearing Abnormality
Screening Tests
Timing of Tests
Why Early Stimulation?
Aims of Early Stimulations
Available Indian Stimulation Programs
APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
5:
Prenatal Growth
ASSESSMENT OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH
Anthropometry
Ultrasonographic Measurement
BIBLIOGRAPHY
6:
Postnatal Growth
AGE INDEPENDENT ANTHROPOMETRY
Midarm Circumference
Weight for Height
Quacstick
Mid Arm/Head Circumference Ratio
Quetlet's Index
Mid Upper Arm/Height Ratio
Bangle Method
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Ponderal Index (PI)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ENDOCRINOLOGY OF PUBERTY
THE ADOLESCENT GROWTH SPURT
CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION
Limb Bone Width
Fat
Puberty and Skeletal Maturation
Eye
CHANGES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Boys
Girls
Girls
Boys
Cognitive and Psychosocial Development
Comparisons in Adolescence—Early, Middle, Late
BIBLIOGRAPHY
7:
Growth of Low Birth Weight Babies
BIBLIOGRAPHY
8:
References Standards and Growth Monitoring
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SECTION I—MONITORING OF NORMAL GROWTH
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SECTION II—MONITORING OF ABNORMAL GROWTH
9:
Growth and Nutrition Monitoring in School Children
INTRODUCTION
GROWTH MONITORING
Essential Requisites for Growth Monitoring and Promotion
Programmes in India
Recommendations
10:
Consensus on Growth Norms in India: IAP Growth Chart
DEVELOPMENT OF GROWTH STANDARDS/ CURVES
Indian Growth Standards (Agarwal et al)
CDC 2000 Growth Standards
WHO Growth Standards
Which growth reference standards should we use?
Criteria for Referral
KEY POINTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
11:
Influence of Nutrition, Illness and Environment on Growth
BIBLIOGRAPHY
12:
Developmental Age and Prediction of Adult Height
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TARGET HEIGHT
BONE AGE
PREDICTION EQUATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
13:
Short Stature in Children—Basic Concepts and Management
CAUSES OF SHORT STATURE
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO GROWTH RETARDATION
Assessment of Growth
Clinical Evaluation
Diagnostic Investigations
Perform a Battery of Screening Tests
Tests for Growth Hormone—IGF Axis Abnormalities
MANAGEMENT OF SHORT STATURE
Physiological Short Stature
Growth Hormone Therapy
GH Deficiency
GH Dosing
Multiple Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies (MPHD)
Turner's Syndrome
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
GH Therapy for Children Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)
Idiopathic Short Stature
Follow-up on GH Therapy
Side Effects of GH Therapy
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
14:
Tall Stature
BIBLIOGRAPHY
15:
Child Development
CONCLUSION
16:
Psychological Concerns of Children and Adolescents
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
17:
Adolescent Problems
PROBLEMS OF PHYSICAL GROWTH AND MATURITY
Late Puberty
Alteration of Body Concept
PHYSICAL ILLNESS
Anemia
Tuberculosis
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Skin Disorders
Accidents and Injuries
PROBLEMS OF SEXUAL MATURITY
Boys
Girls
Primary Amenorrhoea
Menometrorrhagia
Dysmenorrhea
White Discharge
Breast Disorders
Pregnancy
Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Identity Crisis
Depression
Suicide
Substance Abuse
Sleep Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia
SOCIAL PROBLEMS
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
18:
Early and Late Puberty
BIBLIOGRAPHY
19:
Setting-up Adolescent Health Care Services
20:
Childhood Obesity
THE INDIAN SCENARIO
DEFINITION AND ESTIMATION
PATHOGENESIS
SECONDARY OBESITY
CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITY
Management of Childhood Obesity
Multidisciplinary Weight Control Programme
LIFE STYLE MODIFICATION
DRUGS
Some Drugs Used for Weight Loss in Adults
Surgery
BIBLIOGRAPHY
21:
CDC and WHO Growth Charts
CDC GROWTH CHARTS: UNITED STATES
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) CHARTS
SECTION 2: DEVELOPMENT
22:
Developmental Assessment
DEVELOPMENTAL TESTS AND SCREENING TESTS
Purpose
TOOLS FOR DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING
A. Developmental Observation Card (DOC)
B. CDC Grading for Motor Milestones
C. Trivandrum Developmental Screening Test (TDSC)
D. The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST)
E. Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID)
Mental Scale
Motor Scale
Availability of the Kit
Test Materials
Testing Situation and Space
Developmental Tester
Advantages
Disadvantages
Developmental Assessment Scale for Indian Infants (DASII)
Intelligence Tests
Precautions
Preparation
Normal Results
Parental Concerns
KEY TERMS
23:
Developmental Delay and Early Interventional Therapy-CDC Model
PREVENTABLE CAUSE OF DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
EARLY INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY
Study Objective
Design
Setting
Patients
Interventions
Measurement and Results
A. Head holding/Neck control
B. Sitting
C. Standing
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY—HOME THERAPY USING TDSC
Social Smile (Range—3 days to 2.7 months)
Eyes Follows Pen/Pencil (Range—33 days to 3.9 months)
Head Control (Range—33 days to 3.8 months)
Turn Over (Range—2.7 to 10 months)
Turning Head in the Direction of the Sound (Range—3 to 5.8 months)
Transfer of Object from Hand to Hand (Range—4.1 to 7 months)
Raises Self to Sitting Position (Range—5.8 to 11 months)
Standing up by the Furniture (Range—6.3 to 11 months)
Fine prehension pellet or Pincer-grasp (Range—6.7 to 10.9 months)
Pat-a-cake or Clapping Hands (Range—6.7 to 12.7 months)
Walk with Help (Range—7.7 to 13 months)
Throws Ball (Range — 9.5 to 16.7 months)
Walks Alone (Range — 9.9 to 17.7 months)
Says two-words (Range—11.2 to 19.1 months)
Walk Backwards (Range—12.2 to 19.5 months)
Walk Upstairs with Help (Range — 12.2 to 24.4 months)
Points to Parts of a Doll (Range — 15.3 to 24.4 months)
24:
Early Stimulation for Newborn LBW Babies
DEFINITION
AIMS OF EARLY STIMULATION
Why it is Important in Today's world?
IMPORTANCE OF EARLY STIMULATION
Early Intervention and Parents
WHO NEEDS EARLY STIMULATION?
OVER STIMULATION
Precautions
Points to be Remembered while Giving Stimulation
Safety Measures to be Taken While Giving Stimulation
NEWBORN STIMULATION IN NICU
MODIFICATIONS THAT CAN BE MADE IN NICU
After Discharge
The Waiting Guest
Babies Need Peace and Quiet
Babies Need ‘Walls’ Around them
Understand ‘Cues’
Newborn Stimulation at Home
Keep in Mind that
Vision
Bold Patterns with Strong Contrast
Making Faces
Moving Objects
Hearing
Playing Music
Talking and Imitation
Touch
Baby Massage
Setting
Technique
Rocking, Walking and Swinging
Touch-effect on Infants
25:
Early Stimulation Program
26:
Vision, Hearing and Speech
VISUAL DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT OF VISION IN CHILDHOOD
SIMPLE CLUES FOR DETECTING POOR VISION
NORMAL VISION DEVELOPMENT AND SIMPLE AGE APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES FOR STIMULATION OF VISION
Newborns
1-4 Months
4-8 Months
8-12 Months
1-2 Years
STYCAR VISION TESTS
Neonates
1-3 Months
3-6 Months
Near Vision
Testing for Peripheral Vision
Tests for Distant Vision
Graded Balls Test (Age 6 Months − 2½ years)
EARLY INTERVENTION FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED INFANTS
What can Mother do at Home?
A. Encouraging Exploration
B. Senses as Learnig Tool
C. Body Image
D. Concept Development
E. Object Performance
F. Gross Motor Development
G. Landmarks and Clues
H. Encouraging Independent Mobility at Home
SIMPLE CLUES FOR DETECTING HEARING PROBLEMS
RISK FACTORS FOR HEARING IMPAIRMENT
HEARING SCREENING
1. Stycar Hearing Test
2. Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE)
3. Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)
4. Portable Audiometer
EARLY INTERVENTION OF THE HEARING IMPAIRED
SPEECH AND LANGUAGE
Language Development upto 3 Years
SPEECH STIMULATION
Nurturing Language Development
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR TEACHERS/PARENTS/CAREGIVERS
0-2 Years
2 to 4 Years
4 to 6 Years
27:
Neurological Evaluation and Follow-up
AT RISK BABY CHART
ANGLE DETAILS
Adductor Angle
Heel to Ear
Popliteal Angle
Dorsiflexion Angle of the Foot
Scarf Sign
Therapy Based on Passive Exercises
DEVELOPMENTAL EVALUATION CLINIC
Components
Minimum Service to be Offered
Developmental Evaluation Clinic Case Record
28:
Cerebral Palsy
BIRTH ASPHYXIA AND CEREBRAL PALSY
Two Well Conducted Studies
CEREBRAL PALSY—MANAGEMENT ISSUES
Therapy in Cerebral Palsy
1. Postural Mechanisms (reflexes)
2. Abnormal Reflexes
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)
Neurodevelopment Treatment with Reflex Inhibition Facilitation (NDT)
29:
Mental Retardation
PRESCHOOL TESTS
NURSERY EVALUATION SCALE TRIVANDRUM (NEST)
Applicability-Age group 4-6 yrs
Domains covered under NEST–Total 69 items
Domains Covered Under NEST
NEST 1995 Research Form Items
Gross Motor Development
Fine Motor Development
Cognitive Development
Personal Social Development
Expressive Language Development
Receptive Language Development
THERAPY BASED ON NEST
Gross Motor Development
Fine Motor Development
Cognitive Development
Personal Social Development
Expressive Language Development
Receptive Language Development
Nursery School for Children needing Special Care
AUTISM
Common Signs and Symptoms of Autism
How is Autism Diagnosed?
Causes of Autism
Intervention
Program Procedure
30:
Low Birth Weight (A Priority for India)
SCOPE FOR PREVENTION
Theoretical Framework for a Developmental Model of intervention
31:
Prevention of Childhood Disability: A National Plan of Action
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND MATERIAL
Rationale
Kerala model for prevention of childhood disability
Aim
Methodology
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
TOC
Index
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