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Anemia in Pregnancy
SS Trivedi, Manju Puri
CHAPTER 1:
Anemia in Pregnancy: Magnitude of Problem
INTRODUCTION
PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA
EFFECT OF ANEMIA ON OBSTETRIC OUTCOME
WHAT CONSTITUTES ANEMIA?
WHY IS ANEMIA COMMON IN PREGNANCY?
INCREASED DEMANDS OF IRON IN PREGNANCY
DEFICIENT IRON STORES
DEFICIENT INTAKE OF IRON AND OTHER HEMATOPOIETIC FACTORS
CHRONIC AND ACUTE BLOOD LOSS
INFECTIONS
OTHER CAUSES OF ANEMIA
ERADICATION OF ANEMIA—CHALLENGES
PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES
IMPROVING DIET
IRON AND FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION
MULTIPLE MICRONUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT
FOOD FORTIFICATION
GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS
OTHER MEASURES
STRATEGIES TO ELIMINATE SEVERE ANEMIA
CONTROVERSIES AND CONCERNS
SHOULD SUPPLEMENTS BE GIVEN TO ALL PREGNANT WOMEN?
HIGH HEMOGLOBIN
CHAPTER 2:
Hematopoiesis
INTRODUCTION
REGULATION OF HEMATOPOIESIS
ERYTHROPOIESIS
ERYTHROID PROGENITORS
Colony-forming Unit Erythroid
Burst-forming Unit Erythroid
ERYTHROID PRECURSORS
Stages of Normoblastic Differentiation
MYELOPOIESIS (Fig. 2.1)
STAGES OF MYELOPOIESIS
Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band Forms
Segmented Granulocytes
Neutrophil Granule Development
MONOCYTE—MACROPHAGE SERIES
Monoblast
Promonocyte
Monocyte
LYMPHOPOIESIS
Lymphoblast
Prolymphocyte
Lymphocyte
Plasma Cell
MEGAKARYOPOIESIS
MEGAKARYOBLAST/ STAGE I MEGAKARYOCYTE
STAGE II MEGAKARYOCYTE
STAGE III/IV MEGAKARYOCYTE
PLATELETS
CHAPTER 3:
The Work–up of a Pregnant Woman with Anemia
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF ANEMIA
HISTORY
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
HEMATOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
HEMOGLOBIN ESTIMATION
PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR EXAMINATION
OTHER INVESTIGATIONS
CHAPTER 4:
Iron Deficiency Anemia of Pregnancy
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF ANEMIA
ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
DIETARY DEFICIENCY
POOR ABSORPTION
INFECTIONS
INCREASED DEMAND OF IRON
BLOOD LOSS
CLINICAL FEATURES
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
NORMAL VALUES OF RED CELL INDICES AND SERUM LEVELS OF ERYTHROPOIETIC FACTORS
MANAGEMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
DIETARY ADVICE
DRUG TREATMENT
ORAL IRON THERAPY
Newer Iron Preparations
Therapeutic Iron Therapy
Parenteral Iron Therapy
Preparations
Calculation of Iron Requirement
Technique of Giving Parenteral Iron
Response to Therapy
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 5:
Megaloblastic Anemia in Pregnancy
INTRODUCTION
INCIDENCE
PATHOGENESIS
RELATIONSHIP OF FOLIC ACID AND VITAMIN B12 IN THE SYNTHESIS OF DNA
ETIOLOGY
FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY
Vitamin B12 deficiency
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
LABORATORY WORK UP OF MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
TREATMENT
FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION
Vitamin B12 Supplementation
Parenteral Therapy
PREVENTION
CHAPTER 6:
Thalassemia in Pregnancy
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS OF HEMOGLOBIN
GENETIC CONTROL OF HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS
CLASSIFICATION OF THALASSEMIAS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THALASSEMIA
EFFECT OF THALASSEMIA ON PREGNANCY
b THALASSEMIA AND PREGNANCY
b Thalassemia Minor
b Thalassemia Major
a Thalassemia and pregnancy
Silent Carrier State and Pregnancy
a Thalassemia Trait and Pregnancy
HbH Disease and Pregnancy
Hb Bart's Disease and Pregnancy
DIAGNOSIS OF THALASSEMIA
INVESTIGATIONS
MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANCY WITH THALASSEMIA
a THALASSEMIA
b THALASSEMIA MINOR
b THALASSEMIA MAJOR
Preconception Considerations
Antenatal and Intranatal Considerations
Postpartum Considerations
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THALASSEMIAS
CHAPTER 7:
Hemolytic Anemia in Pregnancy
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
HISTORY AND EXAMINATION
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
COMPLETE BLOOD EXAMINATION WITH PERIPHERAL SMEAR
BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Blood Tests
Urinary Tests
Imaging Studies
Specific Tests
INHERITED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA CAUSED BY INHERITED ERYTHROCYTE DEFECTS
Membrane Defects of Red Blood Cells
Red Cell Enzyme Deficiencies
ACQUIRED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
IMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Alloimmune Hemolytic Anemia
MECHANICAL HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Causes of Mechanical Hemolytic Anemia
MISCELLANEOUS
HEMOLYSIS DUE TO INFECTIONS
DRUG-INDUCED HEMOLYSIS
Drug-induced Hemolytic Anemia
PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA
PREGNANCY-INDUCED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
CHAPTER 8:
Sickle Cell Anemia in Pregnancy
INTRODUCTION
PREVALENCE AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION
PATHOGENESIS OF SICKLING2
DIAGNOSIS AND LABORATORY FINDINGS2
EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON SICKLE CELL DISEASE
EFFECT OF SICKLE CEEL DISEASE ON PREGNANCY
MANAGEMENT OF PREGNANCY WITH SICKLE CELL DISEASE
ANTEPARTUM CARE8,9
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS2
INTRAPARTUM MANAGEMENT6
POSTPARTUM MANAGEMENT9
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS DURING ANTEPARTUM PERIOD AND THEIR MANAGEMENT3
Urinary Tract Infection
Sickle Cell Pain Episode3
Acute Chest Syndrome3
Sequestration Crises
TRANSFUSION THERAPY IN PREGNANCY3
Indications for Transfusion11
NEONATAL SCREENING2
CONTRACEPTIVES9
FUTURE THERAPY
CHAPTER 9:
Aplastic Anemia in Pregnancy
INTRODUCTION
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS OF APLASTIC ANEMIA DURING PREGNANCY
IMBALANCE OF FACTORS INFLUENCING ERYTHROPOIESIS
PRODUCTION OF AN INHIBITOR OR ABSENCE OF A STIMULATOR OF HEMATOPOIESIS
MARROW DYSFUNCTION DURING PREGNANCY
TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP
A COINCIDENCE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
INCIDENCE
CLINICAL FEATURES
HISTORY
EXAMINATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
WORKUP OF A PATIENT OF APLASTIC ANEMIA
LAB STUDIES
COMPLICATIONS
MANAGEMENT
PROGNOSIS
PATIENT EDUCATION
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 10:
Severe Anemia in Pregnancy
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
CAUSES OF SEVERE ANEMIA
PREVALENCE
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
EFFECTS ON MOTHER
EFFECTS ON FETUS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
TYPE OF BLOOD TO BE TRANSFUSED
Role of Exchange Transfusion
MANAGEMENT OF WELL COMPENSATED SEVERELY ANEMIC PATIENT IN LABOR
MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ANEMIA IN LABOR WITH CARDIAC FAILURE
DURING POST PARTUM PERIOD
APPENDIX*
INDEX
TOC
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