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Textbook of Ophthalmology
HV Nema, Nitin Nema
CHAPTER 1:
Anatomy of the Eyeball
ANATOMY
Blood Supply of Eyeball
Nerve Supply of Eyeball
DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE
Development of Lens
Optic Stalk and Optic Fissure
Ocular Adnexa
CHAPTER 2:
Physiology of the Eye
AQUEOUS HUMOR
Formation of Aqueous Humor
Circulation of Aqueous Humor
Trabecular Outflow
Uveoscleral Outflow
Intraocular Pressure
METABOLISM OF OCULAR TISSUES
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) Shunt or Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Sorbitol Pathway
PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
CHAPTER 3:
Neurology of Vision
VISUAL PATHWAY
PUPILLARY PATHWAYS AND REACTIONS
Light Reflex
Near Reflex
Convergence Reflex
Accommodation Reflex
Psychosensory Reflex
EXAMINATION OF PUPIL
CHAPTER 4:
Elementary Optics
LIGHT
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
Plane Mirror
Curved Mirror
Concave Mirror
Convex Mirror
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Laws of Refraction
DISPERSION OF LIGHT
Prisms
Lenses
System of Lenses
CHAPTER 5:
Physiological Optics
ABERRATION IN RETINAL IMAGES
CHAPTER 6:
Errors of Refraction
MYOPIA
Types of Myopia
Developmental Myopia
Simple Myopia
Pathological Myopia
Clinical Features
Treatment
HYPERMETROPIA (HYPEROPIA)
Types of Hypermetropia
Clinical Features
Treatment
ASTIGMATISM
Types of Astigmatism
Regular Astigmatism
Clinical Features
Irregular Astigmatism
Treatment
ANISOMETROPIA
Treatment
ASTHENOPIA
Treatment
CHAPTER 7:
Determination of the Refraction
AUTOREFRACTOMETERS
RETINOSCOPY
KERATOMETRY (OPHTHALMOMETRY)
SUBJECTIVE VERIFICATION OF REFRACTION
CORRECTION OF NEAR VISION
PRESCRIPTION OF SPECTACLES
Types and Fitting of Spectacles
CONTACT LENSES
Special Types of Contact Lenses
Optics of Contact Lens
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
CHAPTER 8:
Accommodation and its Anomalies
ACCOMMODATION
ANOMALIES OF ACCOMMODATION
Presbyopia
Clinical Features
Treatment
Insufficiency of Accommodation
Paralysis of Accommodation
Spasm of Accommodation
CHAPTER 9:
Examination of the Eye
HISTORY-TAKING
EXAMINATION OF THE EYE
Examination of the Conjunctiva
Examination of the Lacrimal Apparatus
Syringing
Examination of the Cornea
Corneal Topography
Staining of Cornea with Vital Dyes
Corneal Opacities
Vascularization of Cornea
Esthesiometry
Slit-lamp Examination of Cornea
Specular Microscopy
Corneal Pachymetry
Examination of the Sclera
Examination of the Anterior Chamber
The Angle of the Anterior Chamber
van Herick's Slit-lamp Grading
Grading
Examination of the Iris
Examination of the Pupil
Pupillary Light Reactions
Examination of the Lens
Ocular Tension
Technique of Recording Ocular Tension
Transillumination
Ophthalmoscopic Examination or Ophthalmoscopy
Distant Direct Ophthalmoscopy
Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
Direct Ophthalmoscopy
Biomicroscopic Ophthalmoscopy
Fundus Oculi
Optic Disk
Macula
Retinal Vessels
General Fundus
Hemorrhages
Exudates
Drusen
Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Abnormal Pigmentation
Chorioretinal Lesions
Microaneurysms
Neovascularization
Tumors
Retinal Detachment
Examination of Retinal Functions
Visual Acuity
Contrast Sensitivity Test
Potential Acuity Tests
Near Vision
Malingering
Color Vision
Field of Vision
Advantages of Automated Perimetry over Manual Perimetry
Limitations of Automated Perimetry
Macular Function Tests
Photostress Test
Fluorescein Angiography
Indocyanine Green Angiography
Electrophysiological Tests
Electroretinogram
Electrooculogram
Visual Evoked Potential
Examination of the Orbit
Exophthalmometry
Ultrasonography (Echography)
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Optical Coherence Tomography
Radiography
Tomography
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
CHAPTER 10:
Ocular Therapeutics
CHOICE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT
MODES OF ADMINISTRATION
Topical Therapy
Subconjunctival Therapy
Sub-Tenon Therapy
Retrobulbar Therapy
Peribulbar Therapy
Intracameral and Intravitreal Therapy
Iontophoresis
Systemic Route
CHEMOTHERAPY
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole)
Antibiotics
Mechanisms of Action and Classification
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Macrolides
Lincosamide
Aminoglycoside Antibiotics
Polypeptides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Fluoroquinolones
Antifungal Agents
Sulfa Drugs and Silver Preparations
Polyene Antibiotics
Azole Derivatives
Antiviral Agents
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
Corticosteroids
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Systemic NSAIDs
Topical NSAIDs
ANTIALLERGIC AGENTS
Mast-Cell Stabilizers
Antihistamines
Multiple Action Agents
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS
DRUGS ACTING UPON INTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
Mydriatic and Cycloplegic Drugs
Parasympatholytic Drugs
Sympathomimetic Drugs
Miotic Drugs
Parasympathomimetic Miotics
ANTIGLAUCOMA DRUGS
Antimetabolites
VISCOELASTIC SUBSTANCES
OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC DRUGS
CHAPTER 11:
Diseases of the Conjunctiva
ANATOMY
DISEASES OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
Symptomatic Conditions of the Conjunctiva
INFLAMMATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA (CONJUNCTIVITIS)
Infectious Conjunctivitis
Chronic Conjunctivitis
Follicular Conjunctivitis
Granulomatous Conjunctivitis
Allergic Conjunctivitis
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE CONJUNCTIVA
CYSTS AND TUMORS OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
Cysts of the Conjunctiva
Tumors of the Conjunctiva
Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors
CHAPTER 12:
Diseases of the Cornea
ANATOMY
DISEASES OF THE CORNEA
Inflammation of the Cornea
Ulcerative Keratitis
Specific Types of Bacterial Corneal Ulcers
Viral Corneal Ulcers
Fungal Corneal Ulcer
Corneal Ulcer Associated with Malnutrition
Nonulcerative Keratitis
Superficial Keratitis
Viral Keratitis
Protozoal Keratitis
Traumatic Keratitis
Keratitis Secondary to Diseases of Conjunctiva
Deep Keratitis
DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS OF THE CORNEA
Hereditary Corneal Dystrophies
Epithelial Corneal Dystrophies
Stromal Corneal Dystrophies
Endothelial Corneal Dystrophies
Ectatic Corneal Dystrophies
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE CORNEA
SYMPTOMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE CORNEA
CHAPTER 13:
Diseases of the Sclera
ANATOMY
INFLAMMATION OF THE SCLERA
STAPHYLOMAS
Blue Sclera
CHAPTER 14:
Diseases of the Uveal Tract
ANATOMY
Iris
Ciliary Body
Choroid
Blood Supply of the Uveal Tract
Nerve Supply of the Uveal Tract
DISEASES OF THE UVEAL TRACT
INFLAMMATION OF THE UVEAL TRACT (UVEITIS)
Sources of Uveal Inflammation
HLA and Uveitis
Pathology
Anterior Uveitis (Iridocyclitis)
Posterior Uveitis (Choroiditis)
Nonsuppurative Posterior Uveitis
Suppurative or Purulent Uveitis
Infectious Uveitis
Bacterial Uveitis
Posterior Uveitis
Spirochetal Uveitis
Viral Uveitis
Congenital Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
Acquired Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease
Fungal Uveitis
Parasitic Uveitis
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Acquired Toxoplasmosis
Lens-Induced Uveitis
Uveitis of Unknown Etiology
Sympathetic Ophthalmitis
Retinochoroidopathies
Uveitis Associated with Systemic Diseases
Uveitis Associated with Joint Disorders
Uveitis associated with Skin Disorder
Uveitis Associated with Respiratory Disorder
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE UVEAL TRACT
Choroid
Detachment of the Choroid
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE UVEAL TRACT
NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS
CHAPTER 15:
Glaucoma
ANATOMY OF THE ANGLE
Trabecular outflow
Schlemm's Canal
Uveoscleral Outflow
Visualization of the Angle of the Anterior Chamber
Classification of Glaucomas
Terminology
PRIMARY CONGENITAL GLAUCOMAS
Juvenile or Childhood Glaucoma (Late Onset Primary Congenital Glaucoma)
Developmental Glaucoma Associated with Congenital Anomalies
PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Etiology
Risk Factors of POAG
Clinical Features
Causes of Optic Nerve Damage in Glaucoma
Visual Field Defects
Normal Tension Glaucoma
Ocular Hypertension
Diagnosis of POAG
Treatment
OCULAR HYPOTENSIVE AGENTS
Cholinergic Drugs
Adrenergic Drugs
Beta-blockers
Prostaglandins
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Cholinergic Drugs
Adrenergic Agonist
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists or Beta-Blockers
Prostaglandins (Hypotensive Lipids)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Surgery for POAG
Laser Trabeculoplasty
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Risk Factors for Developing PACG
Ocular Biometrics
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment of Acute Congestive Stage
Hyperosmotic Agents
Surgery
Treatment of Chronic Congestive Glaucoma
Treatment of Absolute Glaucoma
PACG with Plateau Iris
SECONDARY GLAUCOMAS
Classification
Glaucoma due to Uveitis
Phacogenic Glaucoma
Traumatic Glaucoma
Glaucoma Associated with Intraocular Hemorrhage
Postoperative Glaucoma
Glaucoma Associated wih Nonrhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Glaucoma Associated with Elevated Episcleral Venous Pressure
Neovascular Glaucoma
Glaucoma Associated with Intraocular Tumors
Pigmentary Glaucoma
Steroid Induced Glaucoma
Epidemic Dropsy Glaucoma or Toxic Glaucoma
CHAPTER 16:
Diseases of the Lens
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
DISEASES OF THE LENS
CATARACT
Morphological Classification
Etiological Classification
Developmental Cataract
Punctate Cataract
Anterior Polar Cataract
Posterior Polar Cataract
Central Nuclear Cataract
Sutural Cataract (Stellate cataract)
Coralliform Cataract
Zonular Cataract (Lamellar or Perinuclear Cataract)
Coronary Cataract
Complete or Total Cataract
Membranous Cataract
Treatment of Developmental Cataract
Acquired Cataract
Senile Cataract
Senile Cortical Cataract
Posterior Subcapsular Cataract
Senile Nuclear Cataract
Complicated Cataract
Traumatic Cataract
Metabolic Cataract
Dermatogenic Cataract
Cataract Associated with Maternal Infections
Drug induced Cataract (Toxic Cataract)
Cataract Associated with Systemic Diseases
Evaluation and Treatment of Cataract
Management
APHAKIA
AFTER CATARACT OR SECONDARY CATARACT
DISLOCATION OR SUBLUXATION OF LENS
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE LENS
CHAPTER 17:
Diseases of the Vitreous
ANATOMY
DISEASES OF THE VITREOUS
Vitreous Opacities
Asteroid Hyalosis
Synchysis Scintillans
Amyloidosis
Degeneration and Detachment of Vitreous
Vitreous Bands and Membranes
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
Hemorrhage in the Vitreous
Parasites in the Vitreous
Prepapillary Vascular Loops
CHAPTER 18:
Diseases of the Retina
ANATOMY
DISEASES OF THE RETINA
CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE RETINA
Coloboma of the Retina
Opaque Nerve Fibers
Congenital Pigmentation of the Retina
VASCULAR DISORDERS OF THE RETINA
Hyperemia of the Retina
Anemia of the Retina
Edema of the Retina
Retinal Hemorrhages
Coats’ Disease
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Ischemic Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Nonischemic Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (Lyle-Wybar Syndrome)
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
VASCULAR RETINOPATHIES
Diabetic Retinopathy
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Macular Edema
Diabetic Maculopathy
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Treatment
Arteriosclerotic Retinopathy
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Renal Retinopathy
Retinopathy in Toxemia of Pregnancy
Lupus Erythematosus Retinopathy
Retinal Changes in Blood Dyscrasia
Retinopathy in Anemia
Sickle-cell Retinopathy
Retinopathy in Leukemia
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE RETINA
Retinitis
Syphilitic Retinitis
Retinal Lesions in AIDS
Eales’ Disease
Central Serous Choroidopathy
Photoretinitis
DRUG-INDUCED MACULOPATHY
Chloroquine Maculopathy
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE RETINA
Age-related Macular Degeneration (Senile Macular Degeneration)
Non-neovascular AMD
Neovascular AMD
Angioid Streaks
Peripheral Retinal Degeneration
Lattice Degeneration
Snail-track Degeneration
Degenerative Retinoschisis
Primary Pigmentary Retinal Degeneration
Atypical Retinitis Pigmentosa
Secondary Pigmentary Retinopathy
MACULAR DYSTROPHIES
Juvenile Retinoschisis
Cone Dystrophy
Stargardt's Macular Dystrophy
Fundus Flavimaculatus
Familial Dominant Drusen
Best's Vitelliform Dystrophy
NEW FORMATIONS IN THE RETINA
Phacomatoses
DETACHMENT OF THE RETINA
Rhegmatogenous RD
Nonrhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Exudative Retinal Detachment
Tractional Retinal Detachment
CHAPTER 19:
Diseases of the Optic Nerve
ANATOMY
Optic Nerve
Blood Supply of Optic Nerve
DISEASES OF THE OPTIC NERVE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE OPTIC NERVE
Coloboma of the Optic Disk
Congenital Pit of the Optic Disk
Hypoplasia of the Optic Nerve
Morning Glory Syndrome
Optic Disk Drusen
VASCULAR DISTURBANCES OF THE OPTIC NERVE
Papilledema or Edema of the Optic Nerve Head (Choked Disk)
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
INFLAMMATION OF THE OPTIC NERVE (OPTIC NEURITIS)
Papillitis
Retrobulbar Neuritis
Acute Retrobulbar Neuritis
Course
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Neuroretinitis
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Toxic Amblyopia
Tobacco Amblyopia
Methyl Alcohol Amblyopia
Quinine Amblyopia
Ethambutol Amblyopia
DEGENERATION OF THE OPTIC NERVE (OPTIC ATROPHY)
Classification of Optic Atrophy
Primary Optic Atrophy
Secondary Optic Atrophy
Ascending Optic Atrophy
Descending Optic Atrophy
Etiological Classification of Optic Atrophy
TUMORS OF THE OPTIC NERVE
CHAPTER 20:
Lesions of the Visual Pathway
LESIONS OF THE VISUAL PATHWAY
Lesions of the Retina
Lesions of the Optic Nerve
Lesions of the Optic Chiasma
Lesions of the Optic Tract
Lesions of the Lateral Geniculate Body
Lesions of the Optic Radiations
Lesions of the Visual Cortex
SYMPTOMATIC VISUAL DISTURBANCES
Amblyopia
Amaurosis
Loss of Vision
Sudden Painless Loss of Vision
Gradual Painless Loss of Vision
Sudden Painful Loss of Vision
Migraine
Night-blindness
Day-blindness
Colored Vision (Chromatopsia)
Color Blindness
Classification
CHAPTER 21:
Intraocular Tumors
TUMORS OF THE IRIS
Nevus of the Iris
Malignant Melanoma of the Iris
TUMORS OF THE CILIARY BODY
Malignant Melanoma of the Ciliary Body
TUMORS OF THE CHOROID
Nevus
Melanocytoma
Hemangioma
Malignant Melanoma of the Choroid
RETINOBLASTOMA
METASTATIC TUMORS
CHAPTER 22:
Injury to the Eye
OCULAR INJURIES
EXTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODIES
NONPENETRATING INJURIES (BLUNT TRAUMA)
Cornea
Anterior Chamber
Sclera
Pupil, Iris and Ciliary Body
Lens
Intraocular Pressure
Vitreous
Choroid
Retina
Optic Nerve
Blunt Trauma to the Ocular Adnexa
BLOW-OUT FRACTURE OF THE ORBIT
Diagnosis
Treatment
Fracture Base of Skull involving Optic Nerve
IMPALEMENT INJURIES
PENETRATING INJURIES
Wound of the Conjunctiva
Wounds of the Cornea
Wounds of the Sclera
Wounds of the Lens
Open Globe Injury
Penetrating Wounds with Retention of Foreign Bodies
Entrance of foreign body
Site of Lodgement of Foreign Body
Metallic Foreign Bodies
Inert Foreign Bodies
Nonmetallic Foreign Bodies
Diagnosis and Localization of Intraocular FB
Treatment
Inert FB
Magnetic FB
Nonmagnetic FB
Sympathetic Ophthalmitis (Sympathetic Uveitis or Sympathetic Ophthalmia)
Risk Factors
Onset
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Prophylaxis
Treatment
CHEMICAL INJURIES
Alkali Burns
Acid Burns
Treatment
Medical
Surgical
Prognosis
Lacrimatory Agents
INJURIES DUE TO PHYSICAL AGENTS
Thermal burns
Electrical Injuries
Radiation Injuries
CHAPTER 23:
Disorders of Ocular Motility: Strabismus
ANATOMY OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
Rectus Muscles
Oblique Muscles
Nerve Supply
Blood Supply
OCULAR MOVEMENTS
Terminology of Ocular Movements
Positions of Gaze
Actions of Extraocular Muscles
Agonist, Synergist and Antagonist
Yoke Muscles
BINOCULAR MOVEMENTS
BINOCULAR VISION
Grades of Binocular Vision
Development of Binocular Vision
STRABISMUS (SQUINT)
Classification of Strabismus
Pseudostrabismus
Incomitant Strabismus (Paralytic Strabismus)
Neurogenic Causes
Myogenic Causes
Mechanical Causes
Clinical Features
Postparalytic Secondary Changes in Extraocular Muscles
Investigations
Treatment
Comitant Strabismus
Types
Heterophoria
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Heterotropia
Types
Esodeviation
Types of Esodeviation
Exodeviation
Vertical Deviations
A and V-Patterns
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Measurement of Angle of Deviation
Determining the Type of Fixation
Synoptophore Examination
Treatment
NYSTAGMUS
Etiology
CHAPTER 24:
Diseases of the Lids
ANATOMY
Eyelid
Eyelid Margin
Layers of the Eyelid
Glands of the Eyelid
Blood Supply of the Eyelid
Nerve Supply of the Eyelid
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE LIDS
EDEMA OF THE LIDS
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIDS
Blepharitis
Squamous Blepharitis
Ulcerative Blepharitis
INFLAMMATION OF THE GLANDS OF THE LIDS
Stye (Hordeolum Externum)
Hordeolum Internum
Chalazion
DEFORMITIES OF THE LID MARGIN AND PALPEBRAL APERTURE
Trichiasis
Entropion
Ectropion
Symblepharon
Ankyloblepharon
Blepharophimosis
Blepharospasm
Essential blepharospasm
Reflex Blepharospasm
Lagophthalmos
Ptosis (Blepharoptosis)
Work Up History
TUMORS OF THE LIDS
Benign Tumors
Nevus
Hemangioma
Papilloma
Xanthelasma
Molluscum Contagiosum
Neurofibromatosis
Malignant Tumors
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Sebaceous Adenocarcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
CHAPTER 25:
Diseases of the Lacrimal Apparatus
ANATOMY
Lacrimal gland
Lacrimal Passage
DISEASES OF THE LACRIMAL GLAND
Dacryoadenitis
Types
Acute Dacryoadenitis
Chronic Dacryoadenitis
Mikulicz's Syndrome
Neoplasia of the Lacrimal Gland
PRECORNEAL TEAR FILM
Functions of Tear Film
Drainage of Tears (Lacrimal Pump)
Watering or Tearing
Hyperlacrimation
Epiphora
DRY EYE SYNDROME
Etiology and Types
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Tests
Management
DISEASES OF LACRIMAL PASSAGE
Obstruction of Lacrimal Passage
Work-up
Patency of the Lacrimal Passage
Eversion of the Lower Punctum
Occlusion of the Punctum and Canaliculus
DISEASES OF THE LACRIMAL SAC
Congenital Dacryocystitis
Dacryocystitis in Adults
Acute Dacryocystitis
Chronic Dacryocystitis
Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac
CHAPTER 26:
Diseases of the Orbit
ANATOMY
Walls of the Orbit
Apertures of the Orbit
The Orbital Fascia
Blood Supply
Surgical Spaces of Orbit
DISEASES OF THE ORBIT
CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE ORBIT
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE ORBIT
Preseptal Orbital Cellulitis
Periostitis
Orbital Cellulitis
Fungal Orbital Cellulitis
Parasitic Diseases of the Orbit
Trichinosis
Cysticercosis
Echinococcosis
Diseases of Paranasal Sinuses involving Orbit
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation or Pseudotumor of the Orbit
GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY
Etiology
PROPTOSIS
Pulsating Exophthalmos
Intermittent Proptosis
Workup
History
Pseudoproptosis
ENOPHTHALMOS
TUMORS OF THE ORBIT
Rhabdomyosarcoma
CHAPTER 27:
Operations upon the Eyeball and its Adnexa
ANESTHESIA
Local Anesthesia
Akinesia
SURGERY ON THE LID
Stye
Chalazion
Entropion
Ectropion
Ptosis
SURGERY ON THE CONJUNCTIVA
Peritomy
Pterygium Surgery
OPERATIONS UPON THE CORNEA
Keratectomy
Keratoplasty
Refractive Surgery
Surgical Correction of Myopia
Surgical Correction of Hypermetropia
PARACENTESIS
OPERATIONS UPON THE IRIS
Iridectomy
Iridectomy for Occlusio Pupillae and Updrawn Pupil
Iridotomy
SURGERY FOR DEVELOPMENTAL GLAUCOMA
Goniotomy
Trabeculotomy
SURGERY FOR PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Laser Iridotomy
Laser Gonioplasty or Peripheral Iridoplasty
Incisional Surgery for PACG
Peripheral Iridectomy
Basal Iridectomy
Chamber Deepening and Goniosynechialysis
Trabeculectomy
Combined Glaucoma and Cataract Surgery
SURGERY FOR PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty
Filtration Operations
Trabeculectomy
Nonpenetrating Glaucoma Surgery
SURGERY FOR SECONDARY GLAUCOMAS
Setons
Cycloablative Procedures
SURGERY FOR CONGENITAL CATARACT
Aspiration
Lensectomy
Correction of Pediatric Aphakia
SURGERY FOR SENILE CATARACT
Preoperative Evaluation
Visual Functions
Macular Function Tests
Slit-lamp Examination
Ultrasonography
Electrophysiological Tests
Measurements
Informed Consent
Preoperative Preparation
Types of Cataract Extraction
Intracapsular Cataract Extraction
Extracapsular Cataract Extraction
Intracapsular Cataract Extraction
Extracapsular Cataract Extraction
Postoperative Care
Small Incision Cataract Surgery
Phacoemulsification
Complications of Cataract Surgery
Intraoperative Complications
Postoperative Complications
Early Postoperative Complications
Late Postoperative Complications
Intraocular Lens Implantation
Types of IOL Implantation
Anterior Chamber Lenses
Posterior Chamber Lenses
PARS PLANA SURGERY
Indications
RETINAL REATTACHMENT SURGERY
Prognosis
Complications
EVISCERATION OF THE EYEBALL
Indications
Procedure
ENUCLEATION OF THE EYEBALL
Indications
Procedure
EXENTERATION OF THE ORBIT
STRABISMUS SURGERY
Recession of Medial Rectus
Resection of Lateral Rectus
Complications
SURGERY OF THE LACRIMAL PASSAGE
Syringing
Probing
Balloon Dacryoplasty
Lacrimal Intubation
Dacryocystectomy
Dacryocystorhinostomy
Other Procedures
CRYOTHERAPY OR CRYOPEXY
Mode of Action
Indications
LASER THERAPY
Photocoagulation
Photodisruption
Photoablation
Photodynamic Therapy
CHAPTER 28:
Ocular Manifestations of Diseases of the Central Nervous System
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Brain Abscess
Neurosyphilis
DEMYELINATING DISEASES
Multiple Sclerosis
Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic's Disease)
Diffuse Sclerosis (Schilder's Disease)
VASCULAR LESIONS
Intracranial Aneurysms
Vascular Occlusion
Hemorrhage
HEAD INJURIES
INTRACRANIAL TUMORS
Temporal Lobe Tumors
Parietal Lobe Tumors
Occipital Lobe Tumors
Tumors of the Brainstem
Cerebellar Tumours
Chiasmal and Pituitary Tumors
DISORDERS OF CRANIAL NERVES
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Paroxysmal Facial Pain)
Bell's Palsy
Ocular Motor Nerve Palsies
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
Ocular Myopathy
Wilson's Disease
CHAPTER 29:
Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Disorders
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES
INFECTIVE DISEASES
PARASITIC INFESTATIONS
INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM
CHAPTER 30:
Community Ophthalmology
BLINDNESS
Definition
Global Blindness
Economical Impact
Causes of Blindness
Age and Blindness
Childhood Blindness
Blindness in Adults
BLINDNESS IN INDIA
Childhood Blindness in India
Adulthood Blindness in India
Old Age Blindness in India
Factors Influencing the Prevalence of Blindness in India
CONTROL OF BLINDNESS
Vision 2020
Disease Prevention and Control
Human Resource Development
Infrastructure and Appropriate Technology Development
Mobilization of Resources
BLINDNESS CONTROL PROGRAM IN INDIA
Health Education Program
Training Program
Disease Priority
National Program for Control of Blindness
Primary Eye Care
Secondary Eye Care
Tertiary Eye Care
Apex Center
Mobile Surgical Units
Vision 2020 in India
Infrastructure Support for Primary Eye Care
Human Resource Development and Training
Models of Service Delivery and Community Participation
Rehabilitation
APPENDIX OPHTHALMIC INSTRUMENTS
1. Eye Speculums
1.1. Barraquer's Wire Speculum
1.2. Sauer's Infant Speculum
1.3. Clark's Speculumd
2. Retractors
2.1. Möller's Lacrimal Retractor
2.2. Stevenson's Lacrimal Sac Retractor
2.3. Cat's Paw Retractor
2.4. Dastoor's Iris Retractor
2.5. Desmarres' Retractor
2.6 Schepen's Orbital Retractor
3. Foreign Body Spuds
3.1. Ellis Foreign Body Spud
3.2. Foreign Body Spud and Gouge
4. Knives
4.1. von Graefe's Cataract Knife
4.2. Diamond Knives
4.3. Ziegler's Knife
4.4. Tooke's Knife
4.5. Bard-Parker Knife
5. Blades and Keratomes
5.1. Super Sharp Blade
5.2. Tunnel Blade
5.3 Stiletto Blade
5.4. Keratome
5.5. Blunt Tip Keratome
6. Dissectors
6.1. Paton's Corneal Dissector
6.2. Dastoor's Lacrimal Sac Dissector (Blunt)
6.3. Lang's Lacrimal Sac Dissector (Sharp)
7. Forceps
7.1. Fixation Forceps
7.2. Dastoor's Superior Rectus Forceps
7.3. Moorfield's Forceps
7.4. Wills Hospital Utility Forceps
7.5. McPherson Corneal Forceps
7.6. St. Martin Forceps
7.7. Barraquer Colibri Forceps
7.8. Kirby's Iris Forceps
7.9. Bishop-Harmon Forceps
7.10. Lim's Forceps
7.11. Utrata's Capsulorhexis Forceps
7.12. Intracapsular Forceps
7.13. Intraocular Lens Insertion Forceps
7.14. Lens Folding Forceps
7.15. Jaffe's Suture Tying Forceps
7.16. Jewelers Forceps
7.17. Vitreous Forceps
7.18. Hartman's Mosquito Forceps
7.19. Jameson's Muscle Forceps
7.20. Epilation Forceps or Beer's Cilia Forceps
8. Clamps
8.1. Backhaus and Baby Jones towel clamps
8.2. Berke's Ptosis Clamp
8.3. Snellen's Entropion Clamp
8.4. Lambert's Chalazion Clamp
9. Scissors
9.1. McPherson-Westcott scissors
9.2. Jaffe's Stitch Scissors
9.3. Westcott's Tenotomy Scissors
9.4. Knapp's Strabismus Scissors
9.5. Castroviejo's Corneal Scissors
9.6. de Wecker's Scissors
9.7. Vannas Scissors
9.8. Vitreous Scissors
9.9. Enucleation Scissors
10. Hooks, Expressors and Lens Manipulators
10.1. von Graefe's Muscle Hook
10.2. Jameson's Muscle Hook
10.3. Chavasse's Muscle Hook
10.4. Sinskey's Lens Manipulating Hook
10.5. Little's No-Hole Lens Manipulator
10.6. Kuglen Hook
10.7. Agarwal's Chopper and Rotator
10.8. Kirby's Lens Expressor
10.9. Rosen's Phaco Splitter
11. Spatula, Spoon and Scoop
11.1. Dastoor's Iris Spatula
11.2. Castroviejo's Cyclodialysis Spatula
11.3. Stallard's Lid or Ptosis Spatula
11.4. Jaeger's Lid Plate
11.5. Mule's Evisceration Spoon
11.6. Wells' Enucleation Spoon (Guide)
11.7. Meyerhoefer's Chalazion Scoop
12. Needles, Canulas and Cystotome
12.1. Atkinson's Needle
12.2. Short Needle
12.3. Simcoe Irrigation-Aspiration Canula
12.4. Rycroft's Anterior Chamber Canula
12.5. Blumenthal's Canula
12.6. Lacrimal Canula
12.7. Cystotome
13. Drews' Irrigating Vectis
14. Needle Holders
14.1. Arruga's Needle Holder
14.2. Kalt's Needle Holder
14.3. McPherson's Needle Holder
14.4. Troutman's Needle Holder
15. Barraquer's Blade Breaker
16. Trephines and Punches
16.1. Elliot's Scleral Trephine
16.2. Castroviejo's Corneal Trephine
16.3. Holth's Corneoscleral Punch
16.4. Kelly's Punch
17. Calipers and Markers
17.1. Castroviejo's Calipers
17.2. Osher's Incision Calipers
17.3. LASIK Marker
17.4. Thornton's Optical Zone Marker
18. Kansas' Lens Loop
19. Nightingale's Capsule Polisher
20. Shepard's Fixation Ring
21. Dastoor's Keratoplasty Spatula
22. Tudor-Thomas Corneal Graft Stand
23. Harm's Trabeculotome
24. McPherson's Curved Bipolar Forceps
25. Ball-point Cautery
26. Nettleship's Punctum and Canaliculus Dilator
27. Bowman's Lacrimal Probes
28. West's Lacrimal Chisel
29. Mallet's Hammer
30. Traquair's Periosteal Elevator
31. Citeli Bone Nibbler or Bone Punch
32. Complete Surgical Sets
32.1. Instruments used for Chalazion Surgery
32.2. Instruments Used for Lid Surgery
32.3. Instruments Used for Pterygium Surgery
32.4. Instruments Used for Corneal Transplantation
32.5. Instruments Used for Removal of Superficially Lodged Foreign Body
32.6. Instruments Used for Lasik Surgery
32.7. Instruments Used for Glaucoma Surgery
32.8. Instruments Used for Intracapsular Cataract Extraction
32.9. Instruments Used for Extracapsular Cataract Surgery
32.10. Instruments Used for Intraocular Lens Implantation
32.11. Instruments Used for Small Incision Cataract Surgery
32.12. Instruments Used for Phacoemulsification
32.13. Instruments Used for Vitreoretinal Surgery
32.14. Instruments Used for Strabismus Surgery
INDEX
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