Anaesthesia: Loss of all types of sensation and feelings.
Analgesia: Insensibility to pain or loss of pain sensation without loss of consciousness.
General anaesthesia: Anaesthesia of the whole body.
Inhalation anaesthesia: General anaesthesia induced by the inhaling of gaseous or volatile liquid, anaesthetic agent.
Intravenous anaesthesia: General anaesthesia induced by the introduction of anaesthetic agent into the bloodstream by injection into a vein.
Local anaesthesia or better to say local analgesia: Anaesthesia of a circumscribed area of the body, which causes loss of pain sensation.
Surface anaesthesia: Local anaesthesia produced by the application of an agent intraorally before injection to relief pain.
Infiltration anaesthesia: Local anaesthesia produced by the infiltration anaesthetic agent into the surrounding tissue.
Supraperiosteal or paraperiosteal anaesthesia: This is a specialised technique recommended by Mendel Nevin. Nevin explained the supraperiosteal in this context is not appropriate. He also narrate this can be anywhere between the surface of mucosa and the outer side of periosteum. In this technique the solution is infiltrated either into deep submucosal layer or outside the periosteum. According to the point of view Nevin explained the term paraperiosteum that means along the periosteum.3
Intraosseous: It is the method of infiltrating local anaesthetic solution directly deposited into the cancellous bone.
Intraseptal anaesthesia: Insertion of the anaesthetic needle in between the teeth into the septal bone depositing anaesthetic solution slowly.
Intraligamental local anaesthesia: This method is popularised by Stanley F Malamed. A fine gauge needle directly inserted into the periodontal membrane and deposition of local anaesthetic solution very slowly.
Electronic dental anaesthesia: An aggressively marketed techniques based on the principles of transcutaneous electrical nerve simulation (TENS). Uses electrodes, buccally and lingually, which carry a minute electrical current to interfere with local nerve conduction and hence pain appreciation. May be of value in restorative procedures and others not requiring the profound analgesia or vasoconstrictive effects of LA.
Regional block anaesthesia: The solution is deposited around a nerve trunk and will cause anaesthesia to tissues within the distribution of the nerve peripheral to the point of block administration. In dentistry, there are several nerve block techniques.
Paraesthesia: Altered sensation like tingling, numbness.
Dysaesthesia: Altered sensation or defective sensation other than pain-like burning and phantom feelings.4
Paraesis: Incomplete paralysis denoting neuromascular deficit.
Paralysis: Loss of motor function in a particular part of the body.
Hyperaesthesia: Excessive sensitivity.
Verrill's sign: Intravenous injection of diazepam and its effect of assessment assay by the adequate doses of drugs showing drooping of the upper eyelid in a position halfway across the pupil. It is indicates the maximum sedative dose has been administered. The sedative effect of drugs usually lasts about 45 minutes.
Panperiosteal anaesthesia: Recommended by Nevin's the technique of anaesthetist all the maxillary teeth by inserting needle horizontally at the canine fossa and passing the needle further to the opposite side. It is one of the variation of infiltration and supraperiosteal anaesthesia. The same method of Nevin's technique also may be applicable to mandibular incisors. After depositing the solution gentle massage for enhance absorption of the drug is necessary.
Jet injection or jet injector: In 1947, Figge introduce this injection on the basis of principles of injection since 1853. The use of jet injection reported by Margetis et al in dentistry in the year 1958.
Jet injection is based on the principle that liquids force through very small opening called jets, at very high pressure can penetrate skin or mucous membrane. The Syrijet Mark II and the Madajet commonly used in dentistry.5
The use of jet injection commonly for topical anaesthesia. It may be used to obtain the mucosal anaesthesia on the palate. According to the Malamed the jet injector has not proven to be an adequate substitute for the more traditional needle and syringe for obtaining pulpal or regional block anaesthesia.
SUGGESTED READING
- Heinman Dental Dictionary; Oxford Dental Dictionary.
- Howe GL, Ivor FH Whitehead. Local anaesthesia in dentistry.