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Manual of Eye Examination and Diagnosis—An Elaborated Ophthalmology
MD Pawar
1:
Conjunctiva
INFECTIVE CONJUNCTIVITIS
1. Acute Mucopurulent Conjunctivitis
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Aetiology
Treatment
2. Purulent Conjunctivitis
Signs/Symptoms
Treatment
OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
Signs/Symptoms
Complications
Treatment
Signs/Symptoms
Treatment
CHRONIC—CONJUNCTIVITIS
Simple Chronic Conjunctivitis
Signs/Symptoms
Treatment
Angular Conjunctivitis
Complications
Follicular Conjunctivitis
Aetiology
Trachoma
SEQUELAE COMPLICATIONS
ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
Acute or Subacute Catarrhal Conjunctivitis
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis
Treatment
Vernal Conjunctivitis (Fig. 1.5)
Types
Treatment
CONCRETION
Treatment
PINGUECULA
Treatment
PTERYGIUM
Classification
Treatment
CYSTS AND TUMOURS
Cysts
Treatment
Tumours
XEROSIS (DRY EYE)
Clinical Evaluation
Symptoms
Signs
Clinical Tests (Investigations)
Management
2:
Diseases of Cornea
ANATOMY
Nutrition of the Cornea
INFLAMMATION OF THE CORNEA (KERATITIS)
Sources of Infections
Classification
SUPERFICIAL KERATITIS
1. Purulent Keratitis
Symptoms
Healing Stage of Corneal Ulcer
Complications
Treatment
NONHEALING CORNEAL ULCER
CORNEAL OPACITY
Treatment
NON-SUPPURATIVE
DEEP KERATITIS
Interstitial Keratitis (Parenchymatous keratitis)
Keratitis Disciformis (Fig. 2.13)
Sclerosing Keratitis
NON-INFLAMMATORY ECTASIA
Keratoconus
DEGENERATIVE CHANGES
KERATOPLASTY
Classification
Lamellar Keratoplasty
Penetrating Keratoplasty
3:
Diseases of Uveal Tract
IRIS, CILIARY BODY AND CHOROID
Ciliary Body
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF IRIS
INFLAMMATION OF UVEAL TISSUE
Iridocyclitis (Inflammation of Iris + Ciliary Body)
Etiology
Classification
Non-granulomatous (Acute) Iridocyclitis
Clinical Features
Complications
Course of Disease
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Iridocyclitis (Simple Cyclitis)
Signs
Choroiditis (Posterior Uveitis)
Classification
Course of Exudative choroiditis
GRANULOMATOUS
Investigations
Treatment
Purulent Uveitis and Panophthalmitis
Clinical Feature
Specific Type of Uveitis
Detachment of Choroid
Aetiology
Signs
4:
Sclera
INFLAMMATION OF THE SCLERA
Episcleritis
Etiology
Treatment
Scleritis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Treatment
SCLEROMALACIA PERFORANS
5:
Lens
ANATOMY
MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION (FIG. 5.2)
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES
CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL CATARACT
Etiology
TYPES MORPHOLOGICAL
ACQUIRED CATARACT
SENILE CATARACT
CORTICAL
CUPULIFORM CATARACT
NUCLEAR CATARACT
COMPLICATED CATARACT
Management of Cataract (Surgery is the Only Treatment)
RECENT ADVANCES IN CATARACT
PREOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS
NON-PHACO SMALL INCISION CATARACT SURGERY (SICS)
Tunneling (Fig. 5.19)
CAPSULAR OPENING (Capsulorrhexis)
Completing Tunnel
Hydroprocedures
NUCLEAR MANAGEMENT AND DELIVERY
Precautions
Nuclear Delivery
IOL Placement
BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHACOEMULSIFICATION
Phacopower Setting
What is Phaco-power?
Foot-pedal
OPERATIVE PROCEDURE
Division of Nucleus
Chopping of Nucleus
Eating Small Pieces of Nucleus
FOLDABLE IOL
CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF EXTRACTION OF LENS
COMPLICATIONS OF CATARACT SURGERIES
6:
Glaucoma
CONGESTIVE GLAUCOMA
Primary Acute Congestive Glaucoma
Acute Congestive Glaucoma
CHRONIC SIMPLE GLAUCOMA (NON-CONGESTIVE GLAUCOMA)
Medical Line of Treatment
Surgical Management
SECONDARY GLAUCOMA
Malignant Glaucoma (Ciliary Block Glaucoma)
7:
Vitreous
VITREOUS DETACHMENT
OPACITIES IN THE VITREOUS
Vitreous Haemorrhage
8:
Optic Nerve
PAPILLOEDEMA (FIG. 8.1)
Pathogenesis
Causes
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
Treatment
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
OPTIC NEURITIS (INFLAMMATION OF OPTIC NERVE)
Papillitis
Acute Retrobulbar Neuritis (RBI)
Etiology of Acute Optic-neuritis
Diseases of Central Nervous System:
Local Causes
Endogenous Infection
Metabolic
TREATMENT OF ACUTE OPTIC NEURITIS
CHRONIC OPTIC NEURITIS (RBN, TOXIC AMBLYOPIA)
Tobacco Amblyopia
Ethyl Alcohol
Methyl Alcohol
Quinine Alcohol
Ethambutanol (Anti-tuberculin Drug)
Oral Contraceptives (Progestogen, Oestrogen, etc.)
Deficiency Amblyopia
OPTIC ATROPHY
Consecutive Type of Optic Atrophy
Postneuritic Optic Atrophy
Primary Optic Atrophy
Temporal Arteritis
Treatment
9:
Vascular Retinopathy
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
Senile Arteriosclerosis (Involutionary Sclerosis)
PRIMARY OR ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
Benign Hypertension
Malignant Hypertension (Fig. 9.1)
Exudates
Haemorrhages
Classification of Hypertensive Retinopathy by Wagner and Barker 1939
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
STAGES OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Microlesions
Macrolesion
Vascular Changes
Destructive Changes
Mixed-Form
HAEMORRHAGES
EXUDATE
RETINAL VESSELS
TOXAEMIA OF PREGNANCY
RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA (FIG. 9.3)
Incidence
Clinical Feature
Symptoms
Atypical Forms of Pigmentary Dystrophy
Pathology
Etiology
Treatment
RETINOBLASTOMA
Incidence
Stages
Histology
Glioma Exophytum
Glioma Endophytum
Differential Diagnosis
Pseudo-tumours
Pseudo-glioma
Diagnosis
Treatment
How to Treat Unilateral and Bilateral Retinoblastomas?
RETINAL DETACHMENT
Simple or Perforated or Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Mechanics of RD Formation
Predisposing Factors
Signs and Symptoms
Fresh RD
Old RD
Holes
Treatment
Operations
Buckling or Indenting of the Sclera
Pneumatic Retinopexy
Choice of Gas
Indications
Operative Procedure
10:
Squint
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MOTOR MECHANISM
EXTRAOCULAR MOVEMENTS
ACTIONS OF MUSCLES
CLASSIFICATION
Paralytic Squint
Lesions
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
VARIETIES OF OCULAR MUSCLE PALSY
ETIOLOGY OF PARETIC STRABISMUS
Central Nervous System Diseases
Lesion of Nerve Trunk
Investigations
Treatment
TREATMENT OF PARALYTIC SQUINT
Diplopia
MUSCLE TRANSPLANTATION
Concomitant Strabismus
Classification
Latent(heterophoria)
Observations
Treatment of Phorias
MANIFEST CONCOMITANT STRABISMUS
FACTORS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF CONCOMITANT STRABISMUS
CONCOMITANT MANIFEST STRABISMUS
1. Convergent
2. Divergent
Investigations
Treatment
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
When to Operate?
Choice of Muscle
Amount of Correction
11:
The Lids
ANATOMY
INFLAMMATION OF THE LIDS
INFLAMMATION OF THE GLANDS OF THE LIDS
ANOMALIES IN THE POSITION OF THE LASHES AND LIDS
1. Blepharospasm
2. Trichiasis
3. Entropion
Treatment
4. Ectropion
5. Ptosis
Choice of Surgical Procedure
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
1. Fasanella Servat Surgery
2. Levator Resection
3. Brow Suspension Surgery (Fig. 11.7)
MARCUS GUNN PTOSIS
TUMOURS OF THE LIDS
12:
Lacrimal Apparatus
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
During the Lid Closure
During Lid Opening
DISEASES OF LACRIMAL GLAND
DISEASES OF THE LACRIMAL PASSAGES
Evertion of Lower Punctum
Treatment
Occlusion of the Canaliculus
Dacryocystitis
Chronic dacryocystitis
Acute dacryocystitis
Congenital dacryocystitis
Treatment
Investigations
CONVENTIONAL DACRYOCYSTORHINOSTOMY
IMPLANT DACRYOCYSTORHINOSTOMY
Selection Criteria
Contraindications
Surgical Method (Figs 12.3A to D)
Probable Causes of Failure of Implant DCR
ENDONASAL DCR
Causes of Failure of Endonasal DCR
COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL, IMPLANT AND ENDONASAL DACRYOCYSTORHINOSTOMY
LASER DCR
CANALICULI DCR (FIG. 12.6)
CONJUNCTIVO RHINOSTOMY (FIG. 12.7)
BALLOON DACRYOPLASTY
DACRYOCYSTECTOMY
13:
Diseases of the Orbits
INVESTIGATION
PROPTOSIS
Orbital Cellulitis
Clinical Features
Tumours of the Orbit
A. Benign-growths
B. Malignant Tumours
Tumour of the Optic Disc
Tumours of Optic Nerve (Associated with the Enlarge Optic Foramina)
Meningioma
SECONDARY TUMOURS
Endocrine Exophthalmos
Thyrotoxicosis (Grave's disease)
Ocular Features
Ocular signs
Clinical Features
Treatment
14:
Refraction
THE OPTICAL SYSTEM OF THE NORMAL EYE
THE OPTICAL SYSTEM OF THE ABNOMAL EYE (FIG. 14.2)
HYPERMETROPIC EYE (FIG. 14.3)
MYOPIC EYE (FIG. 14.4)
CAUSES OF REFRACTIVE ERROR (AMETROPIA)
DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTION
Errors of Refraction (Ametropia)
MYOPIA
Hypermetropia
Astigmatism
Refractive Surgery
Surgical Procedure
Aphakia
Clinical Features
Treatment
Accommodation (Fig. 14.10)
PRESBYOPIA
ANOMALIES OF ACCOMMODATION
15:
Ocular Injuries
NON-PERFORATING
F. Bodies
Contusions
Cornea
Treatment
Sclera
Treatment
Iris + Ciliary Body
Lens
Vitreous
Retina
Optic Nerve
PERFORATING INJURIES
STRUCTURE-WISE TRAUMATIC MANIFESTATIONS OF OCULAR TISSUES
PERFORATING WOUND WITH RETENTION OF FOREIGN BODY
INDEX
TOC
Index
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