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Comprehensive Cardiology S Uma Devi

CHAPTER 1:Acute Rheumatic Fever
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- HISTOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- JONE'S CRITERIA
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
- STEROIDS
- PREVENTION OF RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
  - Primary Prevention (During the Course of Acute Rheumatic Fever)
  - Secondary Prevention
CHAPTER 2:Mitral Stenosis
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
  - Pathology
- HEMODYNAMICS OF MITRAL STENOSIS (FIG. 2.2)
- CLINICAL PICTURE
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - X-ray Chest
  - Barium Swallow
- ECG
- ECHO
  - Doppler
- TEE
  - Catheterization
- TREATMENT
- INTERVENTION
- MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT
- SUMMARY
  - Management of Mitral Stenosis
CHAPTER 3:Mitral Regurgitation
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- HEMODYNAMICS OF ACUTE MR (FIG. 3.1)
- HEMODYNAMICS OF CHRONIC MR (FIG. 3.1)
- CLINICAL PICTURE IN MITRAL REGURGITATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
  - Features of Dominant MR in Mixed Lesion (MS and MR)
  - Complications
- INVESTIGATIONS
- CXR
- ECG
- TREATMENT
- SERIAL ASSESSMENT
  - Assessment of LV Function
- SUMMARY
CHAPTER 4:Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome
- SYNONYMS
- INCIDENCE
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (FIG. 4.1)
- CLINICAL PICTURE
  - Symptoms
  - Signs
- MURMUR (FIG. 4.2)
- INVESTIGATIONS
- CXR
- ECG
  - Course
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 5:Aortic Stenosis
- DEFINITION
- PATHOLOGY
- HEMODYNAMICS IN AS (FIGS 5.1A AND B)
- CLINICAL PICTURE OF AORTIC STENOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- SUPRAVALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS (FIG. 5.3)
  - Associated Features
  - Clinical Features
- SUBVALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS (FIG. 5.4)
CHAPTER 6:Aortic Regurgitation
- DEFINITION
- ETIOPATHOLOGY
- ETIOLOGY
  - Acute Causes
  - Chronic
- HEMODYNAMICS (FIG. 6.1)
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- PULSE
- PERIPHERAL SIGNS OF AORTIC REGURGITATION
  - Mixed Aortic Lesion
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Medical
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
  - Acute Aortic Regurgitation
    - Surgical techniques
  - Chronic Aortic Regurgitation
CHAPTER 7:Tricuspid Stenosis
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL PICTURE
- COMPLICATIONS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Medical
  - Surgical
CHAPTER 8:Tricuspid Regurgitation
- ETIOLOGY
  - Functional
  - Organic
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL PICTURE
  - Symptoms
  - Signs
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
  - Medical
  - Surgery
CHAPTER 9:Infective Endocarditis
- ENDOCARDITIS
  - Microbiological Features
  - Lesions Liable for Infective Endocarditis
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CLINICAL COURSE
- INVESTIGATIONS
- ROLE OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSING IE
- TREATMENT
- REASON
  - Appropriate Antibiotic
  - Audiometry
- PROPHYLAXIS
- NON-INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
CHAPTER 10:Introduction to Congenital Heart Diseases
- CLASSIFICATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
- USUAL AGE OF APPEARANCE OF SIGNS
- SYMPTOMS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
- APPROACH TO A CASE OF SUSPECTED CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
  - History to be Elicited
- SCREENING FOR SUSPECTED CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN FETUS
- ABNORMALITIES DETECTED AT BIRTH AND SOON AFTER
- HEMODYNAMIC CLASSIFICATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES
- GENERAL EXAMINATION
  - Differential Cyanosis
- PULSE
- BP
- JVP
- EXAMINATION OF PRECARDIUM
  - Pulsations
    - Apical impulse
    - Enlarged heart
- PALPATION
- AUSCULTATION
- EJECTION CLICK
- MURMUR
CHAPTER 11:Atrial Septal Defect
- DEFINITION
- TYPES OF ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS (FIG. 11.1)
- EMBRYOLOGY (FIG. 11.2)
- HEMODYNAMICS (FIG. 11.3)
  - General Examination
  - Examination of CVS
- DIAGNOSIS OF ASD
  - Treatment
    - Medical
- SURGICAL
CHAPTER 12:Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection
- TYPES
- SITE OF CONNECTION
- CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SITE OF JUNCTION OF COMMON PULMONARY VEIN WITH THE HEART (FIG. 12.3)
- HEMODYNAMICS
- TYPES OF CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TAPVC
- CLINICAL PICTURE OF TAPVC
  - Investigations
- PARTIAL ANOMALOUS VENOUS CONNECTION
CHAPTER 13:Ventricular Septal Defect
- TYPES OF VSD (FIG. 13.2)
  - Hemodynamics (Fig. 13.3)
- AUSCULTATION
- NATURAL COURSE
- INVESTIGATIONS
- ECHO
- COMPLICATIONS OF VSD
- TREATMENT
- CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
- RECENT ADVANCES IN SURGICAL PROCEDURES
CHAPTER 14:Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
- DEFINITION
- DEVELOPMENT
  - Hemodynamics (Fig. 14.2)
    - Shunt pathway
- FETAL CIRCULATION
- HISTORY TO BE ELICITED
CHAPTER 15:Coarctation of Aorta
- DEFINITION
  - Histologically
    - Embryologically
- TYPES OF COARCTATION
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL PICTURE
  - Symptoms
    - General examination
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
  - Palpation
- AUSCULTATION
- DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES FEATURES
- NATURAL HISTORY
- INVESTIGATIONS
- COLLATERALS IN COARCTATION
  - I. Internal Mammary—Inferior Epigastric Route
  - II. Periscapular—Intercostals Route
- TREATMENT
  - Surgical Procedure
  - Follow up
CHAPTER 16:Tetralogy of Fallot
- INTRODUCTION
  - Developmental Defect
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL PICTURE
  - Symptoms
  - Features of Anoxic Spells
- REASON FOR ABSENCE OF CYANOSIS AT BIRTH IN FALLOT
- SIGNS OF TETRALOGY
- ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES
- DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS (TABLE 16.1)
  - Conditions with Ischemic Lung Fields
    - Conditions with Plethoric Lung Fields
- INVESTIGATIONS
  - X-ray Chest
- ECG
- ECHO
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Cardiac Failure in Fallot
- TREATMENT
- SURGICAL (FIGS 16.3A TO D)
  - Indications
    - Complications of Surgery
    - Variants of Fallot
CHAPTER 17:Ebstein's Anomaly
- ANATOMY OF EBSTEIN'S ANOMALY (FIG. 17.1)
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- AUSCULTATION (FIG. 17.2)
  - Prognosis
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 18:Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries
- SIMPLE (DEXTRO) TRANSPOSITION (FIG. 18.1)
  - Embryological Abnormality
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL PICTURE
- AUSCULTATION
  - Associated Anomalies
- INVESTIGATIONS
- ECG
  - X-ray Chest
  - Echocardiography (Diagnostic)
- CARDIAC CATHETERISATION
- TREATMENT
- CONGENITALLY CORRECTED (LAEVO) TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT VESSELS (FIG. 18.2)
  - Embryological Abnormality
- HEMODYNAMICS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- ECG
  - Chest X-ray
- ECHO
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 19:Tricuspid Atresia
- ANATOMY
- HEMODYNAMICS
- TYPES
- SUB TYPES
- CLINICAL PICTURE
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
  - Surgical Treatment
CHAPTER 20:Pulmonary Stenosis—Valvular with Intact Ventricular Septum
- BACKGROUND
- ETIOLOGY
- INCIDENCE
  - Supravalvular [Synonym: Peripheral pulmonary stenosis (PPS)]
- VALVULAR PULMONARY STENOSIS (FIG. 20.1)
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - General
- CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
- CRITERIA FOR MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS OF VALVULAR PULMONARY STENOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
  - Medical Treatment
- INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
  - Types of Surgery
- ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES
  - Key Points about Pulmonary Stenosis
CHAPTER 21:Cardiac Malposition and Dextrocardia
- CARDIAC MALPOSITION
- CARDIAC DISPLACEMENT
- SITUS
  - Segmental Approach
- DEXTROCARDIA
  - Definition
  - Development
    - Clinical Examination in Dextrocardia
    - Investigations
- TYPES OF DEXTROCARDIA
  - True Dextrocardia
- LEVOCARDIA (FIG. 21.4)
- MESOCARDIA
- ECTOPIA CORDIS
  - Situs (Abdominal)
  - Dextroversion versus Dextroposition
    - Levoversion (levocardia)
CHAPTER 22:Idiopathic Dilatation of Pulmonary Artery
- ANATOMY
- CLINICAL FINDINGS
- AUSCULTATORY FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
CHAPTER 23:Anomalous Origin of Coronary Arteries (Isolated)
- ANOMALOUS ORIGIN OF LEFT CORONARY ARTERY FROM PULMONARY ARTERY
- TREATMENT
  - Surgical Correction
- ORIGIN OF LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTERY FROM RIGHT SINUS OF VALSALVA
  - Anatomy of the Defect
    - Clinically
    - Treatment
  - Right Coronary Arising Aberrantly from Left Sinus of Valsalva
CHAPTER 24:Congenital Complete Heart Block
- ETIOLOGY
- ASSOCIATED CARDIAC ANOMALIES
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Factors Identifying High Risk Patients
  - Treatment
CHAPTER 25:Hyperlipidemias
- CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF LIPOPROTEINS
  - Important Lipids in the Blood
- PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
- CLASSIFICATION OF LIPOPROTEINS BASED ON ULTRACENTRIFUGATION/ELECTROPHORESIS (FIG. 25.1)
- APOPROTEINS
  - Importance of Lp (a)
    - Lipid transport in the blood
- DYSLIPIDEMIA/HYPERLIPIDEMIA
  - Types
  - Primary
- TREATMENT OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA
  - Stage I
  - Stage II
- RECENT ADVANCES
CHAPTER 26:Systemic Arterial Hypertension
- DEFINITION, DETECTION, EVALUATION AND CLINICAL PICTURE OF HYPERTENSION
- EVALUATION
- TYPES AND NOMENCLATURES IN HYPERTENSION
- PATHOLOGY OF HYPERTENSION
  - Hemodynamics
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPERTENSION
- SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
  - Diseases Causing Secondary Hypertension
    - Secondary hypertension: Curable
    - Signs of secondary hypertension
- COMPLICATIONS OF HYPERTENSION
  - Malignant Hypertension
    - Pathogenesis
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT OF SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
- PARENTERAL TREATMENT: IN MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION–REDUCING BP OVER MINUTES TO HOURS (TABLE 26.5)
  - Indication
  - Sodium Nitroprusside
    - Disadvantage
- NITROGLYCERINE
- LABETALOL
- PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVES (FIG. 26.1)
- I. FIRST-LINE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
- II. ALTERNATIVE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
CHAPTER 27:Coronary Heart Diseases
- STABLE ANGINA (FIG. 27.1)
  - Causes
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features of Angina Pectoris
    - Breathlessness sometimes is a prominent feature of angina.
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Investigations: Non-invasive
    - Other Forms of Stress Testing
  - Other non-invasive Investigations
- INVASIVE INVESTIGATION
  - Indication
- RISK STRATIFICATION IN ANGINA
- MANAGEMENT OF STABLE ANGINA
- TREATMENT OF STABLE ANGINA
- MEDICAL THERAPY OF ANGINA
- ANGINA WITH NORMAL CORONARY ARTERIES
- CORONARY ARTERY SPASM (PRINZMETAL'S ANGINA)
  - Cardiac Syndrome X
- UNSTABLE ANGINA
  - Definition
  - Pathophysiology (Fig. 27.3)
- ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
  - Diagnosis and Investigations
  - ECG
- STEP I
  - Pharmacological Management–Unstable Angina/ACS
  - Aggressive Pharmacological Therapy is a Must
- STEP II
- REVASCULARIZATION URGENTLY DONE IN HIGH RISKS
- UNSTABLE ANGINA AND REVASCULARIZATION
  - Definition
    - Unstable angina and Non ST elevation MI
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
  - Risk Factors
- CLINICAL PICTURE IN MI
  - Symptoms
  - Timing of Infarction
  - Signs
  - Differential Diagnosis
- INVESTIGATIONS
- PLASMA BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS
- IMAGING TESTS
  - Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
- MANAGEMENT OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (FLOW CHART 27.1)
- EARLY MANAGEMENT OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCT (FLOW CHART 27.1)
- DRUG THERAPY
- SUBSEQUENT MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATIONS (FLOW CHART 27.3)
  - Arrhythmias
    - Sinus bradycardia
    - Heart block
  - Acute Cardiogenic Shock
  - Pulmonary Edema
  - Pericarditis
  - Embolism
  - Mechanical Complications in MI Papillary Muscle Damage
    - Rupture of Interventricular Septum (Fig. 27.6)
    - Rupture of ventricles and cardiac tamponade.
  - Impaired Ventricular Function, Remodeling and Ventricular Aneurysm
    - Ventricular aneurysm
- LATE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
  - Risk Stratification
- LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION
- MOBILIZATION AND REHABILITATION AFTER MI
  - Post MI-outpatient Assessment
  - Prognosis of Acute MI
- RIGHT VENTRICULAR INFARCT
  - Diagnosis
  - Progress
  - Hemodynamics
    - Pathognomic clinical triad
  - Complications
  - Differential Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- TYPES
- ACUTE “PHARMACOLOGICAL REPERFUSION” OF CORONARY THROMBUS
  - Thrombolysis
    - Benefits
  - Indications for Thrombolysis
  - Bolus Derivatives
- DOSE OF FIBRINOLYTICS (THROMBOLYTICS)
  - Streptokinase
- MAIN ADVANTAGE OF FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY
- MECHANICAL REPERFUSION
  - Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
  - Indications for PCI
  - Stent
  - Drug Eluting Stent
- PRIMARY ANGIOPLASTY
  - Definition
    - Advantages over thrombolytics
    - Disadvantages of primary PTCA/PCI
- RESCUE ANGIOPLASTY
  - Definition
    - Indication for rescue angioplasty;
    - Disadvantage
- SURGICAL REPERFUSION CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY (CABG)
  - Indications
    - Recurrence of angina after CABG
  - Nitrovasodilators
- DURATION OF ACTION
- BETA-BLOCKERS
- CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
  - Classification of Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)
- K+ CHANNEL ACTIVATORS (OPENER)
  - Action
- ANTIPLATELET AGENTS (PROPHYLACTIC)
- GLYCOPROTEIN IIB/IIIA INHIBITORS (SEE FIG. 27.4)
  - Indications
    - Other laser procedure
    - Enhanced external counter pulsation (EECP)
  - Beating Heart Surgery
    - Arterial Type Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (See Fig. 27.9)
    - Newer developments in preventing restenosis
- ADJUVANT MEDICAL THERAPY IN PCI
  - Recommendations
- PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS OF ADJUVANT DRUGS (FIGS 27A.1 AND A.2)
  - I. Antithrombotic Agents
  - II. Antiplatlet Agents
  - III. Thrombolytic Agents
  - Indirect Antithrombins
    - Low molecular weight heparin
- REPERFUSION INJURY
CHAPTER 28:Heart Failure
- FORMS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF HEART FAILURE
  - Definition
- FORMS OF CARDIAC FAILURE
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HF (FLOW CHART 28.1)
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF CARDIAC FAILURE
- PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY IN HF
- ACUTE CARDIOGENIC PULMONARY EDEMA
  - Newer Modalities of Therapies
  - Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT)
    - Technique
- SURGICAL THERAPY FOR CARDIAC FAILURE
  - Cardiac Transplant (Fig. 28.3)
    - Indications
    - Contraindication
  - Surgical Technique
- ARTIFICIAL HEART: LVAD
CHAPTER 29:Cardiac Arrhythmias
- INTRODUCTION
  - Definition
- ARRHYTHMIAS DUE TO DISTURBANCE IN IMPULSE FORMATION
  - Abnormal Automaticity (Fig. 29.1)
  - Triggered Automaticity (Fig. 29.2)
- ARRHYTHMIAS DUE TO DISTURBANCE IN IMPULSE CONDUCTION (BY RE-ENTRY) (FIG. 29.3)
- DISTURBANCE IN IMPULSE FORMATION OR IMPULSE CONDUCTION WITHIN SA NODE ITSELF
  - Sinus Tachycardia
    - ECG Features
    - Treatment
  - Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia
    - Treatment
  - Sinus Node Re-entrant Tachycardia
    - Treatment
  - Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
    - ECG Features
    - Treatment
  - Sick Sinus Syndrome
  - Causes
  - ECG
  - Disturbance of Atrial Rhythm
  - Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation
  - Introduction
    - According to electrophysiology:
  - Nomenclatures and Confusions
- SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIAS
- ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA
  - Automatic Atrial Tachycardia (Ectopic Atrial Tachycardia)
  - Multifocal Atrial Tachycardias
  - Atrial Tachycardia Caused By Re-entry
    - Mechanism
  - AV Junctional Rhythm Disturbances
  - AV Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia (Fig. 29.16)
  - Treatment of PSVT
  - Nonparoxysmal AV Junctional Tachycardia (Fig. 29.17)
- INTRODUCTION
- ASSOCIATED ARRHYTHMIAS
- ETIOPATHOGENESIS
- NORMAL PATHWAY
- CLINICALLY
- INHERITANCE
- INVESTIGATION
  - Other Special Investigations
- SIGNIFICANCE OF PRE-EXCITATION SYNDROME
- RISK STRATIFICATION
  - Treatment
  - WPW Syndrome and AF
  - WPW Syndrome and SVT: Treatment is Difficult
- INTRODUCTION
- CHARACTERISTIC ECG CHANGE IN VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIA
- ENTITIES THAT FALL UNDER VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS
  - Ventricular Premature Beats (VPB)
    - Types of VPB
    - Differential Diagnosis (Refer to Table 29.3)
  - Features of Malignant VPB
- VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (VT)
  - Definition
  - Features
  - ECG (Fig 29.20)
  - ECG Criteria for VT
  - Other Features in VT
  - Features Often Associated with VT
  - Etiology of VT
  - Pathophysiology
  - Pathogenesis of ECG Morphology
  - Clinical Features of VT
    - Symptoms
  - Signs
    - Significance of ventricular tachycardia
  - Treatment of VT (Flow charts 29.2 and 29.3)
  - To Prevent Recurrence
    - Alternative
  - Classification of VT as per ECG Morphology of QRS
- ECG PATTERN IN TORSADE DE POINTES
  - Electrophysiology
  - Causes of Torsade de Pointes
  - Torsade de Pointes in Normal Heart
  - Treatment of Torsade de Pointes
    - VT in congenital QT syndrome
  - Treatment of Congenital Long QT Syndrome
  - Other Conditions Causing Broad Complex Tachycardia
    - Capture beat
    - Fusion beat
- VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
  - Synonyms
  - Definition
  - ECG
  - Clinically
  - Risk Factors
  - Causes
  - Pathogenesis
  - Treatment of VF
  - Cardioversion: Transthoracic Cardioversion
  - Energy Levels
- BRADYCARDIAS
  - Causes
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Features of Bradyarrhythmias
  - Investigations
- SINUS BRADYCARDIA
  - Other Bradycardias of Sinus Node Origin
- ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK/HEART BLOCK
  - Conditions Producing
  - Three Types
  - Management: Cardiac Pacing
- FASCICULAR BLOCKS
  - Bifascicular Block
- ARTIFICIAL CARDIAC PACEMAKERS AND TYPES (FLOW CHART 29.5)
  - Types of Pacing Modes
  - Modes of Pacing
  - Rate Responsive Pacemakers
  - Complications of Pacemaker
- ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
CHAPTER 30:Primary Diseases of the Myocardium
CHAPTER 31:Pericardial Diseases
- NORMAL PERICARDIUM
  - Functions
- ETIOLOGY OF PERICARDIAL DISEASES
- COMPLICATIONS OF PERICARDITIS
- CHRONIC PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
- CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS (PICK'S DISEASE)
- OTHER TYPES OF PERICARDIAL DISEASES
CHAPTER 32:Diseases of Aorta
- TYPES
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- ANEURYSM OF ASCENDING AORTA (FIG. 32.1A)
- ANEURYSM OF AORTIC ARCH (FIG. 32.1B)
- ANEURYSM OF THORACOABDOMINAL AORTA (FIG. 32.1C)
- ANEURYSM OF ABDOMINAL AORTA
CHAPTER 33:Pulmonary Embolism
- DEFINITION
- ETIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
  - Anticoagulation
- CHRONIC THROMBOEMBOLIC PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (CTPHT)
CHAPTER 34:Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
- INTRODUCTION
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND METHODS TO DIAGNOSE
- PATHOGENESIS OF PPH (FIG. 34.1)
- TREATMENT
  - Prognosis
  - Complications
    - Associations of PPH
- PROPHYLAXIS
- DIFFERENT TYPES OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION WITH POTENTIAL CAUSES
CHAPTER 35:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
- CARDIAC ARREST
- ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNORMALITIES CAUSING CARDIAC ARREST
- TECHNIQUE OF CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (AHA GUIDELINES 2005)
- PROTOCOL FOR BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS) (TWO RESCUERS PREFERRED)
- STEP I
- STEP II
- STEP III
- ESSENTIAL MODIFICATIONS MADE IN THE CURRENT GUIDELINES
  - Complications of CPR
- ADVANCED CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT (ACLS/ALS)
  - Protocol of Advanced Cardiac Life Support for Adults (AHA 2005 Guidelines) (Flow charts 35.2 and 35.3)
- PHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS DURING ADVANCED LIFE SUPPORT
  - Route of Drug Administration
CHAPTER 36:Pregnancy and the Heart
- NORMAL CIRCULATORY CHANGES
  - Physiological Anemia in Pregnancy
    - Innocent murmurs in pregnancy
  - Modification of Pathological Murmurs in Pregnancy
- HEART DISEASES IN PREGNANCY
CHAPTER 37:Systemic Diseases and the Heart
- DIABETES
- OTHER ENDOCRINE DISEASES
- OBESITY
- MALNUTRITION AND VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
- COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASES
- INHERITED CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE
  - Marfan's Syndrome
- INFILTRATIVE DISEASES
- NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES
- LUNG DISEASES
- HEMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
  - Sickle Cell Disease
  - Anemia
- OTHER CONDITION

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