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Retina and Vitreous
Ashok Garg, Emanuel Rosen, Jose Maria Ruiz Moreno, T Mark Johnson
CHAPTER ONE:
AGE RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
Prevalence
Risk Factors
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms
Signs
INVESTIGATIONS
Fluorescein Angiography
Indications
Results
Macular Perimetry
Indications
Results
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Antioxidant Therapy
Indications
Methods
Results
Laser
Inferences
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Prevalence
Incidence
Risk Factors
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms
Signs
INVESTIGATIONS
Fluorescein Angiography
Location
Pattern of CNVM
ICG Angiography
Plaque
Hot Spot
High Speed ICG Angiography
OCT
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Indications
Methods
Results
Photodynamic Therapy
Indications
Methods
Results
Transpupillary Thermotherapy
Indications
Methods
Results
Intravitreal Anti VEGF Therapy
Indications
Methods
Results
Intravitreal Steroids
Indications
Method
Results
Submacular Surgery
Indications
Method
Result
Macular Translocation
Indication
Methods
Result
Inferences
BIBLIOGRAPHY
RETINAL ANGIOMATOUS PROLIFERATION
INTRODUCTION
Classification
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
Fluorescein Angiography
ICG Angiography
High Speed ICG
OCT
TREATMENT
Methods
Result
INFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
Fluorescein Angiography
ICG Angiography
High Speed ICG
MANAGEMENT
Treatment Options
Result
Inferences
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER TWO:
MASCULAR DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
CLINICAL FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
TREATMENT
CHAPTER THREE:
MACULAR DISORDERS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms
Signs
INVESTIGATIONS
Fluorescein Angiography
High Speed ICG
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Focal Laser Ablation
Indications
Methods
Results
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
Indications
Results
Submacular Surgery
Indications
Methods
Results
Anti-VEGF Therapy
Inferences
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms
Signs
INVESTIGATIONS
Fluorescein Angiography
Optical Coherence Tomography
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Observation
Focal Laser
Indications
Methods
Photodynamic Therapy
Indications
Methods
INFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Incidence
Etiology
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms
Signs
INVESTIGATIONS
Fluorescein Angiography
OCT
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Observation
Indications
Results
Vitrectomy
Indications
Methods
Results
INFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Epidemiology
Etiology
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Signs
SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
OCT
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Vitrectomy
Indications
Methods
Results
INFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Etiology
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms
Signs
Classification
INVESTIGATIONS
Autofluorescence Imaging
Fluorescein Angiography
OCT
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Vitrectomy
Indications
Methods
Results
INFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Prevalence
Etiology
Congenital
Acquired
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms
Signs
INVESTIGATIONS
Fluorescein Angiography
OCT
TREATMENT
Observation
Topical Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Topical Steroids
Injectable Steroids
Laser
Surgery
INFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Pathophysiology
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
Fluorescein Angiography
Amsler's Grid Pattern
ERG which is subnormal in CSR
Visual Field Examination
Slit Lamp Examination
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER FOUR:
VASCULAR DISORDERS
INTRODUCTION
PATHOGENESIS AND ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
INVESTIGATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Non-ischemic Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
PROGNOSIS
ISCHEMIC CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS
TREATMENT
ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PROGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
CLINICAL FINDINGS
HYPERTENSIVE CHOROIDOPATHY
HYPERTENSIVE NEUROPATHY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
RETINAL ARTERIAL MACROANEURYSMS
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
PROGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
COMPLICATIONS
PATHOGENESIS
ASSOCIATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
COMPLICATIONS
PATHOGENESIS
SYSTEMIC FACTORS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT TREATMENT
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Subhyaloid Hemorrhage
Sub-ILM hemorrhage
PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER FIVE:
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (TABLE 1)
Nonproliferative DR
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR)
Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)
Ophthalmic Examination
Fluorescein Angiography
B Scan
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Edema Staging
INVESTIGATION
Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetate (TA)
Intravitreal Pegaptanib (0.3 mg every six weeks)
Intravitreal Bevacizumab (1.25 or 2.5 mg repeated on demand)
Intravitreal Ranibizumab
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Laser Photocoagulation
Indications
Cryotherapy
Indications
Side Effects
Surgery
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
Prevalence
Incidence
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms
Signs
INVESTIGATIONS
Differential Diagnosis
TREATMENT
Prevention
Corticosteroids
Anti VEGF Therapy
Surgical
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
COMPLICATIONS
PATHOGENESIS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER SIX:
PEDIATRIC DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CLINICAL SIGNS
LOCATION OF THE DISEASE (ZONES)
EXTENT OF THE DISEASE (CLOCK HOURS)
PLUS DISEASE
RUSH DISEASE
SCREENING FOR ROP (INVESTIGATIONS)
TIME FOR SCREENING THE INFANTS AT RISK
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION AND CLINICAL FEATURES
Stage 1
Stage 2 or Pre-vitelliform Stage
Stage 3 or Vitelliform Stage
Stage 4 or Scrambled Egg Stage
Stage 5 or Pseudohypopyon Stage
Stage 6 or Atrophic Stage
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INFERENCE
CHAPTER SEVEN:
INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIVE DISORDERS OF RETINA
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURE
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
Ocular and Extraocular Features (Revised International Criteria)
a. Early manifestations of disease
b. Late manifestations of disease
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
REATMENT
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
FROSTED BRANCH ANGIITIS
GANCICLOVIR
FOSCARNET
ACYCLOVIR
CATHETER-LESS THERAPY
Ganciclovir Intraocular Implant
Retinal Detachment Secondary to CMV Retinitis
OCULAR TUBERCULOSIS
CHAPTER EIGHT:
VITREOUS DISEASES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
REFERENCES
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
TREATMENT
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
INVESTIGATION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Pathophysiology
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Symptoms
Signs
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER NINE:
RENTINAL DETACHMENT
INTRODUCTION
Types of RDs
Rhegmatogenous RD
Tractional RD
Exudative RD
PATHOGENESIS
CONDITIONS PREDISPOSING TO RD
Peripheral Retinal Tufts
Degenerative Retinoschisis
Lattice Degeneration
Myopia
Cataract Surgery
Trauma
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
SYMPTOMS
Ocular Evaluation
INVESTIGATIONS
Management
Treatment Options for RRD
Scleral Buckling
Principles of Surgery
Pneumatic Retinopexy
Vitrectomy
Indications
Intraoperative Complications
Postoperative Complications
PROGNOSIS
Anatomic Success
Functional Success
CAUSES
ETIOLOGY
RETINAL EVALUATION
SYMPTOMS
DIFFERENTIALS
Imaging Studies
Management
Principles of Surgery
Complications
PROGNOSIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SYMPTOMS
SIGNS
CAUSES
Inflammatory
Idiopathic
Congenital
Neoplastic
Iatrogenic
Vascular Factors
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
Laboratory Tests
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
US B Scan
Indications
MANAGEMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
PATHOGENESIS OF EXUDATIVE RETINAL DETACHMENT
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
CHAPTER TEN:
HEREDITARY RETINAL DYSTROPHIES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
CLASSIFICATION OF RP
Subdivision Based on Inheritance Type
Subdivision by Age of Onset
Subdivision by Molecular Defect
Subdivision by Fundus Appearance
Systemic Associations Like Usher Syndrome
Non-progre
Progressive
TESTS OF VISUAL FUNCTION
Electroretinography
Dark Adaptometry
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Genetic Disorders that Cause Retinal Degeneration
Drug Exposure - Thoridazine Chorioretinopathy
Infections
TREATMENT
Advances in Therapeutics
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
CLASSIFICATION (FISHMAN)5
INVESTIGATION
RETINAL FUNCTION TESTS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES3
INVESTIGATIONS3, 7
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS2, 3, 7
TREATMENT
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS8
Differential Diagnosis of the Ocular Phenotype of Lca Without a Syndrome
Differential Diagnosis of the Ocular Phenotype of Lca Associated With A Syndrome
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
SIGNS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Ophthalmoscopically, the Macular Changes can be Divided into Three Stages
INVESTIGATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
RETINAL FUNCTION TESTS
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Differential Diagnosis of Fundus Flecks
Benign Familial Fleck Retina
Alport Syndrome
Early North Carolina macular Dystrophy
Fundus Albipunctatus
Basal lamina drusen
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATION
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERNECE
CHAPTER ELEVEN:
EALES DISEASE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER TWELVE:
TUMORS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
INVESTIGATIONS
TREATMENT
Cryotherapy
Laser Photocoagulation
Transpupillary Thermotherapy (TTT)
Brachytherapy Plaque
External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT)
Enucleation
Orbital Exenteration
Chemotherapy
Systemic Chemotherapy Drugs and Disk Schedules
Standard Chemotherapy
High Dose Chemotherapy
Periocular Chemotherapy
Follow-up Schedule
PROGNOSIS
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION (NEW)
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIAGTIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGONSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
INFERENCE
CHAPTER THIRTEEN:
TRAUMA
INTRODUCTION
Recognition of Emergent Conditions
Recognition of the Complete Extent of Ocular Involvement
EVALUATION OF A PATIENT WITH POSTERIOR SEGMENT OCULAR TRAUMA
History
Slit-lamp Examination of Anterior Segment
Posterior Segment Trauma
VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE
COMMOTIO RETINAE
CHOROIDAL RUPTURE
POST-TRAUMATIC MACULAR HOLE
OPTIC NERVE AVULSION
Clinical Features
SCLERAL RUPTURE
Retinitis Sclopetaria
POST-TRAUMATIC ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Prognosis
RETAINED IOFB
Primary Goal in Mx
Evaluation
History
Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
USG-B-scan
Plain X-ray
CT Scan—Gold Standard
MRI-Rarely required
Management
Steps of Surgery
SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA
Conclusion
CHAPTER FOURTEEN:
WHITE DOT SYNDROME
INTRODUCTION
Symptoms
Signs
Case:
INVESTIGATIONS
Medical Treatment
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER FIFTEEN:
MISCELLANEOUS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
COMPLICATIONS
PATHOGENESIS
ASSOCIATIONS
INVESTIGATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
COMPLICATIONS
PATHOGENESIS
Differential Diagnosis
INVESTIGATIONS
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL FEATURES
May occur as 3 variants
HISTORY
PROGNOSIS
PATHOGENESIS
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
IMAGING
PATHOLOGY
Differential Diagnosis
MANAGEMENT
INDEX
TOC
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