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Handbook of Anatomy for Nurses
P Saraswathi
1:
Cell and Tissues of the Body
STRUCTURE OF CELL
ORGANELLES
Centrosome
Mitochondria
Functions of Mitochondria
Golgi Complex
Function
Lysosomes
Function
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function
CELL DIVISION
Definition
Mitosis
Prophase
Formation of Chromosomes
Formation of Spindle
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Meiosis
Second Mitotic Division
Anaphase II
Telophase II
TISSUES OF THE BODY
Epithelial Tissue
Functions of Epithelium
Transitional Epithelium
Distribution
Connective Tissues
Fibrous Type
Amorphous Type
Composition of Elastin Fibres
Distribution
Reticular Tissue
Distribution
Adipose Tissue
Distribution
Connective Tissue Cells
Fibroblast
Mast Cells
Macrophages (histiocyte)
TYPES OF GLAND
Based on the Duct
Based on the Cells
Based on the Nature of the Secretion
Based on the Type of Secretory Unit (Fig. 1.9)
Based on the Type of Secretion
Holocrine Glands
Apocrine Glands
Merocrine or Eccrine Glands
Cytogenic Glands
NERVOUS TISSUE
Classification of Neuron
Unipolar Neuron
Pseudo Unipolar Neuron
Bipolar Neuron
Multipolar Neuron
MUSCULAR TISSUE
2:
Embryology
PERIOD OF GESTATION
VIABLE AGE
GAMETOGENESIS
SPERMATOGENESIS
SPERMATOGENESIS
Structure of Sperm
Tail
OOGENESIS
Growth of Ovarian Follicle
Structure of Ovum
Fertilization
Sex Determination
CHANGES IN THE 1ST WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Cleavage
Morula
Blastocyst
Implantation of Blastocyst
Abnormal sites of implantation
CHANGES IN THE 2ND WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Changes in the Outer Cell Mass, i.e. Trophoblast
Changes in the Embryoblast, i.e. Inner Cells Mass
Chorion
Prochordal Plate
Secondary Yolk Sac
CHANGES IN THE 3RD WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Changes in the Trophoblast
Subdivisions of the Intraembryonic Mesoderm
Foldings of the Embryo
Derivatives of the Germ layers
Derivatives of Ectoderm
Other Organs
Derivatives of Endoderm
Glands
Derivatives of Mesoderm
Embryonic Period
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA
Decidua
Trophoblast
Placental Membrane
Chorionfrondosum, Chorion Leavae
PLACENTA
Gross Feature
Maternal Surface
Foetal Surface
FUNCTIONS OF PLACENTA
TYPES OF ABNORMAL PLACENTA
UMBILICAL CORD
Attachment
Development
Contents
Abnormal Umbilical Cord
Foetal Membrane
Composition
Abnormalities of Amniotic Cavity
Abortion
Labour and Delivery
Congenital Malformation
Genetical Hazards
Environmental Factors
Metabolic Disorders
Nutritional Deficiency
3:
Cardiovascular System
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS (FIG. 3.1)
ARTERIES
Types of Arteries
Elastic Arteries
Muscular Arteries
Arterioles
Structure of Capillaries
VEINS
HEART
Pericardium
Subdivisions
Surfaces of the Heart
Borders of the heart
Chambers of the Heart
Right Atrium
Interior of Right Atrium
Sinus Venarum
Atrium Proper
Medial Wall or Septum
Foramen Ovale
Tricuspid Opening
Left Atrium
Interior of the Left Atrium
Mitral Opening or Bicuspid Opening
Right Ventricle
Interior of Right Ventricle
Inflowing Part
Out Flowing Part or Infundibulum
Left Ventricle
Interventricular Septum
Nerve Supply
Branches
Areas Supplied by Right Coronary Artery
Left Coronary Artery
Applied Anatomy
Venous Drainage of the Heart (Fig. 3.7)
Coronary Sinus
Conducting System of Heart
Sinoatrial Node
Atrioventricular Node
Atrioventricular Bundle or Bundle of His
Circulation of Blood
Systemic Circulation
SYSTEMIC ARTERIES
Arch of Aorta
Branches of Arch of Aorta
Branches of Descending Thoracic aorta
Abdominal Aorta
Unpaired Branches
Paired Branches
Common Iliac Artery
Blood Supply of Lower Limb
Blood Supply of Upper Limb
Blood Supply of Head and Neck
Systemic Vein
Veins of the Brain
Emissary Vein
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Tributaries of Inferior Vena Cava
Termination
Veins of Upper Limb (Fig. 3.16)
Median Cubital Vein (Fig. 3.17)
Variations in the Vein
Veins of the Lower Limb (Fig. 3.18)
Course and Relations
Tributaries of Veins
Applied Anatomy
Portal Circulation (Fig. 3.19)
4:
Lymphatic System
5:
Digestive System
DIGESTION
Glands Associated with the Digestive System
Mouth
Oral Cavity Proper
The Lips
The Palate
Parts of Teeth
Nerve Supply
Applied Anatomy
PHARYNX
Relations
Subdivision of Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Esophagus
Parts
Course
Relations in the Neck
Thoracic Part
Structure
Stomach
Parts
Microscopic Structure
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Nerve Supply
Applied Anatomy
Small intestine
Duodenum (Fig. 5.4)
Ist Part
IInd Part
IIIrd Part
IVth Part
Blood Supply of Duodenum
Nerve Supply
Structure
Applied Anatomy
Jejunum
Ileum
Difference between jejunum and ileum
Nerve Supply
Meckles Diverticulum
Large Intestine
Mucous Coat
Subdivision
Caecum
Introduction
Relations
External Features
Vermiform Appendix
Nerve Supply
Clinical Anatomy
Subdivision
Shape
The Ascending Colon
The Transverse Colon
The Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Blood Supply
Rectum
Blood Supply
Anal Canal
Relation
Interior of Anal Canal (Fig. 5.9)
Nerve Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Clinical Anatomy
Anteriorly
Glands Associated with Digestive System (Fig. 5.10)
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Salivary Gland
Nerve Supply
PANCREAS
Definition
Duct of Pancreas
Structure of Pancreas (Fig. 5.11)
Liver
External Features
Supporters of the Liver
Superior surface
Right lateral surface
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Inferior surface or visceral surface
Microscopic Structure (Fig. 5.14)
Clinical Anatomy
Biliary Apparatus
Intrahepatic biliary apparatus
Extrahepatic biliary apparatus
Gallbladder
Parts
Structure
Nerve Supply
Planes of Abdomen (Fig. 5.16)
Sagittal Plane
Midclavicular Plane
Horizontal Planes
Transpyloric Planes
Transtubercular Plane
Regions of Abdomen
PERITONEUM
Introduction
Subdivision of Peritoneal Cavity
Recesses
Peritoneal Fold
Functions of Peritoneum
Clinical Application
6:
Respiratory System
RESPIRATION
Definition
Parts of the Respiratory System (Fig. 6.1)
Nasal Cavity (Fig. 6.2)
Boundaries
Vestibule
Olfactory Region
Respiratory Region
Applied Anatomy
Pharynx
Oral Part of Pharynx
Structures of Pharynx
Applied Anatomy
Auditory Tube or Pharyngotympanic Tube
Larynx
Cartilage
Epiglottis
Arytenoid cartilage
Vocal Fold
Movements of Vocal Fold
Cavity of Larynx
Functions
Nerve Supply
Clinical Anatomy
Trachea (Wind pipe) (Fig. 6.5)
Structure
Nerve Supply
Applied Anatomy
Bronchi
Applied Anatomy
Pleura
Recesses of Pleura
Nerve Supply
Clinical Anatomy
LUNGS (FIGS 6.7 AND 6.8)
Right Lung has the Following Impressions
LEFT LUNG
Border
Difference between the Lungs
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT (FIG. 6.9)
Definition
Right Lung
Left Lung
Structure of the Lung
Blood Supply
Venous Drainage
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Clinical Anatomy
7:
Urinary System
INTRODUCTION
PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM (FIG. 7.1)
Kidney
Situation
Size and Shape
External Features
RELATIONS (FIG. 7.3)
Anterior Surface of the Right Kidney
Anterior Surface of the Left Kidney
Posterior Relations of Both Kidneys (Fig. 7.4)
Structures Passing through the Hilum
Covering of the Kidney
Structure of Kidney
Nephron
Blood Supply
Variations of Kidney
Development of Kidney
Applied Anatomy
THE URETER
Introduction
Constriction
Parts of Ureter
Course
Relations
Anterior
Posterior
Abdominal Part
Pelvic Part
Relations in Male
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Applied Anatomy
URINARY BLADDER
Introduction
Situation
External Features
Base or Posterior Surface (Fig. 7.11)
Neck
Inferolateral Surface
Internal Features
Capacity
Applied Anatomy
Structure of Bladder
URETHRA
In Female
Structure
Male Urethra (Fig. 7.12)
Parts
Prostatic Part
Features
Membranous Part of Urethra
Sphincters of Urethra
Structure of the Urethra
8:
Male Reproductive System
PENIS
Parts
ATTACHMENTS
BODY OF PENIS
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
NERVE SUPPLY
TESTIS (FIG. 8.2)
Coverings of the Testis
Tunica Vaginalis
The Tunica Albuginea
The Tunica Vasculosa
Lymphatic Drainage
Microscopic Structure (Fig. 8.4)
The Descent of Testis
Clinical Anatomy
SPERMATIC CORD (FIG. 8.5)
Introduction
Contents
EPIDIDYMIS
VAS DEFERENS (FIG. 8.6)
Introduction
Applied Anatomy
SEMINAL VESICLES (FIG. 8.7)
Definition
EJACULATORY DUCT
Location
PROSTATE
Lobes of Prostate (Fig. 8.8)
Structure within the Prostate
Blood Supply
Venous Drainage
Applied Anatomy
BULBO URETHRAL GLAND
Situation
9:
Female Reproductive System
OVARY
Peritoneal Relation
Microscopic Structure (Fig. 9.3)
Development and Descent of Ovary
Applied Anatomy
UTERUS
Parts of the Uterus (Fig. 9.4)
POSITION
Features of the Body
Relations
Posteriorly
Ligament of Uterus
Microscopic Structure of Uterus
Applied Anatomy
SUPPORTORS OF UTERUS
Pelvic Diaphragm
Perenial Body or Central Tendon (Fig. 9.6)
Mechanical
Secondary
VAGINA
Relations
Features
Types of Hymen
EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
Vestibule
Applied Anatomy
BREAST OR MAMMARY GLAND
Features
Structure
10:
Endocrine System
INTRODUCTION
PITUITARY GLAND (FIG. 10.2)
Blood Supply
Microscopic Structure
Hormones Produced
Applied Anatomy
PINEAL GLAND
Situation
Structure
THYROID GLAND (FIG. 10.3)
Situation
Shape
Lobe
Size
Features
Relations
Veins
Lymph Vessel
PARATHYROID GLAND (FIG. 10.4)
Veins
THYMUS
SUPRARENAL GLAND (FIG. 10.5)
Hormones
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
Gastroduodenal Mucosa
11:
Nervous System
INTRODUCTION
MENINGES OF THE BRAIN (FIG. 11.2)
SUBARACHNOID SPACE
CSF CIRCULATION
Applied Anatomy
Spinal Cord
Spinal Segment
Enlargement
CAUDA EQUINA (FIG. 11.3)
External Features
Internal Structure (Fig. 11.4)
Blood Supply to Spinal Cord
Venous Drainage
Subdivisions of Brain
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Introduction
Extent
External Features
Internal Structure
Blood Supply
Applied Anatomy
Pons
Relations
External Features
Ventral Surface
Internal Structure
Lower Part of Pons
Upper Part of Pons
MIDBRAIN
Parts
Internal Structure
CEREBELLUM (FIG. 11.6)
Situation
Functions of Cerebellum
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE
Introduction
Lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere (Fig. 11.7)
Sulci and Gyri
Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex (Fig. 11.8)
Corpus Callosum
Internal Capsule (Fig. 11.9)
BASAL GANGLIA
Definition
Corpus Striatum
Functions
Applied Anatomy
LIMBIC SYSTEM
Diencephalon
THALAMUS
External Features
Nucleus of Thalamus
Function
HYPOTHALAMUS
Subdivision
Function
Blood Supply of Brain
Basilar Artery gives off the Following Branches
CIRCLE OF WILLIS (FIG. 11.10)
Introduction
Formations
Branches
Functions
CRANIAL NERVES (FIG. 11.11)
Olfactory Nerve
Optic Nerve
Oculomotor Nerve
Trochlear Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve (Fig. 11.12)
Sensory Distribution of Vth Nerve
Abducent Nerve
Facial Nerve (Fig. 11.13)
Applied Anatomy
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Vagus Nerve
Accessory Nerve
Hypoglossal Nerve
SPINAL NERVES
CERVICAL PLEXUS
BRACHIAL PLEXUS
LUMBAR PLEXUS
SACRAL PLEXUS
Applied Anatomy
General Sensory Pathway
General Arrangement
Pain and Temperature Pathway
Fine Touch and Vibration
Pressure Tactile Discrimination
SPECIAL SENSORY PATHWAY
Optic Pathway
Auditory Pathway
Olfactory Pathway
MOTOR SYSTEM
Pyramidal System
Clinical Anatomy
Extrapyramidal System
Applied Anatomy
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sympathetic Nervous System (Fig. 11.14)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (Fig. 11.5)
12:
Special Sense Organs
NOSE
TONGUE (FIG. 12.1)
Definition
External Features
Muscles of the Tongue
Sensory Anatomy
Applied Anatomy
EYE (FIG. 12.2)
Coats of Eyeball
Fibrous Coat
Cornea
Applied Anatomy
Retina
Muscles of Eyeball
Movements of Eyeball
The Accessory Organs of Eyeball
EAR (FIG. 12.3)
External Ear
Middle Ear
Internal Ear
SKIN (FIG. 12.4)
13:
Osteology
SKELETON (FIG. 13.1A AND B)
Vertebral Column
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Upper Limb
Lower Limb
Growth of Bone
Growth in Length
Development of Bone
Functions of Bone
Terms used in Osteology
Classification of Bone
THE SKULL (FIG. 13.2)
Bones of Skull
Bones of Face
Norma Verticalis
Norma Occipitalis
Norma Frontalis
Bony Orbit
Norma Basalis
Interior of the Skull
Norma Lateralis
FOETAL SKULL (FIG. 13.3)
Vertebral Column (Fig. 13.4)
Ribs (Fig. 13.5A and B)
Applied Anatomy
Movements of Vertebral Column
Functions of Vertebral Column
BONES OF UPPER LIMB
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal Bones
Metacarpal Bones
Phalanges
Clinical Anatomy
BONES OF LOWER LIMB
Hip Bone
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal Bone
Metatarsal Bone
Phalanges
Applied Anatomy
14:
Joints
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
Primary Cartilaginous Joint or Synchondrosis
Secondary Cartilaginous or Symphysis
Characteristic Features
Classification of Synovial Joints
Nonaxial
Axial
Biaxial Joint
Multiaxial Joint
Type of Movements
Factors Limiting Movement
JOINTS OF HEAD AND NECK
Temporomandibular Joint
Atlanto-Occipital Joint
Atlantoaxial Joint
Medialatlantoaxial Joint
Lateral Atlantoaxial Joint
Joints of Vertebral Column
Ligaments
JOINTS OF THORAX
Joints of Ribs
Joints of Sternum
Joints of Pelvic Girdle
Sacrococcygeal Joint
Sacroiliac Joint
JOINTS OF UPPER LIMB
Joints of Shoulder Girdle
Sternoclavicular Joint (Fig. 14.1)
Ligaments
Acromioclavicular Joint
Movement
Shoulder Joint (Fig. 14.2)
Articular Surfaces
Ligaments
Relation
Muscles Producing Movements
Applied Anatomy
ELBOW JOINT (FIG. 14.3)
Articular Surface
Ligaments
Relations
Muscles Producing Movement
Applied Anatomy
Ligaments
Ligaments
Muscles Producing Movement
WRIST JOINT (FIG. 14.5)
Articular Surface
Ligaments
Relations
Muscles Producing Movements
JOINTS OF THUMB
Carpo Metacarpal Joints
JOINTS OF LOWER LIMB (FIG. 14.6)
Hip Joint
Ligaments
Relations
Blood Supply
Muscles Producing Movements
Applied Anatomy
KNEE JOINT
Ligaments
Fibrous Capsule
Ligamentum Patellae
Tibial Collateral Ligament
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
Menisci (semilunar cartilage)
Relations
Movements
Applied Anatomy
ANKLE JOINT
Ligaments
Medial or Deltoid Ligament
Superficial Part
Lateral Ligament
Muscles Producing Movements
Applied Anatomy
Inversion and Eversion of foot
Muscles Producing Movement
ARCHES OF FOOT
Functions
Classification
Factors Maintaining Arches
Medial Longitudinal Arch
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Applied Anatomy
15:
Muscular System
ACTION
Subclavius
Muscles under Cover of Trapezius
Muscles of Front of Arm (Fig. 15.4)
Deltoid
Origin
Action
Applied Anatomy
Biceps Brachii
Origin
Action
MUSCLES OF BACK OF ARM
Triceps Brachii
Origin
Muscles of Front Forearm
Deep Group
Muscles of Back of Forearm
Superficial Group
Muscles of Hand
Short Muscles of Thumb or Muscles of Thenar Eminence
MUSCLES OF HYPOTHENAR EMINENCE
MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB: MUSCLES OF GLUTEAL REGION (FIG. 15.5)
Gluteus Maximus
Muscles in Front of Thigh (Fig. 15.6)
Medial Side of Thigh
Anterior Compartment (Fig. 15.7)
Posterior Compartment (Fig. 15.8)
Superficial Muscles
FOOT
Sole of Foot
MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK
Muscles of Scalp (Fig. 15.9)
Muscles of Face (Fig. 15.9)
MUSCLES OF NECK (FIG. 15.10)
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin
Relations
Infrahyoid Muscles
Suprahyoid Muscles
MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Postvertebral Muscles
Suboccipital Muscles
Prevertebral Muscles
Lateral Vertebral Muscles
Muscles of Thorax
DIAPHRAGM
Introduction
Origin
Insertion
Important Opening of Diaphragm
Relations
Muscles of Abdomen
Muscles of Pelvis
16:
Regional Anatomy
SCALP (FIG. 16.1)
Skin
Connective Tissue
Epicranial Aponeurosis
Loose Areolar Tissue
Triangles of Neck (Fig. 16.2)
Posterior Triangle
ROOF
Contents of the Triangle
Subclavian Triangle
Boundaries
Floor
Contents
Anterior Triangle of Neck
Boundaries
Subdivision of Anterior Triangle
Boundaries
Contents
Digastric Triangle
Boundaries
Roof
Floor
Contents
Carotid Triangle
Boundaries
Roof
Floor
Contents
MUSCULAR TRIANGLE
Boundaries
Contents
MUSCLES OF FACE (FIG. 16.3)
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
Regional Anatomy of Upper Limb
Contents
Cubital Fossa (Fig. 16.4)
Boundaries
Roof
Floor
Contents
FLEXOR RETINACULUM (FIG. 16.5)
Definition
Relations
Applied Anatomy
SURFACE ANATOMY OF ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
Rectus Sheath (Fig. 16.6)
Walls
Contents of Rectus Sheath
Applied Anatomy
INGUINAL CANAL (FIG. 16.7)
Introduction
Contents
Clinical Anatomy
REGIONAL ANATOMY OF LOWER LIMB
Femoral Triangle (Fig. 16.8)
Boundaries
Contents
Femoral Sheath
FEMORAL CANAL
Subsartorial or Adductor Canal
Popliteal Fossa (Fig. 16.9)
PERINEUM-REGIONAL ANATOMY (FIG. 16.10)
Subdivisions of Perineum
Anal Triangle
Perineal Body
Clinical Anatomy
UROGENITAL TRIANGLE OF PERINEUM
Boundaries
UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM
Formation
Applied Anatomy
Pelvic Diaphragm
Origin
Insertion
INDEX
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