Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Clinical Pathology, Haematology and Blood Banking (For DMLT Students)
Nanda Maheshwari
SECTION-A: PATHOLOGY AND HAEMATOLOGY
1:
Introduction to Clinical Pathology
2:
The Blood
BLOOD
BLOOD CELLS
Erythrocyte (RBC)
Leucocyte (WBC)
Granulocyte
Agranulocyte
Platelets or Thrombocytes
PLASMA
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
3:
Collection of Blood
INTRODUCTION
Capillary Blood Collection
Venous Puncture
The Collection Process
Needle
Syringe
Tourniquet
Disinfectant
Cotton Swab
Water Bath or Water Tray
Collection Bottle
Procedure
4:
Anticoagulants
5:
Total RBC Count
INTRODUCTION
RED CELL COUNT
RBC Diluting Fluid
Formalin Citrate Diluting Fluid
Haym's Diluting Fluid
RBC Pipette
Haemocytometer
Blood Sample
Principle
Procedure
Calculations
6:
Total White Cell Count (TLC)
INTRODUCTION
Principle
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
WBC Diluting Fluid
Composition
WBC Pipette
Haemocytometer
Blood Sample
Procedure
Calculations
7:
Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC)
INTRODUCTION
PREPARATION OF BLOOD SMEAR
STAINING OF BLOOD
STAINING OF SMEAR
Leishman Stain
Composition
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Wright Stain
Composition
Procedure
Observation
Giemsa's Stain
Composition
Procedure
Observation
Clinical Significance
Normal Values
8:
Absolute Eosinophil Count
INTRODUCTION
DIRECT METHOD
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
Blood Sample
Eosinophil Diluting Fluid
Composition
Haemocytometer
Procedure
Fuchs-Rosenthal Chamber
9:
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE
METHODS
Westergren Method
Requirements
Procedure (Fig. 9.1)
Normal Values
Wintrobe Method
Requirements
Procedure (Fig. 9.2)
Normal Values
POSSIBLE ERRORS IN ESR
Factors Affecting ESR
Plasma
Red Cell
Anticoagulant
IMPORTANCE AND LIMITATIONS
10:
Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
Macrohaematocrit
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
Normal Value
Microhaematocrit
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
Card Reader (Fig. 10.1)
Importance
11:
Haemoglobin Estimation
INTRODUCTION
BLOOD SPECIMEN
Sahlis Acid Haematin Method
Principle
Procedure
Colourimetric Method of Hb
Principle
Equipment
Reagent
Composition
Procedure
Specific Gravity Method
Principle
Procedure
Gasometric Method
CHEMICAL METHOD
CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
12:
Red Cell Indices
INTRODUCTION
MCV (Mean Cell Volume)
MCH (Mean Cell Haemoglobin)
MCHC (Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration)
13:
Reticulocyte Count
INTRODUCTION
Principle
Requirement
Composition
Procedure
Calculation
Importance
14:
Sickle Cell Preparation
INTRODUCTION
Importance
Laboratory Findings
Blood Specimen
Principle
Requirement
Procedure
15:
Morphology of Normal and Abnormal RBCs
16:
Preparation of Bone Marrow Smears
INTRODUCTION
Needle Aspiration
Microtrephine Biopsy
Surgical Biopsy
SITE OF BIOPSY
PREPARATION OF BONE MARROW FILM
Clinical Significance
17:
Blood Coagulation
INTRODUCTION
COAGULATION FACTORS
MECHANISM OF COAGULATION
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
18:
Haemorrhagic Disorders
SCREENING TESTS OF HAEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS
Bleeding Time
Principle
Procedure
Precautions
Clinical Importance
Whole Blood Coagulation Time
Principle
Clinical Importance
Clot Retraction
Requirement
Procedure
Clinical Importance
Prothrombin Time
Principle
Procedure
Clinical Significance
Platelet Count
Direct Method
Composition
Calculations
Indirect Method
Calculation
Clinical Significance
Tourniquet Test
Purpura
19:
Haemophilia and Polycythemia
HAEMOPHILIA
Haemophilia A
Haemophilia B
POLYCYTHEMIA
Relative Polycythemia
Absolute Polycythemia
Primary Polycythemia
Secondary Polycythemia
20:
Anaemia
CLASSIFICATION
Based upon Morphological Classification
Normochromic Normocytic Anaemia
Hypochromic Microcytic Anaemia
Normochromic Macrocytic Anaemia
Normochromic Microcytic Anaemia
Aetiological Classification
Aplastic Anaemia
Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Pernicious Anaemia
Haemolytic Anaemia
Sickle Cell Anaemia
Sideroblastic Anaemias
THALASSEMIA (COOLEY'S ANEMIA)
SCHILLING TEST
21:
Leukaemia
CLASSIFICATION
Acute Leukaemia
Chronic Leukaemia
CLASSIFICATION
Clinical Classification
Acute
Chronic
22:
Urine Analysis
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Quantity
Causes of Polyuria
Causes of Oliguria
Colour
Odour
Pathologically
Appearance
Reaction or pH
Specific Gravity
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
Albumin
Causes of Albuminuria
Glucose
Test for Glucose
Causes of Glycosuria
Ketone Bodies
Bile Salts (Hay's test)
Bile Pigments
Urobilinogen
Occult Blood
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Cells (Figs 22.2A and B)
Casts
Crystal
Parasites
Miscellaneous
23:
Stool Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Macrosopic Examination
Colour
Odour
Mucus
Pus
Calculus
Blood
Parasites
Chemical Examination
Microscopic Examination
Other Abnormalities
Crystals
Concentration Methods for Ova and Cyst
Occult Blood Test
24:
CSF Examination
INTRODUCTION
CELL COUNT
Leucocyte Count
Differential Count
CSF Diluting Fluid
Biochemical Examination of CSF
Protein
Sugar (Glucose)
Chlorides
pH
25:
Semen Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Collection of Semen
Physical Properties
Volume
Viscosity
Colour and Odour
Reaction
Motility of Spermatozon
Results
Total Spermatozoa Count
Morphological Examination of Spermatozoa
Preparation of Smear and Staining
Heads
Middle Pieces
Tails
SECTION-B: BLOOD BANKING
26:
Historical Aspect
27:
Immunohaematology
28:
ABO Blood Group System
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE ABO SYSTEM
PRODUCTION OF A, B, AND H ANTIGENS
Importance of Blood Grouping
Determination of Subgroups
Other A Subgroups
Importance of Subgroups
29:
Rh Blood Group System
Rh SYSTEM INHERITANCE
Rh Variant Du
30:
Other Blood Group System
31:
Preparation and Preservation of Antisera
32:
Technique of Blood Grouping and Crossmatching
ABO BLOOD GROUPING
Requirement
Reagents
Specimen
Procedure
Tube Method
Requirement
Procedure
Forward and Reverse Grouping
RH BLOOD TYPING
Principle
Procedure
Slide Method
Requirements
Reagents
Specimen
Procedure
Tube Method
Requirements
Reagents
Specimen
Procedure
CROSSMATCHING
Procedure
Interpretation
Reasons for Blood Typing and Crossmatching
Limitations of Crossmatching
33:
Coombs' Test
INDIRECT COOMBS' TEST (ICT)
Principle
Requirements and Reagents
Procedure
34:
Blood Transfusion Technique
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE BLOOD DONORS
(After leaving the blood donor room)
Storage of Blood
Changes in Blood after Storage
35:
Transfusion Reactions
36:
Haemolytic Disease of Newborn (HDN)
37:
Exchange Transfusion
38:
Transfusion Transmitted Diseases
39:
Blood Component Transfusion
WHOLE BLOOD
Sedimentation
Centrifugation
Platelet Transfusion
Indications for platelet transfusion when
Platelet pheresis
Calculation of Platelet Yield
Calculation
Indications
Indications
Procedure
Reconstituting Cryoprecipitate (Thawing and issue of cryoprecipitate)
40:
Serum Immunoglobulin and their Significance in Blood Banking
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Clinical Significance of Immunoglobulins
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
41:
Organisation and Operation of Blood Bank
42:
Recent Advances in Blood Banking
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear