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Refractive Surgery Amar Agarwal, Athiya Agarwal, Soosan Jacob

SECTION ONE: BASICS, INSTRUMENTATION AND PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
1:The History of Refractive Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- LAMELLAR TECHNIQUES
- SURFACE TECHNIQUES
  - Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
  - PRK Mitomycin C and Epi-LASIK
- SUMMARY
2:Corneal Topography and the Orbscan
- INTRODUCTION
- PARAXIAL OPTICS
- RAYTRACE OR GEOMETRIC OPTICS
- ELEVATION
- ORBSCAN I AND II
- SPECULAR VS BACK-SCATTERED REFLECTION
- IMAGING IN THE ORBSCAN
- MAP COLORS CONVENTIONS
- ANALYSIS OF THE NORMAL EYE BY THE ORBSCAN MAP
- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
3:Anterior Keratoconus
- INTRODUCTION
- ORBSCAN
- TECHNIQUE
- ANTERIOR KERATOCONUS
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
4:Posterior Corneal Changes in Refractive Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- TOPOGRAPHY
- ORBSCAN
- PRIMARY POSTERIOR CORNEAL ELEVATION
- IATROGENIC KERATECTASIA
- EFFECT OF POSTERIOR CORNEAL CHANGE ON IOL CALCULATION
5:Pentacam
- INTRODUCTION
- DISPLAYS
  - Topography and Keratometry
- PACHYMETRY
- POSTERIOR SURFACE
- KERATOCONUS SCREENING
- CATARACT EVALUATION
- IOL CALCULATION
- ANTERIOR CHAMBER EVALUATION
- CORNEAL WAVEFRONT EVALUATION
- ANTERIOR CHAMBER PHAKIC LENS SIMULATION
- CONCLUSION
6:Visante Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography in Evaluation of Patientsfor Refractive Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- VISANTE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OCT
- LASIK PATIENTS
- PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENSES
- CONCLUSION
7:Corneal Topographers and Wavefront Aberrometers: Complementary Tools
- INTRODUCTION
- KERATOMETERS
- CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
- ELEVATION BASED TOPOGRAPHY
- WAVEFRONT: ANOTHER VIEW OF CORNEAL OPTICS
- CASES
- CONCLUSION
8:Aberrometry and Topography in the Vector Analysis of Refractive Laser Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- MEASUREMENT OF ASTIGMATISM
- SURGICAL PLANNING—REFRACTION, TOPOGRAPHY OR BOTH?
- VECTOR ANALYSIS BY THE ALPINS METHOD
- ABERROMETRY AND WAVEFRONT GUIDED TREATMENT
- COMBINING WAVEFRONT ANALYSIS AND TOPOGRAPHY WITH VECTOR PLANNING
- TREATMENT OF IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM
- SUMMARY
9:Endothelial Evaluation Role in Refractive Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- EVALUATION OF CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
- SPECULAR MICROSCOPY
- PACHYMETRY
  - Methods of Pachymetry
- FLUOROPHOTOMETRY
- ENDOTHELIAL CHANGES FOLLOWING REFRACTIVE SURGERY
- INCISIONAL PROCEDURES
  - Radial Keratotomy (RK)
- LAMELLAR PROCEDURES
  - Keratophakia and Keratomileusis
- CORNEAL INLAYS
  - Hydrogel Lenses
  - Intracorneal Ring Segments (ICRS)
- LASER PROCEDURES
  - Excimer Laser
    - Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
    - Laser in-situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
  - Thermokeratoplasty
- PHAKIC INTRAOCULAR LENSES
  - Anterior Chamber Phakic IOL (ACIOL)
  - Posterior Chamber Phakic IOL (PCIOL)
- SUMMARY
10:The Importance of a Preoperative Examination in LASIK and PRK
- INTRODUCTION
- CONTRAINDICATIONS
  - Ocular
  - Systemic
- THE EXAMINATION
- UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL TREATMENT
- INFORMED CONSENT
SECTION TWO: SURFACE ABLATIONS
11:Excimer Laser: Fundamental Concepts
- INTRODUCTION
- ATOM
- EMISSION
- LASER MEDIA AND PUMPS
- EXCITED DIMER
- EXCIMER LASER
- LASER VS LIGHT
- EXCIMER MACHINE
- FLUENCY
- HOMOGENEITY
- DELIVERY SYSTEMS
- SUMMARY
12:Painless Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
- INTRODUCTION
- CORNEAL EPITHELIAL REMOVAL IN PREPARATION FOR PRK
- EXCIMER LASER ABLATION
- CONTACT LENSES POST-PRK
  - Pain Discomfort Level
- POST-PRK CARE
13:From LASEK to Epi-LASEK
- INTRODUCTION
- LASEK VERSUS EPI-LASIK
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS EPI-LASIK VS LASEK
- EPI-LASIK VERSUS EPI-LASEK
  - Epi-LASIK Treatment
  - Epi-LASEK Treatment
- EPI-LASEK TECHNIQUE
- CONCLUSION
14:Advanced Surface Ablation in Thin Corneas
- INTRODUCTION
- RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECTASIA AFTER EXCIMER LASER REFRACTIVE SURGERY
- CONVENTIONAL LIMITS OF CORNEAL THICKNESS IN EXCIMER LASER REFRACTIVE SURGERY
- REPORTS OF EXCIMER LASER REFRACTIVE SURGERY IN THIN CORNEAS
- COULD THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LASIK AND SURFACE ABLATION JUSTIFY DIFFERENT LIMITS IN PREOPERATIVE CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS?
- CONCLUSION
15:Phototherapeutic Keratectomy (PTK)
- INTRODUCTION
- PTK
- WOUND HEALING OF THE CORNEA AFTER EXCIMER LASER ABLATION
- RECURRENT EROSION
  - Treatment Protocol
- CORNEAL DYSTROPHIES
- CORNEAL SCARS, BAND KERATOPATHY, PTERYGIUM AND HIGH MYOPIA
- SUMMARY
SECTION THREE: ABERROPIA
16:Aberropia: A New Refractive Entity
- INTRODUCTION
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
17:Differences between Various Aberrometer Systems
- INTRODUCTION
- MAPPING A PROFILE OF THE WHOLE EYE
- DIFFERENT METHODS AVAILABLE
- THE MECHANISMS OF WAVEFRONT DEVICES
- BENEFITS OF WAVEFRONT ANALYSIS
- LINKING DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION FROM WAVEFRONT MAPPING TO LASER TREATMENT
- WAVEFRONT ANALYSIS IN CONJUNCTION WITH CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY
- PERSONALIZED LASIK NOMOGRAMS
18:Corneal Wavefront-guided Excimer Laser Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPACT OF HIGHER-ORDER ABERRATIONS
- WAVEFRONT-GUIDED REFRACTIVE SURGERY
- CORNEAL WAVEFRONT-GUIDED REFRACTIVE SURGERY
- RESULTS OF CORNEAL WAVEFRONT GUIDED REFRACTIVE SURGERY
  - Corneal Wavefront-guided Retreatments for Significant Night Vision Symptoms after Myopic Laser Refractive Surgery47
- METHODS
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
  - Corneal Wavefront-guided LASIK Retreatments for Correction of Highly Aberrated Corneas following Refractive Surgery52
- METHODS
- RESULTS
  - Corneal Aberrations
    - Point Spread Function (PSF)
- DISCUSSION
  - Corneal Wavefront-guided Retreatments for Corneas with High Levels of Corneal Coma Aberration after LASIK53
- METHODS
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
- LIMITATIONS OF CORNEAL WAVEFRONT-GUIDED REFRACTIVE SURGERY
- CONCLUSION
19:Ocular Higher-order Aberration Induced Decrease in Vision: Aberropia
- ABERROPIA
- INTRODUCTION
- CASE REPORT
  - Patient 1
  - Patient 2
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
SECTION FOUR: LASIK, CUSTOMISED LASIK AND FEMTOSECOND LASER
20:Predictive Formulas for LASIK
- INTRODUCTION
- EXCIMER LASER ABLATION NOMOGRAMS FOR PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY
  - Pretreatment Protocols
  - Single and Multizone Ablation Protocols
- EXCIMER LASER ABLATION NOMOGRAMS FOR LASIK
- VISX STAR: PREDICTIVE FORMULAS FOR LASIK
- VISX S2 SMOOTHSCAN: PREDICTIVE FORMULAS FOR LASIK
- CHIRON TECHNOLAS 116: PREDICTIVE FORMULAS FOR LASIK
- KRITZINGER NOMOGRAM FOR TECHNOLAS 217 EXCIMER LASER
  - General Rules
  - Kritzinger Nomograms
- ADJUSTMENT FACTORS FOR THE REFRACTIVE CORRECTION OF LASIK
- SUMMARY
21:Microkeratomes for LASIK
- INTRODUCTION
- BARRAQUER'S MICROKERATOME
- AUTOMATED CORNEAL SHAPER
- SCHWIND MICROKERATOME
- TURBOKERATOME (SCMD MICROKERATOME)
- UNIVERSAL KERATOME
- MASTEL-BUZARD MICROKERATOME
- AUTOMATED DISPOSABLE KERATOME
- INNOVATOME
- MICROPRECISION'S MICROLAMELLAR KERATOME
- FLAPMAKER DISPOSABLE MICROKERATOME
- CLEAR CORNEAL MOLDER
- DRAEGER LAMELLATING ROTOKERATOME
- LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY SYSTEM (PLANCON INSTRUMENTS MICROKERATOME)
- EYE-TECH MICROKERATOME
- STORZ MICROKERATOME
- HANSATOME
- VISIJET HYDROKERATOME
- PICOSECOND LASER MICROKERATOME
22:Automatic Corneal Shaper
- INTRODUCTION
- PRESURGICAL SET-UP
- CHECK
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- PROBLEMS DURING SURGERY
- TROUBLE SHOOTING
- CARE AND HANDLING
- STERILIZATION
23:Care and Handling of Microkeratomes
- METICULOUS CARE AND HANDLING OF MICROKERATOMES
- CAUTION
- PREPARATION METHODS: INSPECTION OF EQUIPMENT
- PREPARATION STEPS: ASSEMBLY OF THE EQUIPMENT
- RECOMMENDED CLEANING SUPPLIES: SET-UP
- CLEANING SOLUTIONS
- MANUAL CLEANING: HAND WASHING OF INSTRUMENTS
  - Automated or Manual Microkeratome Head Cleaning Procedures (with Plates)
- ULTRASONIC CLEANING: MACHINE WASHING OF INSTRUMENTS
- SOAKING INSTRUMENTS
- DRYING INSTRUMENTS
- LUBRICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
- STERILIZATION OF INSTRUMENTS
  - Steam Sterilization
  - Cold Sterilization (Germicidal Solution Bath)
- SAMPLE (ONLY) OVERVIEW: CLEANING, STERILIZATION AND DISINFECTING THE MICROKERATOME COMPONENT PARTS
- MICROKERATOME CONSOLE
- STORAGE OF INSTRUMENTS
- SUMMARY
24:LASIK: The Technique
- BACKGROUND
- LASIK FUNDAMENTALS
- INTRAOPERATIVE LASIK TECHNIQUE
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE OF LASIK PATIENTS
- LASIK COMPLICATIONS
- CONCLUSION
25:Down-up LASIK
- INTRODUCTION
- SETTING UP OF THE HANSATOME
- CARE AND MAINTENANCE
- STERILIZATION
- TROUBLESHOOTING
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR SECURING THE FLAP
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
26:Pediatric LASIK
- INTRODUCTION
- PEDIATRIC LASIK
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
27:Femtosecond Lasers
- OVERVIEW
- WHAT IS FEMTOSECOND?
- WHAT IS FEMTOSECOND TECHNOLOGY?
  - Time
  - Space
  - Wavelength
- LASER-TISSUE INTERACTION AND PHOTODISRUPTION
- LASER REFRACTIVE SURGERY
- FLAP CREATION (PRIMARY APPLICATION)
- FEMTOSECOND LASER-ASSISTED PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY (PKP)
- FEMTOSECOND LASER-ASSISTED SUTURELESS ANTERIOR LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY (FALK)
- INTRACORNEAL RING SEGMENT
- CORNEAL INLAY
- ASTIGMATIC KERATOTOMY (AK)
- ASTIGMATIC KERATECTOMY
- POSTERIOR LAMELLAR KERATOPLASTY
- FEMTOSECOND LENTICULAR EXTRACTION (FLEx)
- FEMTOSECOND LASERS IN THE MARKET
- FLAP THICKNESS
- DRY AND WET PROCEDURE
- DRY EYE AND STEEPER FLAP EDGE CONFIGURATION
- THE FLAP SHAPE AND THE HINGE
- BED SMOOTHNESS
- COST EFFECTIVENESS
- TIME CONSUMPTION
- ABERRATION, CONTRAST SENSITIVITY, PREDICTABILITY OF TARGET REFRACTION
- WOUND HEALING AND DIFFUSE LAMELLAR KERATITIS (DLK)
- DILEMMA
- NEED NOMOGRAM MODIFICATION BETWEEN MICROKERATOME AND FEMTOSECOND LASER?
- MICROKERATOME AND FEMTOSECOND LASER
- FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
- CENTRATION
- CALIBRATION
- CUSTOM-DESIGNED FLAP
- OTHER OPHTHALMIC APPLICATIONS
28:Ziemer FEMTO LDV™ Femtosecond Laser
- INTRODUCTION
- FEMTOSECOND LASER PHYSICS
- CLINICAL BENEFITS OF THE ZIEMER FEMTO LDV™
- SUMMARY
29:Presbyopic LASIK
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVIOUS EXCIMER LASER TECHNIQUES
- HISTORY
- PRINCIPLE
- PROLATE AND OBLATE CORNEA
- TECHNIQUE
- KERATOMETRY AND PACHYMETRY
- ASTIGMATISM
- PLANO EXAMPLES
  - Example 1
- HYPEROPIC EXAMPLES
  - Example 2
  - Example 3
- MYOPIC EXAMPLE
  - Example 4
- TOPOGRAPHY
- SUMMARY
30:Presbyopia Correction with Central PresbyLASIK Techniques
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNOVISION CENTRAL MULTIFOCAL LASIK (PRESBYLASIK)
- CLINICAL STUDY
- OPTICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESBYLASIK TREATMENT
  - Light propagation algorithm and optical quality parameters
  - Results and Conclusions
- PRESBYLASIK VS. MULTIFOCAL REFRACTIVE IOLS: WHAT IS THE BEST FOR VISUAL PERFORMANCE?
  - The Array simulation
  - Results and Conclusions
- SECOND GENERATION TREATMENTS BASED ON CORNEAL WAVEFRONT AND TOPOGRAPHY ANALYSIS: PRESBYMAX® MODEL
31:SBK (Sub-Bowman Keratomileusis): Thin Flap LASIK (Technique and Enhancement Procedure)
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTION
- POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS
- ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
32:Topographic and Aberrometer-guided Laser
- INTRODUCTION
- ABERRATIONS
- ZYOPTIX LASER
- ORBSCAN
- ABERROMETER
- ZYLINK
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
33:NAVWave: Nidek Technique for Customised Ablation
- INTRODUCTION
34:Pearls for Successful Refractive Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- PATIENT SELECTION
  - Specials for Autoimmune Disorders
- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
- ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS: PREOPERATIVE HYGIENIC MEASURES
- HOW MUCH SHOULD I CORRECT
  - For LASIK
  - For PRK
- LASER CORRECTION OF ASTIGMATISM
- LASIK SPECIALS
  - Special Care of LASIK Instrumentation
- PRK AND LASIK SPECIALS
- PRK SPECIALS
- ASTIGMATIC AND REFRACTIVE KERATOTOMIES SPECIALS
SECTION FIVE: LENS-BASED REFRACTIVE SURGERY
35:Mirlex: Bimanual Phaco/Phakonit/MICS: Surgical Technique
- HISTORY
- TERMINOLOGY
- SYNONYMS
- TECHNIQUE OF PHAKONIT FOR CATARACTS
- PHAKONIT WITH CUT SLEEVE
- AIR PUMP
- CRUISE CONTROL
- PHAKONIT CAN BE DONE WITH ANY PHACO MACHINE
- THINOPTX ROLLABLE IOL
- TOPOGRAPHY
- ACRITEC IOL
- INTRAOPERATIVE PROTOCOL FOR VANCOMYCIN PROPHYLAXIS
- CONVERSION TO PHACO OR ECCE
- SUMMARY
36:Microphakonit Cataract Surgery with A 0.7 mm Tip
- HISTORY
- MICROPHAKONIT (0.7 MM) NEEDLE TIP
- MICROPHAKONIT (0.7 MM) IRRIGATING CHOPPER
- AIR PUMP AND GAS FORCED INFUSION
- BIMANUAL 0.7 MM IRRIGATION ASPIRATION SYSTEM
- DUET HANDLES
- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 0.9 MM AND 0.7 MM SETS IN CATARACT SURGERY
- TECHNIQUE
- SUMMARY
- KEY POINTS
37:Correcting Astigmatism Through the Use of Limbal Relaxing Incisions
- INTRODUCTION
- LIMBAL RELAXING INCISIONS
- THE PLAN
- NOMOGRAMS
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
38:Refractive Cataract Surgery
- SUMMARY
39:IOL Power Calculation in Standard and Refractive Surgery Cases
- EVALUATING THE PATIENT PRIOR TO SURGERY
- PATIENT'S EXPECTATIONS
- DETERMINING CORNEAL POWER
- DETERMINING IOL POWER (BIOMETRY)
- AVOIDING POSTOPERATIVE REFRACTIVE ERRORS
- THE CHALLENGE OF THE COMPLEX CASES
- COMMONLY USED FORMULAS
- MAIN CAUSES OF ERROR
- TARGETING POSTOPERATIVE REFRACTION
- IOL POWER CALCULATION IN COMPLEX CASES
  - Specific Methods to Use in Complex Cases
- DETERMINING IOL POWER IN PATIENTS WITH PREVIOUS REFRACTIVE SURGERY
- METHODS MOST OFTEN USED
- CLINICAL HISTORY METHOD
- CONTACT LENS METHOD
- MALONEY TOPOGRAPHY METHOD
- THE TOPOGRAPHY METHOD
- ARAMBERRI DOUBLE-K METHOD
  - K-Method in Previous Radial Keratotomy
- THE ESCAF APHAKIC OR REFRACTION METHOD
- IOL POWER CALCULATION IN PEDIATRIC CATARACTS
40:No Anesthesia Cataract/Clear Lens Extraction
- INTRODUCTION
- NUCLEUS REMOVAL TECHNIQUES
- KARATE CHOP
- SOFT CATARACTS
- AGARWAL CHOPPER
- THE AUTHORS' KARATE CHOP TECHNIQUE
- NO ANESTHESIA CLEAR LENS EXTRACTION
- PHACODYNAMICS OF THE PHACO CHOP TECHNIQUE
- ADVANTAGES
- DISADVANTAGES
- TOPICAL ANESTHESIA CATARACT/CLEAR LENS SURGERY
- NO ANESTHESIA CATARACT/CLEAR LENS SURGERY
- SUMMARY
41:Phakic IOL
- INTRODUCTION
- ANGLE-SUPPORTED PHAKIC IOLs
- IRIS SUPPORTED PHAKIC IOLs
- POSTERIOR CHAMBER PHAKIC IOLs
- RECENT ADVANCES
42:Posterior Chamber Implantable Collamer Lens ICL and Toric ICL
- INDICATIONS OF ICL AND T-ICL
- SELECTION CRITERIA AND PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
  - ICL Loading
  - ICL Implantation
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- CLINICAL RESULTS
- COMPLICATIONS
43:Bioptics
- INTRODUCTION
- PATIENT SELECTION
- INDICATIONS FOR ARS (ADJUSTABLE REFRACTIVE SURGERY)
- CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR ARS
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
  - Worst IOL Implantation
  - LASIK
- DATA ANALYSIS
- RESULTS
- SUMMARY
SECTION SIX: COMPLICATIONS
44:Flap Complications
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPLICATIONS
- MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS
- THE HANSATOME (DOWN-UP) MICROKERATOME
- PEARLS TO ASSIST WITH THE MAKING OF A GOOD FLAP
- SUMMARY
45:Flap Complications and Mitomycin C
- INTRODUCTION
- FLAP COMPLICATIONS
- MITOMYCIN C
- CARONES TECHNIQUE
- RESULTS
- COMPLICATIONS
- SUMMARY
46:Post-LASIK Iatrogenic Ectasia
- INTRODUCTION
- SUBCLINICAL KERATOCONUS
- CORNEAL THICKNESS LIMITS
- KERATECTASIA TREATMENTS
47:Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis
- INTRODUCTION
- ETIOLOGY
- CLASSIFICATION
- DIFFERENTIALS DIAGNOSIS
  - Epithelial Ingrowth
  - Central Flap Necrosis
- TREATMENT
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- CONCLUSIONS
48:Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis: Making the Correct Diagnosis and Preventing Treatment Errors
- DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION
- SOURCES OF DIAGNOSTIC ERROR
- MECHANISM AND CAUSES OF DIFFUSE LAMELLAR KERATITIS
- PREVENTION OF DIFFUSE LAMELLAR KERATITIS
- TREATMENT OF DIFFUSE LAMELLAR KERATITIS
- SUMMARY
49:Decentered Ablation
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL DEFINITION
  - Topographic Decentration
  - Wavefront Aberrations
- MANAGEMENT OF DECENTERED ABLATION
  - Surgical Correction of Decentered Ablation
    - Wavefront-guided Treatment
    - Topography-guided Treatment
- CONCLUSION
50:Femtosecond Laserassociated Complications
- INTRODUCTION
- SUCTION LOSS
- EPITHELIAL BREAKS
- ANTERIOR CHAMBER GAS BUBBLES
- OPAQUE BUBBLE LAYER (OBL)
- TRANSIENT LIGHT SENSITIVITY SYNDROME
- IRREGULAR FLAP
- DIFFUSE LAMELLAR KERATITIS (DLK)
- SUMMARY
51:Vitreoretinal Complications of Refractive Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- PREOPERATIVE EXAMINATION
- PROPHYLAXIS OF RETINAL BREAKS AND DEGENERATIONS
- SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR THIS CHAPTER
- THEORETICAL MECHANISMS RESULTING IN RETINAL BREAKS AND DETACHMENT
- SUMMARY
SECTION SEVEN: MISCELLANEOUS
52:Conductive Keratoplasty
- INTRODUCTION TO CONDUCTIVE KERATOPLASTY
- US FDA TRIALS AND RESULTS
  - Hyperopia
- COMPLICATIONS
- ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER PROCEDURES
- OTHER USES OF CONDUCTIVE KERATOPLASTY
- DISCUSSION
53:Intacs™: Refractive Correction with an Intracorneal Device
- HISTORY
  - Initial Clinical Studies
  - Current US Clinical Studies
- SURGICAL PROCEDURE
- CLINICAL OUTCOMES
- FEMTOSECOND LASER
54:Surgical Reversal of Presbyopia
- INTRODUCTION
- COMPARING THE THEORIES OF ACCOMMODATION
- HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCLERAL EXPANSION BAND
- INTRODUCTION OF THE [SEGMENTED] SCLERAL IMPLANT
- SURGICAL REVERSAL OF PRESBYOPIA (SCLERAL SPACING PROCEDURE—SSP)
  - Patient Selection
  - Current Surgical Techniques
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- RESEARCH AND ONGOING IMPROVEMENTS
- SUMMARY OF SSP
55:Presbyopic Inlays
- INTRODUCTION
- PRESBYOPIA
- CORNEAL INLAYS
- TYPES OF INLAYS
- SUMMARY
56:Use of Platelet-rich Plasma in Ophthalmology and Refractive Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
  - Laser Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
  - Platelet-rich Plasma
- DORMANT CORNEAL ULCERS
- DRY EYE
- OCULAR SURFACE SYNDROME POST-LASIK (OSS POST-LASIK)
- CONCLUSIONS ON THE USE OF PRP IN OPHTHALMOLOGY AND IN REFRACTIVE SURGERY
57:General Medicine Diseases and Refractive Surgery
- CONTACT LENSES ANDREFRACTIVE SURGERY
- AGE CRITERIA FOR REFRACTIVE SURGERY
- A SPECIAL SITUATION: REFRACTIVE SURGERY IN CHILDREN (PEDIATRICS)
- RETINAL DEGENERATIONS AND RETINAL BREAKS
- RETINAL DETACHMENT
- MACULAR DISEASE
- AMBLYOPIA
- GLAUCOMA
- VISUAL FIELD TESTING AND REFRACTIVE SURGERY
  - Systemic Limitations for Refractive Surgery: Special Considerations
- DIABETES AND REFRACTIVE SURGERY
- OCULAR ROSACEA
- MENSTRUATION, PREGNANCY AND NURSING
- HUMAN IMMUNODEFFICIENCY VIRUS DISEASE (HIV DISEASE) ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
- MENTAL RETARDATION
- THYROID-ASSOCIATED OPHTHALMOPATHY (GRAVES' DISEASE)

INDEX

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Chapter Notes