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Essentials of Nursing
Maheshwari Loganathan
CHAPTER 1:
Medical Scientists
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2:
Milestones in Nursing History
MILESTONES IN NURSING HISTORY 3000 BC
Egypt 3000 BC
Babylonia 1900 BC
Greece 50 BC
THE COMMON ERA
Roman Bene Factors 400 AD
Crusaders 1096 AD
Christian 1099 AD
THE MIDDLE AGES
Nursing Care of Outcasts 1200
Charitable Nursing 1500
Early Canadian Hospitals 1639
Early Australian Hospitals 1812
Mary Grant Seacole 1854
Florence Nightingale 1859
THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
Dorothea Lynde Dix 1861
Louisa Mary Alcott 1862-1863
Hurriet Tubman 1861-1865
Walt Hwitman 1862-1865
Sojourner Truth 1797-1883
The International Red-cross 1864
EARLY NURSING EDUCATION
Lucy Osborne 1868
Early Nursing Schools 1872
Linda Richards 1873
Mary Mahoney 1879
Clara Barton and the American Red-cross 1882
Mary Anglers Snively 1884
LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY
The Nightingale Pledge 1893
Lillian Wald 1893
The ANA 1897
The ICN 1899
The AJN 1900
Clara Maars (Clara Louise Maars) 1876-1901
The CNA 1908
The NLN 1912
Margaret Sanger 1916
Lavinia Dock 1920
Sigma Theta Tau 1922
The Frontier Nursing Service 1925
The Cadet Nurse Corps 1943-1945:ww11
NSNA 1953
The Vietnam War 1963-1975
DIVERSITY IN THE 70'S
NBNA 1971
Independent Practitioners
ANA Specialty Certification 1973
THE NHNA
IMPACT ON GOVERNMENT
The US House of Representatives 1992
US Public Health Service 1992
The NIH 1993
Contemporary Nursing Leaders
Margretta Styles: RN, EdD
Fay Bower, RN, DNSC, FAAN
CHAPTER 3:
History of Nursing
HISTORY OF SURGICAL NURSING
CHAPTER 4:
Nursing is an Art and Science
PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO THE NURSING PROCEDURES
Nursing Principles
Scientific Principles
PROFESSIONAL NURSE
The Qualities and Characteristics of a Nurse
Nursing—A Profession
FUNCTIONS OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE
Professional Etiquette's for Nurses
CHAPTER 5:
Code of Ethics
ANA CODE OF ETHICS
ICN CODE OF ETHICS
Need for Nursing in Universal
ELEMENTS OF THE CODE
Nurses and People
Nurses and Practices
Nurses and the Profession
Nurses and Co-workers
CHAPTER 6:
The Hospital
CLASSIFICATION OF HOSPITALS
Size or Bed Capacity
Ownership or Control
Purpose or Clinical Facilities
PHYSICAL SET UP OF A HOSPITAL
ORGANIZATION OF A HOSPITAL
The Major Department in Hospital
Medical Department
Nursing Department
Paramedical Department
Non-professional Services or Business Management
Members of the Health Team
Role and Responsibilities of Nurse in the Health Team
CHAPTER 7:
Vital Signs
GUIDELINES FOR MEASURING VITAL SIGNS
BODY TEMPERATURE
Nursing Process
Assessment
Sites
Thermometers
Electronic Thermometer
Disposable Thermometer
Glass Thermometer
SKILL 7.1
Measuring the Body Temperature
Preparation of the Patient
Equipment
Equipment
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
PLANNING
IMPLEMENTATION
Heat Stroke
Evaluation
PULSE
Locating the Peripheral Pulse
Stethoscope
ASSESSMENT OF PULSE
Pulse Rate
Apical Pulse
SKILL 7.2
Assessing the Radial and Apical Pulses
Delegation Considerations
Equipment
UNEXPECTED OUTCOME AND RELATED INTERVENTIONS
RECORDING AND REPORTING
Pulse Rhythm
Strength and Equality
Blood Pressure
PHYSIOLOGY OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE VARIATIONS
Hypertension
Equipment
Hypotension
Assessment of Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure Equipment
SKILL 7.3
Measuring Blood Pressure (BP)
Delegation Considerations
Equipment
Unexpected Outcomes and Related Interventions
Recording and Reporting
Auscultation
Ultrasonic Stethoscope
Palpation
Blood Pressure Assessment in Lower Extremities
Equipment
ASSESSMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN CHILDREN
RESPIRATION
ASSESSMENT OF VENTILATION
MEASUREMENT OF RESPIRATION
Respiratory Rate
SKILL 7.4
Assessing Respiration
Delegation Considerations
Equipment
Ventilatory Depth
Ventilatory Rhythm
MEASUREMENT OF ARTERIAL OXYGEN SATURATION
SKILL 7.5
Measuring Oxygen Saturation (Pulse Oximetry)
Delegation Considerations
Unexpected Outcomes and Related Interventions
Recording and Reporting
Client Teaching and Vital Sign Measurement
Recording Vital Signs
Interference with Arterial Pulsations
Vital Sign Assessment
Respiratory Pattern
Oxygen Administration
Indications of Oxygen Therapy
Methods of Administration
Apparatus
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF PATIENT AND SITUATION
Administration of Oxygen Using Nasal Catheter
Requisites
Procedure
By Using BLB Mask (Boothby, Lovelace, Bulbulian Mask)
Oxygen Tent
Special Points
COLLECTION OF SPECIMEN FOR LABORATORY TESTS
Aims
Kinds of Specimens
NURSES RESPONSIBILITY
Preparation of the Patient
Preparation of the Equipment
Methods
Collecting Single Urine Specimen
Method of Collecting 24 Hours Urine Specimen
Collection of Specimen of Feces
Routine Examination
Collection of Sputum
Methods of Collecting Blood for Other Tests
CHAPTER 8:
Body Mechanics
BASIC LAWS
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS IN MOVING AND LIFTING PATIENTS
NURSES RESPONSIBILITY IN MOVING PATIENTS
Preliminary Assessment
Preparation of the Patient and the Unit
A. Moving the Patient to One Side of the Bed (By Three Nurses)
B. Moving A Helpless Patient Up in Bed (By Three Persons)
C. Turning A Patient to One Side of the Bed (Away from the Nurse)
D. Transferring A Helpless Patient from Bed to Stretcher
E. Assisting Patient from Bed to Chair or Wheel Chair
After Care of the Patient
CHAPTER 9:
Introduction to Care of the Sick
ADMISSION OF A PATIENT
MAINTENANCE OF THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENT
PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT UNIT WITH SAFETY AND COMFORT
ADMISSION PROCEDURE AND RECEPTION OF THE PATIENT
Principles Involved
CHAPTER 10:
Admission Procedure
DISCHARGE OF PATIENT FROM HOSPITAL
PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT PHYSICALLY AND MENTALLY FOR DISCHARGE
CHAPTER 11:
Discharge Procedure
CARE OF THE PATIENTS UNIT AFTER DISCHARGE
HOSPITAL POLICIES
PREPARATION OF THE RELATIVES OF THE PATIENT FOR DISCHARGE
TRANSFERRING OF PATIENT FROM ONE DEPARTMENT TO ANOTHER OR ONE HOSPITAL TO ANOTHER
CHAPTER 12:
The Dying Patient
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF APPROACHING DEATH
NEEDS OF THE DYING PATIENT AND HIS RELATIVES
CARE OF THE DYING PATIENTS
SYMPTOMATIC MANAGEMENT
Problem Associated with Breathing
Problem Associated with Eating and Drinking
Problem Associated with Elimination
Problem Associated with Immobility
Problem Associated with Sense Organs
Problem Associated with Rest and Sleep
Problem Associated with Cleanliness and Grooming
CARE OF THE BODY AFTER DEATH
CHAPTER 13:
Basic Health Needs of the Patient
PHYSICAL NEEDS (INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT)
Hierarchy of Needs
THE PHYSICAL NEEDS OF THE PATIENT
Purity of Air
Water Supply
Food Supply
Lighting
Noise
Sewage Disposal and Waste Materials
Psycho-social Environment
SAFETY FACTORS
Freedom from Mechanical Injury
Safety from Thermal Injury
Safety from Chemical Injury
Safety from Radiation
Safety from Bacteriological Injury
Safety from Insects, Animal Pests and Vermin
CHAPTER 14:
Personal Hygiene
IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE ON HEALTH AND DISEASE
NURSES’ ROLE IN MAINTAINING GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE
MOUTH CARE
Preparation of the Articles
Preparation of the Patient
Mouth Care of a Patient Who is Unable to do the Care for Himself (Unconscious Patient)
Patient Who is Able to Take Mouth Care by Himself
After Care of the Patient and Preparation of the Articles
GIVING BACK CARE
Purpose of Massages
Precautions to be Observed while Giving Massage
Equipment
Preparation of the Equipment
Implementation
Steps
Effleurage
Friction
Pétrissage
Tapotement
Special Consideration
Documentation
CHAPTER 15:
Nutritional Needs
IMPORTANCE OF DIET IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS
FACTORS AFFECTING THE NORMAL NUTRITION IN SICKNESS
NURSES’ ROLE IN MAINTENANCE OF GOOD NUTRITION
Preparation of the Environment
Preparation of the Patient
Serving Diet
TUBE FEEDING (GASTRIC GAVAGE)
MERITS OF NGT FEEDING OVER PARENTERAL
COMPLICATION OF ENTERAL TUBE FEEDING
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF TUBE FEEDING
Anatomy and Physiology
Microbiology
Physics and Chemistry
Pharmacology
Psychology
PROCEDURE FOR NG TUBE INSERTION AND FEEDING
PRECAUTIONS TO BE SERVED WHILE INSERTING NGT FEEDING
POST-PROCEDURAL PHASE
CHAPTER 16:
Elimination
ELIMINATION PROBLEM IN SICKNESS
Constipation
Causes
Complications
Prevention and Management of Constipation
Diarrhea
Cause of Diarrhea
Nursing Care of Diarrhea
Retention of Urine
Symptoms
Causes
Nurses Roles to Relieve Retention of Urine or its Prevention and Treatment
Incontinence of Urine (Uncontrolled Urination)
Causes
Nurses’ Role in Preventing the Incontinence of Urine
ENEMA
Purpose of Enema
TYPES
Retention Enema/Cleansing Enema, First Cleanse the Bowel, then Raise Foot End and Give Retention Enema
Retention Enema Guideline
Evacuant Enema/Non-retention Enema/ Expulsion Enema
CHAPTER 17:
Safety Needs
FACTORS OF SAFETY
Mechanical Hazards
Thermal Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Electrical Hazards
Radiational Hazards
Bacteriological Hazards
Allergic Hazards
Psychological Hazards
CHAPTER 18:
Communication Needs
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication may be Blocked by
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION (TYPES OF COMMUNICATION)
Nurses’ Responsibility or Nurses’ Role
Psychological and Spiritual Needs
CHAPTER 19:
Activity and Exercise
IMPORTANCE OF ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE IN HEALTH AND SICKNESS
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE EXERCISES
CHAPTER 20:
Physical Comfort
MEANING AND IMPORTANCE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
FACTORS PROMOTING AND INHIBITING PHYSICAL COMFORT
Factors Promoting Comforts
Providing for the Immediate Need of the Patient
Mechanical Devices, Which will Promote the Comfort of the Patient
Factors Inhibiting Comfort
POSITION USED FOR COMFORT OR POSITIONING
PRINCIPLES OF LIFTING AND MOVING PATIENT ON BED
Principles Underlying Body Mechanics are
CHAPTER 21:
Prevention of Bedsore
BEDSORE, PRESSURE SORE AND DECUBITUS ULCER
Common Sites
Causes of Bedsore
Direct or Immediate Causes
PATIENTS SUSCEPTIBLE FOR PRESSURE SORE
SIGN AND SYMPTOMS OF PRESSURE SORE
Prevention, Nursing Care and Treatments
CHAPTER 22:
Records and Reports
VALUE OF RECORDS
TYPES OF RECORDS
Principles of Records Writing
Care of Records
REPORTS
Objectives or Reports
Types of Reports
CHAPTER 23:
Fever (Pyrexia)
CHAPTER 24:
First Aid and Emergency Nursing
FIRST AID
Objectives of First Aid
Limitation of First Aid (Scope of First Aid)
Principles of Emergency Care
What are Considered as Golden Rules of First Aid ?
Points to Remember
BURNS AND SCALDS
Causes
First Aid Treatment for Critical Burns
Classification of Burns
Severe Burns and Scalds
Management of Severe Burns
Minor Burns and Scalds
Management of Minor Burns and Scalds
General Rules for the Treatment of Burns and Scalds
Burns of the Face
Management of Chemical Burns
General Management of Chemical Burns
Chemical Burns of the Eye
Cardiac Emergency
OPEN THE AIRWAY
RESTORE BREATHING
RESTORE CIRCULATION
CHAPTER 25:
Medical Terminology
CHAPTER 26:
Cross Infection
CHAPTER 27:
Administration of Medicines
PREPARATION OF DRUGS
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
Oral Administration
Sublingual Administration
Inhalation
Inunction (Topical Application)
Instillation
Insertions
Insufflation
Implantation
Parenteral Administration
Time of Administration
Indications
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED
MEDICATIONS
Three Checks and Five Rights
NEEDLES AND SYRINGES
CHAPTER 28:
Overview of the Nursing Process
COMPONENTS OF THE NURSING PROCESS
An Overview of the Five Phase Nursing Process Follows
Assessing
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementing
Evaluating
INDEX
TOC
Index
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