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Basics in Human Anatomy
Priya Ranganath, Suruchi Singhal, Leelavathy N, Vani Vijay Rao, Roopa R
1:
Introduction
DEFINITION
TERMS OF POSITION
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
CELL AND ITS ORGANELLES
INTRODUCTION
PLASMA MEMBRANE
NUCLEUS
ORGANELLES
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Fibrils
Microtubules
Centrioles
Inclusions
QUESTIONS
SHORT ESSAYS
2:
Tissues
INTRODUCTION
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CLASSIFICATION
SIMPLE
Simple Squamous (Figs 2.1 and 2.3A)
Simple Cuboidal (Figs 2.1 and 2.3B)
Simple Columnar (Figs 2.1 and 2.3C)
Pseudostratified Columnar (Figs 2.1 and 2.3D)
COMPOUND
Stratified (Figs 2.2 and 2.3E,F)
Transitional (Figs 2.2 and 2.3G)
EPITHELIAL GLANDS
CLASSIFICATION
According to Gross Structure (Fig. 2.4)
According to Microscopic Structure and Type of Secretion
According to Function
According to Mode of Secretion
QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAYS
SHORT ESSAYS
3:
Connective Tissue and Skeletal System
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Tendons
Ligaments
Raphe
Adipose Tissue
Pigmented Connective Tissue
Mucoid Tissue
SKELETAL SYSTEM
CARTILAGE
CLASSIFICATION (HISTOLOGICAL)
Hyaline Cartilage (Fig. 3.1)
Elastic Cartilage (Fig. 3.2)
Fibrocartilage (Fig. 3.3)
BONE
CLASSIFICATION
Based on development
Based on histological appearance
Based on external form
Based on position in the body
PERIOSTEUM
OSSIFICATION
Laws of Ossification
BLOOD SUPPLY OF LONG BONE
LYMPHATICS
NERVE SUPPLY
BONES OF UPPER LIMB
Clavicle (Fig. 3.6)
Scapula (Fig. 3.7)
Humerus (Fig. 3.8)
Radius (Fig. 3.9)
Ulna (Fig. 3.9)
Articulated Hand (Fig. 3.10)
BONES OF LOWER LIMB
Hip Bone (Fig. 3.11)
Femur (Fig. 3.12)
Tibia (Fig. 3.13)
Fibula (Fig. 3.13)
Articulated Foot (Fig. 3.14)
BONES OF HEAD AND NECK
Occipital Bone
Parietal Bones
Frontal Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Temporal Bones
Zygomatic Bones
Maxillary Bones
Ethmoid Bone
Lacrimal Bones
Nasal Bones
Palatine Bones
Vomer
Mandible (Fig. 3.16)
Fontanelles of Fetal Skull (Fig. 3.17)
Hyoid Bone
BONES OF THORAX
Ribs (Fig. 3.18)
Sternum (Fig. 3.19)
Vertebrae (Figs 3.20 to 3.23)
JOINTS
FIBROUS JOINTS
Types of Fibrous Joints
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
SYNOVIAL JOINTS (FIG. 3.24)
Classification of Synovial Joints
Hilton's Law
SHOULDER JOINT (FIG. 3.25)
Articular Ends
Ligaments
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Movements and Muscles Causing Them
HIP JOINT (FIG. 3.26)
Type
Articular Ends
Ligaments
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Movements and Muscles Causing Them
KNEE JOINT
Ligaments
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Movements and Muscles Causing Them
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (SEE FIG. 3.15)
Type of Joint
Articular Ends
Ligaments
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Movements and Muscles Causing Them
QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAYS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT SPECIFIC ANSWERS
4:
Muscular System
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
SKELETAL MUSCLE
TYPES BASED ON DIRECTION OF FIBRES
Parallel or Strap Muscles
Pennate Muscles
HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
Longitudinal Section(Fig. 4.1)
Transverse Section (Fig. 4.2)
SMOOTH MUSCLE
HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE (FIG. 4.3)
CARDIAC MUSCLE (FIG. 4.4)
MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMB (FIGS 4.5 AND 4.6)
Muscles of Pectoral Region
Muscles of Back
Muscles of Front of Arm
Muscles of Back of Arm
Muscles of Front of Forearm
Muscles of Back of Forearm
Muscles of the Hand
MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB (FIGS 4.7 TO 4.9)
Muscles of Front of Thigh
Muscles of Back of Thigh/Hamstrings
Muscles of Medial Compartment of Thigh
Muscles of Gluteal Region
Muscles of Front of Leg
Muscles of Lateral Compartment of Leg
Muscles of Calf (posterior compartment of leg)
Muscles of Sole
MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK (FIG. 4.10)
Layers of Scalp
Muscles of Face (supplied by facial nerve)
Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of Tongue (supplied by hypoglossal nerve)
Muscles of Eyeball
Muscles of Soft Palate
Muscles of Pharynx
Muscles of Larynx
Muscles of Neck
MUSCLES OF ABDOMEN (FIG 4.11)
Muscles of Anterior Abdominal Wall
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
MUSCLES OF THORAX
Muscles of Intercostal Space
QUESTIONS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT SPECIFIC ANSWERS
5:
Lymphatic System
INTRODUCTION
LYMPHATICS OR LYMPH VESSELS
STRUCTURE
THORACIC DUCT (FIG. 5.1)
CISTERNA CHYLI
LYMPHATIC ORGANS
LYMPH NODE (FIG. 5.2)
THYMUS (FIG. 5.3)
PALATINE TONSIL (FIG. 5.4)
SPLEEN (FIG. 5.5)
QUESTIONS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT ANSWERS
6:
Cardiovascular System
INTRODUCTION
MEDIASTINUM
APPLIED ANATOMY
PERICARDIUM
HEART (FIG. 6.1)
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
Right Atrium (Fig. 6.2)
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
NERVE SUPPLY
BLOOD SUPPLY
Arterial Supply (Fig. 6.3)
VENOUS DRAINAGE (FIG. 6.4)
Coronary Sinus
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
Applied Anatomy
FOETAL CIRCULATION (FIG. 6.5)
Changes Taking Place at Birth
ARTERIES OF THE BODY (FIG. 6.6)
ARTERIES OF THORAX AND ABDOMEN
Aorta
Ascending Aorta
Arch of Aorta
Descending Thoracic Aorta
Abdominal Aorta
Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric
Inferior Mesenteric
ARTERIES OF HEAD AND NECK
Common Carotid Artery
External Carotid Artery
Internal Carotid Artery
Subclavian Artery
Vertebral Artery
BLOOD VESSELS OF BRAIN
Vertebral System
Carotid System
ARTERIAL CIRCLE OF WILLIS (FIG. 6.7)
ARTERIES OF UPPER LIMB
Axillary Artery
Brachial Artery
Radial Artery
Ulnar Artery
Superficial Palmar Arch
Deep Palmar Arch
ARTERIES OF LOWER LIMB
Common Iliac Arteries
Internal Iliac Artery
External Iliac Artery
Femoral Artery
Profunda Femoris Artery
Popliteal Artery
Anterior Tibial Artery
Posterior Tibial Artery
Plantar Arch
VEINS OF THE BODY (FIG. 6.8)
VEINS OF UPPER LIMB
Dorsal Venous Arch
Basilic Vein
Cephalic Vein
Median Cubital Vein
Axillary Vein
VEINS OF THORAX
Intercostal Veins
Azygos Vein
Hemiazygos Vein
Accessory Hemiazygos Vein
Superior Vena Cava
VEINS OF LOWER LIMB
Dorsal Venous Arch
Great Saphenous Vein
Small Saphenous Vein
Popliteal vein
Femoral Vein
VEINS OF ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Superior Mesenteric Vein
Inferior Mesenteric Vein
Portal Vein (Fig. 6.9)
Inferior vena cava
Common Iliac Veins
VEINS OF HEAD AND NECK
Dural Venous Sinuses (Fig. 6.10)
Cavernous Sinus (Fig. 6.11)
HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS
QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAYS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT ANSWERS
7:
Respiratory System
INTRODUCTION
NASAL CAVITY
SEPTUM (FIG. 7.1)
Blood Supply
LATERAL WALL OF THE NOSE (FIG. 7.2)
Blood Supply
PARANASAL AIR SINUSES (FIG. 7.3)
MAXILLARY AIR SINUSES
FRONTAL SINUS
SPHENOIDAL SINUSES
ETHMOIDAL SINUSES
LARYNX
TRACHEA
PLEURA
LUNGS (FIG. 7.5)
RIGHT LUNG (FIG. 7.6)
LEFT LUNG (FIG. 7.7)
Bronchopulmonary Segments (Fig. 7.8)
Blood Supply
BRONCHIAL TREE
STRUCTURE (FIG. 7.9)
DIAPHRAGM (FIG. 7.10)
OPENINGS OF DIAPHRAGM
Venacaval Opening
Esophageal Opening
Aortic Opening
NERVE SUPPLY
ACTIONS
APPLIED ANATOMY
QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAYS
SHORT ESSAYS
8:
Gastrointestinal Tract
INTRODUCTION
PERITONEUM
MOUTH
TEETH (FIG. 8.1)
SOFT PALATE (FIG. 8.2)
TONGUE (FIG. 8.3)
Muscles
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Histology (Figs 8.4 and 8.5)
Applied Anatomy:
SALIVARY GLANDS
PAROTID GLAND (FIG. 8.6)
Structures within the Parotid Gland
Parotid Duct
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Applied Anatomy
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
Submandibular Duct
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
SUBLINGUAL GLAND
PHARYNX (FIG. 8.7)
PARTS OF PHARYNX
MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX
NERVE SUPPLY
BLOOD SUPPLY
OESOPHAGUS
CONSTRICTIONS
BLOOD SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
NERVE SUPPLY
HISTOLOGY (FIG. 8.8)
APPLIED ANATOMY
STOMACH
EXTERNAL FEATURES (FIG. 8.9)
RELATIONS
Peritoneal Relations
Visceral Relations
BLOOD SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
NERVE SUPPLY
HISTOLOGY
Fundus and Body of Stomach (Fig. 8.10)
Pylorus of Stomach (Fig. 8.11)
FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH
SMALL INTESTINE
DUODENUM (FIG. 8.12)
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Histology (Fig. 8.13)
Applied Anatomy
JEJUNUM AND ILEUM
Function
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
MECKEL's DIVERTICULUM
Histology (Figs 8.14 and 8.15)
Applied Anatomy
LARGE INTESTINE (FIG. 8.16)
FEATURES
FUNCTION
BLOOD SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY (FIG. 8.17)
APPLIED ANATOMY
CAECUM
RELATIONS
TYPES (FIG. 8.18)
BLOOD SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
ILEOCAECAL VALVE (FIG. 8.19)
VERMIFORM APPENDIX (FIG. 8.20)
BLOOD SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
NERVE SUPPLY
APPLIED ANATOMY
HISTOLOGY (FIG. 8.21)
RECTUM
BLOOD SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
NERVE SUPPLY
APPLIED ANATOMY
ANAL CANAL (FIG. 8.22)
BLOOD SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
NERVE SUPPLY
APPLIED ANATOMY
ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS
SPLEEN (FIG. 8.23)
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Functions
Applied Anatomy
LIVER (FIG. 8.24)
Relations (Fig. 8.25)
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Functions
Histology (Fig. 8.26)
Applied Anatomy
EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY APPARATUS (FIG. 8.27)
GALLBLADDER
CYSTIC DUCT
Histology (Fig. 8.28)
Functions
Applied Anatomy
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
PANCREAS (FIG. 8.12)
Head
Neck
Body
Tail
Ducts
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Histology (Fig. 8.29)
Applied Anatomy
QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAYS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT ANSWERS
9:
Urinary System
INTRODUCTION
KIDNEYS (FIG. 9.1)
COVERINGS
RELATIONS OF THE KIDNEYS
STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
Macroscopic Structure (Fig. 9.4)
Histological Structure (Fig. 9.5)
PROCESS OF EXCRETION
BLOOD SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
NERVE SUPPLY
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF KIDNEYS
APPLIED ANATOMY
URETERS
CONSTRICTIONS OF THE URETER
BLOOD SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
HISTOLOGY (FIG. 9.6)
APPLIED ANATOMY
URINARY BLADDER (FIG. 9.7)
RELATIONS (FIG. 9.8)
LIGAMENTS
INTERIOR OF THE BLADDER
BLOOD SUPPLY
LYMPHATICS
NERVE SUPPLY
HISTOLOGY (FIG. 9.9)
APPLIED ANATOMY
URETHRA
MALE URETHRA
Parts of Male Urethra (Fig. 9.10)
Sphincters
Blood Supply
Lymphatics
Applied Anatomy
FEMALE URETHRA
QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAYS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT NOTES
10:
Reproductive System
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TESTIS
Coverings of Testis
Macroscopic Structure of Testis (Fig. 10.1)
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Descent of Testis
Applied Anatomy
Histology of Testis (Fig. 10.2)
EPIDIDYMIS (FIG. 10.3)
Histology
VAS DEFERENS
Histology
SEMINAL VESICLE
EJACULATORY DUCTS
SPERMATIC CORD
PROSTATE GLAND (FIG. 10.4)
Lobes
Capsules
Structures within the Prostate
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Age Changes in the Prostate
Applied Anatomy
Histology (Fig. 10.5)
SCROTUM
Layers of the Scrotum
Cremasteric Reflex
PENIS
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
OVARIES
Parts of Ovary
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Histology (Fig. 10.6)
UTERUS (FIG. 10.7)
Body of Uterus
Cervix of Uterus
Ligaments of Uterus
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Supports of Uterus (Fig. 10.8)
Histology (Fig. 10.9)
UTERINE TUBES/FALLOPIAN TUBES
Parts of the Tube
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Nerve Supply
Histology (FIG. 10.10)
VAGINA
MAMMARY GLAND
Structure
Blood Supply
Nerve Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Applied Anatomy
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
QUESTIONS (MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)
LONG ESSAYS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT ANSWERS
QUESTIONS (FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)
LONG ESSAYS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT ANSWERS
11:
Endocrine System
INTRODUCTION
PITUITARY GLAND
SITUATION
DIMENSIONS
RELATIONS
SUBDIVISIONS (FIG. 11.1)
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
BLOOD SUPPLY
HISTOLOGY (FIG. 11.2)
APPLIED ANATOMY
General Symptoms
Specific Symptoms
THYROID GLAND (FIG. 11.3)
PARTS
SITUATION
CAPSULES
RELATIONS
BLOOD SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
NERVE SUPPLY
HISTOLOGY (FIG. 11.4)
APPLIED ANATOMY
PARATHYROID GLAND
SITUATION
BLOOD SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
HISTOLOGY
APPLIED ANATOMY
SUPRARENAL GLAND (FIG. 11.5)
SITUATION
MEASUREMENTS
SUBDIVISIONS
Right Suprarenal Gland
Left Suprarenal Gland
BLOOD SUPPLY
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
NERVE SUPPLY
HISTOLOGY (FIG. 11.7)
APPLIED ANATOMY
QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAYS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT NOTES
12:
Nervous System
INTRODUCTION
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEURON
PROCESSES OF NEURONS
MYELIN SHEATH
Formation of Myelin Sheath
TYPES OF NEURONS (FIG. 12.1)
NEUROGLIA/SUPPORTING CELLS
FUNCTIONS OF NEUROGLIA
MENINGES (FIG. 12.2)
DURA MATER
ARACHNOID MATER
PIA MATER
SPINAL CORD
COVERINGS
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia mater
EXTERNAL FEATURES
INTERNAL FEATURES (FIG. 12.3)
SPINAL CORD AT DIFFERENT LEVELS
Cervical Region
Thoracic Region
Lumbar Region
Sacral Region
RELATIONSHIPS OF THE SPINAL SEGMENTS TO THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
BLOOD SUPPLY
TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD (FIG. 12.4)
Descending Tracts
Ascending Tracts
UPPER MOTOR NEURONS
LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
BRAINSTEM (FIG. 12.5)
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Extent
Shape
External Features
Blood Supply
Applied Anatomy
PONS
Blood Supply
Applied Anatomy
MIDBRAIN
Blood Supply
Applied Anatomy
CEREBELLUM (FIG. 12.6)
Structure
CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
Histology (Fig. 12.7)
Blood Supply
Applied Anatomy
CEREBRUM (FIG. 12.8)
Superolateral Surface (Fig. 12.9)
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Inferior Surface (Fig. 12.10)
Medial Surface (Fig. 12.11)
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE CORTEX (FIG. 12.12)
WHITE MATTER OF THE CEREBRUM
Corpus Callosum (Fig. 12.13)
INTERNAL CAPSULE (FIG. 12.14)
BASAL GANGLIA (FIG. 12.14)
HISTOLOGY OF CEREBRUM
BLOOD SUPPLY OF CEREBRUM (FIG. 12.15)
Superolateral Surface
Medial Surface
Inferior Surface
VENOUS DRAINAGE
Veins of the Cerebrum
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
VENTRICLES (FIG. 12.16)
LATERAL VENTRICLES
THIRD VENTRICLE
FOURTH VENTRICLE (FIG. 12.17)
APPLIED ANATOMY
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
APPLIED ANATOMY
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
CRANIAL NERVES (FIG. 12.18)
OLFACTORY NERVE
OPTIC NERVE
OCULOMOTOR NERVE
TROCHLEAR NERVE
TRIGEMINAL NERVE
ABDUCENT NERVE
FACIAL NERVE
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
VAGUS NERVE
ACCESSORY NERVE
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI (FIG. 12.19)
SOMATIC EFFERENT COLUMN
GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT COLUMN
SPECIAL VISCERAL EFFERENT (BRANCHIAL EFFERENT) COLUMN
GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT COLUMN
SPECIAL VISCERAL AFFERENT COLUMN
GENERAL SOMATIC AFFERENT COLUMN
SPECIAL SOMATIC AFFERENT COLUMN
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (FIG. 12.20)
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CERVICAL PLEXUS
Branches
ANSA CERVICALIS (FIG. 12.21)
Formation
Distribution
BRACHIAL PLEXUS (FIG. 12.22)
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches of Roots
Branches of Trunks
Branches of Lateral Cord
Branches of Medial Cord
Branches of Posterior Cord
Applied Anatomy
AXILLARY NERVE
Branches
Applied Anatomy
MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE
Branches
ULNAR NERVE
Branches
Applied Anatomy
MEDIAN NERVE
Branches
Applied Anatomy
RADIAL NERVE
Branches
Applied Anatomy
INTERCOSTAL NERVES (FIG. 12.23)
Branches
Applied Anatomy
LUMBAR PLEXUS (FIG. 12.24)
Branches
FEMORAL NERVE
Branches
OBTURATOR NERVE
Branches
SACRAL PLEXUS
Branches
SCIATIC NERVE (L4, 5, S1, 2, 3)
Branches
Applied Anatomy
TIBIAL NERVE
Branches
COMMON PERONEAL NERVE
Branches
DEEP PERONEAL NERVE
Branches
Applied Anatomy
SUPERFICIAL PERONEAL NERVE
Branches
Applied Anatomy
QUESTIONS
LONG QUESTIONS
13:
Sensory Organs
SKIN
RECEPTORS
APPENDAGES OF SKIN
Nail
Hair
Sweat Glands
Sebaceous Glands
HISTOLOGY OF SKIN (FIGS 13.1 AND 13.2)
APPLIED ANATOMY OF SKIN
EAR (FIG. 13.3)
PARTS
External Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
BLOOD SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
AUDITORY PATHWAY
APPLIED ANATOMY
EYE (FIG. 13.6)
VISUAL PATHWAY
BLOOD SUPPLY
NERVE SUPPLY
HISTOLOGY
APPLIED ANATOMY
QUESTIONS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT ANSWERS
14:
Embryology
INTRODUCTION
CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS (FIG. 14.1)
Stages
MEIOSIS (FIG. 14.2)
Stages
Interphase
MEIOSIS I
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
MEIOSIS II
SPERMATOGENESIS (FIG.14.3)
OOGENESIS (FIG. 14.4)
FERTILIZATION
FUNCTIONS OF ZONA PELLUCIDA
FORMATION OF THREE GERM LAYERS
Derivates of Ectoderm
Derivates of Mesoderm
Derivates of Endoderm
QUESTIONS
SHORT ESSAYS
SHORT ANSWERS
INDEX
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