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Psychology for Nurses
R Sreevani
UNIT 1:
Psychology as a Science of Behavior
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Major Perspectives of Psychology
Major Landmarks in the Development of Psychology
Definitions
NATURE OF SUBJECT PSYCHOLOGY
SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
Branches of Pure Psychology
General Psychology
Abnormal Psychology
Social Psychology
Physiological Psychology
Para-Psychology
Geo-Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Experimental Psychology
Branches of Applied Psychology
Educational Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Industrial Psychology
Legal Psychology
Military Psychology
Political Psychology
Major Subfields of Psychology
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY
In the Field of Education
In the Field of Medicine
In the Field of Business and Industry
In the Field of Criminology
In the Field of Politics
In the Field of Guidance and Counseling
In the Field of Military Science
In the Field of Human Relationship and Self-development
APPLICATION IN NURSING PROFESSION
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Introspection or Self-observation Method
Merits
Demerits
Observational Method
Steps in Observation Method
Merits
Demerits
Experimental Method
Essential Features of Experimental Method
Steps in Experimentation
Merits
Demerits
Clinical or Case History Method
Merits
Demerits
Survey Method
Merits
Demerits
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Long Essay
Short Essay
Short Answers
UNIT 2:
Biological Basis of Human Behavior
RECEPTORS
External Receptors
Internal Receptors
Sense Organs
EFFECTORS
Muscles
Glands
CONNECTORS
Neuron
Neural Impulse
Neurotransmitters
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System
The Forebrain
The Midbrain
The Hindbrain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Brain and Behavior
Integrative Function of the Nervous System
LEVELS OF FUNCTIONING
BODY-MIND RELATIONSHIP
Modulation Process in Health and Illness
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
Heredity
Mechanism of Heredity
Genetics and Behavior
Characteristics Influenced Significantly by Genetic Factors
General Laws (Principles) of Heredity
Identity
Variation
Regression
Environment
Definitions
Intercellular Environment
Intrauterine Environment
External Environment
Interaction between Heredity and Environment
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 3:
Sensation, Perception and Attention
SENSATION
SENSORY EXPERIENCE
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSATION
TYPES OF SENSATION AND SENSORY DISORDERS
Skin Sensation
Cutaneous Disorders/Factual Disorders
Smell and Taste
Olfactory and Gustatory Disorders
Vision
Visual Disorders
Hearing
Auditory Defects
Kinesthetic Sense
Kinesthetic Disorders
Vestibular Senses
Vestibular Disorders
Sensory Abnormalities
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF SENSORY PROCESS
PERCEPTION
Definition
NATURE OF PERCEPTION
Perception is a Process
Perception is an Information Extractor
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION (PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTION)
Principle of Figure-Ground Relationship
Principle of Closure
Principle of Grouping
Principle of Simplicity
Principle of Contour
Principle of Context
Principle of Contrast
Principle of Adaptability
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY/CONSISTENCY
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION
Sense Organs
Brain
Memory Images of the Past Experience
Personal Interests and Mind Set
Acquired Interests
Needs and Desires
ERRORS IN PERCEPTION
Illusion
Hallucination
Causes for Inaccurate Perception
EXTRA-SENSORY PERCEPTION
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF PERCEPTION
ATTENTION
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS OF ATTENTION
TYPES OR VARIETIES OF ATTENTION
Voluntary Attention
Involuntary Attention
USES OF ATTENTION
METHODS OF AROUSING ATTENTION (OR) FACTORS AND CONDITIONS FAVORABLE FOR CAPTURING ATTENTION (OR) DETERMINANTS OF ATTENTION
External Factors or Conditions
Nature of the Stimulus
Intensity of the Stimulus
Size of the Stimulus
Contrast, Change and Novelty
Location of the Stimulus
Repetition of Stimulus
Movement of the Stimulus
Definite form of the Object
Isolation of the Stimulus
Internal Factors or Conditions
Interest and Attention
Motives
Mental Set-up
Past Experience
Emotion
Habit
Aim
Meaning
Disposition (natural tendency) and Temperament
DURATION AND DEGREE OF ATTENTION
Span of Attention
Span of Visual Attention
Span of Auditory Attention
Duration of Attention
Sustained Attention (Act of fixation of mind)
Shifting Attention
Division of Attention
DISTRACTION
Sources of Distraction
Types of Distraction
Continuous Distraction
Discontinuous Distraction
IMPORTANCE OF ATTENTION IN NURSING PROFESSION
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 4:
Psychology of Learning
NATURE OF LEARNING
LEARNING PROCESS
Steps in Learning Process
Motive
Goal
A Block to the Attainment of the Goal
Reinforcement
Integration
Learning Situation
TYPES OF LEARNING
PURPOSES OF LEARNING
FACTORS INFLUENCING LEARNING
Factors Associated with Learner
Learner's Physical Health
Learner's Mental Health
Basic Potential of the Learner
The Level of Motivation
Goals of Life
Readiness and Will Power
Maturation
Age
Emotions
Sex
Factors Associated with Type of Learning Experience
Nature of Learning Experience
Methodology of Learning
Meaningfullness of Material
Amount or Length of Material
Factors Associated with Men and Material
LAWS OF LEARNING
Law of Readiness
Law of Effect
Law of Exercise/Use
Law of Frequency
Law of Disuse
Law of Recency
Law of Primacy
Law of Purpose
Law of Association
THEORIES OF LEARNING
1. Trial and Error Theory of Learning
The Law of Readiness
The Law of Effect of Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction
The Law of Exercise or Practice
The Law of Multiple Responses or Varied Reactions
The Law of Attitude
The Law of Analogy
The Law of Associative Shifting
Educational Implications of Thorndike's Theory
2. Learning by Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Stimulus Generalization
Educational Implications of Classical Conditioning Theory
3. Theory of Operant Conditioning (or) Type ‘R’ Conditioning (or) Instrumental Conditioning
Reinforcement
Reinforcer
Positive Reinforcer
Negative Reinforcer
Punishment
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CR)
Fixed-Interval Reinforcement Schedule (FI)
Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement Schedule (FR)
Variable-Ratio Reinforcement Schedule (VR)
Educational Implications of Operant Conditioning Theory
4. Theory of Insightful Learning (Gestalt Psychology)
Educational Implications of the Theory of Insightful Learning
5. Cognitive Theory of Learning
Summary of Various Theories of Learning
LEARNING DURING ILLNESS – ROLE OF A NURSE
Factors that Inhibit Learning During Illness
Physiological Factors
Psychological Factors
Environmental Factors
Role of a Nurse
TRANSFER OF LEARNING
Definitions
TYPES OF TRANSFER
Positive Transfer
Negative Transfer
Zero Transfer
FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANSFER OF LEARNING
THEORIES OF TRANSFER OF LEARNING
Theory of Mental Discipline
Apperception Theory of Transfer
The Theory of Identical Elements or Identical Components
Similarity of Content
Similarity in Technique
Theory of Generalization
Transposition Theory of Transfer
Theory of Ideals
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF TRANSFER OF LEARNING
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF LEARNING
Techniques of Effective Study for a Student Nurse
Studying for Examination
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 5:
Memory—Remembering and Forgetting
MEMORY
Definitions
FACTORS OF MEMORY
Learning or Registration
Retention
Factors Affecting Retention
Recall
Recognition
Factors Affecting Recall and Recognition
MEMORY PROCESS
TYPES OF MEMORY
Immediate or Sensory Memory
Short Term Memory (STM)
Long Term Memory (LTM)
FACTORS INFLUENCING MEMORY
Meaningfulness of Material to be Memorized
Amount of Material to be Memorized
Methods of learning or memorization
Whole and Part Method
Space and Unspaced Method
Repetition and Practice
Making use of the Principle of Association
Grouping and Rhythm
Recitation
Utilizing as many Senses as Possible
The Learner's State of Mind and the Situation
Will to Learn
Interest and Attention
Arranging Better Learning Situations
The Learner's Internal Factors
Provision for Change and Proper Rest
MEMORY DISORDERS (AMNESIA)
Nursing Interventions for Impaired Memory
TIPS TO IMPROVE MEMORY RETENTION
FORGETTING
Definitions
TYPES OF FORGETTING
Natural Forgetting
Morbid Forgetting (Abnormal)
According to Another Classification
CAUSES OF FORGETTING
THEORIES OF FORGETTING
The Trace Decay Theory
The Interference Theory
The Repression Theory
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 6:
Thinking, Reasoning and Problem Solving
THINKING
Definitions
NATURE OF THINKING
ELEMENTS WHICH OBSTRUCT OR CAUSE ERROR IN THINKING
TOOLS OF THINKING (ELEMENTS OF THOUGHT)
Images
Concepts
Symbols and Signs
Languages
Brain Functions
TYPES OF THINKING
Perceptual or Concrete Thinking
Conceptual or Abstract Thinking
Reflective Thinking or Logical Thinking
Creative Thinking
Critical Thinking
DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECT (OR) FAVORABLE ELEMENTS IN THINKING
Interest and Attention
Strong Motivation
Alertness and Flexibility
Flexible Time Limit
Wide Range of Intelligence
Adequacy of the Knowledge and Experiences
Thinking with a Definite Aim
Freedom and Flexibility in Thinking
Incubation
Intelligence and Wisdom
Proper Development of Concepts and Language
Adequacy of Reasoning Process
Control over Emotions
THINKING IN RELATION TO LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
GUIDELINES FOR NURSES
REASONING
Definitions
Nature of Reasoning
TYPES OF REASONING
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
PROBLEM SOLVING
Definition
SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING
Problem Awareness
Problem Understanding
Collection of Relevant Information
Formulation of Hypothesis or Hunch for Possible Solutions
Selection of a Proper Solution
Verification of the Concluded Solution or Hypothesis
FACTORS AFFECTING PROBLEM SOLVING
PROBLEM SOLVING—CREATIVE AND CRITICAL THINKING
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF THINKING, REASONING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 7:
Intelligence, Aptitude and Creativity
INTELLIGENCE
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEALLY INTELLIGENT PERSON
NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE
USES OF INTELLIGENCE
TYPES OF INTELLIGENCE
Concrete Intelligence
Social Intelligence
Abstract or General Intelligence
Gardner's Multiple Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence Quotient
Classification of Individuals According to IQ
GROWTH AND BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF INTELLIGENCE
Role of Heredity and Environment in Intelligence
Heredity
Environment
Intelligence and Personality
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Factor Theories of Intelligence
Two Factor Theory or G-Factor Theory
Group Factor or Multifactor Theory
Process–Oriented Theories of Intelligence
Piaget's Theory (Jean Piaget 1970)
Bruner's Theory (Jerome Brunner, 1973)
Information–Processing Theory (Robert Sternberg, 1984)
ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE
Comparison between Individual and Group Tests (Table 7.2)
Uses of Intelligence Tests
Limitations of Intelligence Tests
EXTREMES OF INTELLIGENCE OR VARIATIONS IN INTELLECTUAL ABILITY
Mental Sub-normality
Mentally Gifted Children
INTELLIGENCE DURING HEALTH AND ILLNESS
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF INTELLIGENCE
APTITUDE
Definitions
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN APTITUDE, INTELLIGENCE, ABILITY AND INTEREST
TYPES AND MEASUREMENT OF APTITUDE
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF APTITUDE
CREATIVITY
Definitions
NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CREATIVITY
Characteristics of a Creative Person
Intelligence and Creativity
STAGES OF CREATIVE PROCESS (GRAHAM WALLAS)
FACTORS INFLUENCING (FOSTERING) CREATIVITY
Barriers to Creative Thinking
USES OF CREATIVITY IN NURSING PROFESSION
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 8:
Motivation, Frustration and Conflict
NEEDS
Biological Needs
Psychosocial Needs
DRIVES
Biological Drive
Socio-psychological or Secondary Drive
INCENTIVES
MOTIVES
Definitions
NATURE OF MOTIVES
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIVES
Physiological or Primary Motives
Hunger Motive
Thirst Motive
Respiratory Motive
Need for Rest and Sleep
Need for Elimination of Waste
Sex Motive
Social or Secondary Motives
Affiliation Motives
Need for Status
Power Motive
Social Approval
Personal Motives
Need for Achievement
Vocational Ambitions and Life Goals
Levels of Aspiration
Force of Habit
Interests and Attitudes
Curiosity
Fear
Unconscious Motives
MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR
METHODS OF MEASURING MOTIVATION
Projective Techniques
Personality Inventories
Situational Tests
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive Theory (Push Theory of Motivation)
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of Motivation (1953)
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation (Pull Theory of Motivation)
Cognitive Theory of Motivation or Goal Oriented Theory of Motivation
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs
Safety and Security Needs
Need for Love and Belongingness
Self-Esteem Needs
Self-Actualization
Major Approaches to Motivation
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF MOTIVES
FRUSTRATION
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS OF FRUSTRATION
CAUSES OR SOURCE OF FRUSTRATION
External Factors (Environmental factors)
Internal Factors
REACTIONS TO FRUSTRATION
CONFLICT
Definition
TYPES OF CONFLICTS
Approach–Approach Conflict
Avoidance–Avoidance Conflict
Approach–Avoidance Conflict
Multiple Approach–Avoidance Conflict
Internal Conflicts
COPING WITH FRUSTRATION AND CONFLICT
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 9:
Emotions and Stress
EMOTIONS
Definitions
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF EMOTIONS
FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTIONS AND EMOTIONAL STATES
Primary and Mixed emotions
Pleasant (Positive) and Unpleasant (Negative) emotions
Unconscious Emotional Motivations
COMPONENTS OF EMOTION
Subjective Feeling
Emotional Expression or Expressive Behavior
Facial
Vocal
Bodily Movements or Gestures
Physiological Changes
Conscious Experience
EMOTIONS AND HEALTH
THEORIES OF EMOTION
Theories Concerning Emotions and Bodily States
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter-Singer Theory (1962)
MEASUREMENT OF EMOTION
TECHNIQUES OF CONTROLLING EMOTIONS
EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO ILLNESS
Nursing Interventions for Emotional Reactions
Handling the Emotions
Orientation of Patient to Health Care Facility
Identification of Learning Needs of Patients
Provide Diversional Activities
Taking Care of Insomnia, Food and Fluid Intake, Elimination Pattern
Maintain Cheerfulness and Humor
Seek Help of Mental Health Professionals
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF EMOTIONS
STRESS
Concepts of Stress
Definitions
MODELS OF STRESS
Stimulus-based Model (Holmes and Rahes Model-1960)
Response-based Model
General Adaptation Syndrome (Hans Selye, 1945)
Alarm Reaction or Fight or Flight Response
Resistance Reaction
Exhaustion Stage
Transaction-based Model
PHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS AND ADAPTATION
Homeostasis
Coping Mechanisms
Task Oriented Reactions
Defense Mechanisms
SOURCES OF STRESS
Factors Which Induce Stress
Change of any kind can induce Stress
Individual personalities that can induce Stress
Interpersonal issues that can induce Stress
System (family, job, school, club, organization) issues that can induce stress
Selected Stressors Associated with Developmental Stages
Factors Affecting Stress Tolerance
STRESS AND PHYSICAL HEALTH
SYMPTOMS OF STRESS
Physical Symptoms
Cognitive Symptoms
Emotional Symptoms
STRESS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Take a Deep Breath
Practice Specific Relaxation Techniques
Manage Time
Connect with Others
Talk it Out
Take a “Minute” vacation
Monitor your Physical Comfort
Get Physical
Take Care of your Body
Laugh
Know your Limits
Think Positively
Clarify your Values and Develop a Sense of Life Meaning
Compromise
Have a Good Cry
Avoid Self-Medication
Look for the “Pieces of Gold” around You
NURSING MANAGEMENT
Nursing Assessment
Assessment of the Individual
Assessment of the Family
Assessment of the Environment
Nursing Goals
Nursing Intervention
Minimizing Anxiety
Minimizing Stress
STRESS IN PATIENTS
STRESS IN NURSES
PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL/PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS
Treatment
Nursing Interventions
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 10:
Attitude, Attribution, Will and Character
ATTITUDE
Definitions
CHARACTERISTICS OF ATTITUDES
COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDES
FUNCTIONS OF ATTITUDES
BELIEFS, ATTITUDES AND VALUES
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATTITUDES
BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES
CHANGE OF ATTITUDE
Health Education and Attitude Change
MEASUREMENT OF ATTITUDE
Opinion Surveys (Public Opinion Polling) and Self-report Methods
Attitude Scales
Voluntary Behavioral Methods
ATTITUDE DURING HEALTH AND ILLNESS
Attitudes Towards Treatment
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF ATTITUDE
Patient Care
Formation of Attitudes of Peers or Juniors
Acceptance of New Technology
Curriculum Planning
Effects of Attitudes on Meaningful Learning and Retention
ATTRIBUTION
ATTRIBUTION PROCESS
BIASES IN ATTRIBUTION
Fundamental Attribution Error
Halo Effect
Assumed Similarity Bias
THEORIES OF ATTRIBUTION
Heider's “Naive” Psyhology (1958)
Kelly's Attribution Theory (1967)
Jones and Davis Theory of Personal Attributions (1965)
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF ATTRIBUTION
WILL
FACTORS ASSISTING IN DEVELOPMENT OF WILL POWER
THE PROCESS OF WILL
FACTORS FACILITATING THE POWER TO TAKE DECISIONS
CHARACTER
Definition
FEATURES OF CHARACTER
CHARACTER, HABITS AND WILL
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF WILL AND CHARACTER
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 11:
Habits and Skills
HABIT
CHARACTERISTICS OF HABITS
FORMATION OF HABITS
BREAKING OF HABITS
NURSING IMPLICATIONS FOR FORMING GOOD HABITS
Developing Good Study Habits
ROLE OF HABITS IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS
SKILLS
ACQUIRING SKILLS
TYPES OF SKILLS
Social Skills
Economic Skills
Leisure Skills
ADVANTAGES OF SKILLS
SKILLS REQUIRED FOR A NURSE
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 12:
Personality
TOPOGRAPHY OF PERSONALITY
COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
IMPORTANCE OF PERSONALITY
FACTORS INFLUENCING PERSONALITY
Biological Factors
Heredity
Endocrine Glands
Physique
Nervous System
Environmental Factors
Family
School
Teacher
Peer Group
Sibling Relationships
Mass Media
Culture
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
Infancy (Birth–1 year of life)
Developmental Tasks of an infant
Psychosocial Issues
Early Childhood (2-6 years)
Developmental tasks of the Child
Psychosocial Issues
Late Childhood (6–11 years)
Developmental tasks of the School-age Child
Psychosocial Issues
Adolescence (12-19 years)
Developmental tasks of the Adolescent
Psychosocial Issues
Early Adulthood (20–40 years)
Developmental tasks of the Younger Adult
Psychosocial Issues
Middle Adulthood (41–60 years)
Developmental Tasks of the Middle Adult
Psychosocial Issues
Late Adulthood (old age – 60 years and above)
Developmental Tasks of the Older Adult
Psychosocial Issues
TYPES OF PERSONALITY
‘Hippocrates Classification’
‘Kretschmer's Classification’
‘Sheldon's Classification’
‘Jung's Classification’
‘Allport Classification’
Personality Types and Heart Disease
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
Interview Method
Observation Method
Personality Inventories
Projective Techniques
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Word-association Test
Sentence Completion Test
Situational Tests
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Structure of the Personality
Id
Ego
Superego
Dynamics of the Personality
Freud's Stages of Personality Development
Oral Stage: Birth to 18 Months
Anal Stage: 18 Months to 3 Years
Phallic Stage: 3 to 6 Years
Latency Stage: 6 to 12 Years
Genital Stage: 12 to 20 Years
THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Infancy (0 to 1 year) Trust vs Mistrust
Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)—Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Middle Childhood (4 to 5 years) – Initiative vs Guilt
Late Childhood (6 to 11 years) – Industry vs Inferiority
Adolescence (12 to 19 years) – Ego Identity vs Role Confusion
Early Adulthood (20 to 25 years) – Intimacy vs Isolation
Middle Adulthood (26 to 64 years) – Generativity vs Stagnation
Old Age (65 years and above) – Ego integrity vs Despair
HUMANISTIC APPROACH
Rogers Person-Centered Approach
Self-actualization
Personality Development
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
TRAIT AND TYPE THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Gordon Allport's Theory (1937)
Raymond Cattell's Theory (1965)
Hans Eysenck's Theory (Trait-type theory of Personality)
LEARNING THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Dollard and Miller's Learning Theory of Personality
Bandura and Walter's Social Learning Theory
PERSONALITY OR BEHAVIORAL CHANGES DUE TO ILLNESS
Common Behavioral Changes due to Illness
Withdrawn Behavior
Changes in Self-concept, Body Image and Lifestyle
Self-centeredness
Demanding and Dependent Behavior
Unco-operation
Hostility
Shame and Guilt Feelings
Nursing Interventions
PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS REQUIRED FOR A NURSE (TRAIT COMPOSITIONS NECESSARY TO HAVE EFFECTIVE NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP)
Self-awareness and Self-acceptance
Being Sincerely Interested in Patient Care
Being Available
Empathizing with the Patient
Reliability
Accountability
Ability to Think Critically
Respect for the Patient
Ability to Build Trust
Acceptance of the Patient as He is
Caring Attitude
Optimism
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF PERSONALITY
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 13:
Individual Differences
MEANING OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
SIMILARITIES AMONG INDIVIDUALS
TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Physical or Physiological differences
Psychological Differences
Types of Psychological Differences
CAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Heredity
Environment
MEASUREMENT OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Intelligence Tests
Aptitude Tests
Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)
Personality Tests
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ILLNESS
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 14:
Developmental Psychology and Psychological Needs of Special Population
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Difference between Growth and Development
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Physical Development
Mental (Intellectual) Development
Emotional Development
Social Development
Moral or Character Development
STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Internal Factors
Heredity
Biological Factors
Intelligence
Emotional Factors
External Factors
Internal Environment (Environment in the womb of the mother)
External Environment (Environment after birth)
PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Principle of Continuity
Principle of Lack of Uniformity in the Development Rate
Principle of Individual Differences
Principle of Uniformity of Pattern
Development Proceeds from General to Specific Responses
Principle of Integration
Principle of Interrelation
Principles of Interaction
Principle of Developmental Direction
Principle of Predictability
Educational Implications of the Principles of Growth and Development
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS AT DIFFERENT AGE LEVELS—ROLE OF A NURSE
Growth and Development and Psychological Needs During Infancy
Children in Hospital
Role of a Nurse
Growth and Development and Psychological Needs During Early Childhood (2 to 6 Years)
Role of a Nurse
Handling Parent's Anxiety
Growth and Development and Psychological Needs During Later Childhood (6 to 12 Years)
Role of a Nurse
Growth and Development and Psychological Needs During Adolescence (12 to 19 Years)
Role of a Nurse
Growth and Development and Psychological Needs During Early Adulthood (20 to 40 Years)
Role of a Nurse
Growth and Development and Psychological Needs During Middle Adulthood (40 to 60 Years)
Role of a Nurse
Growth and Development and Psychological Needs During Late Adulthood(60 Years and Above)
Role of a Nurse
NURSING IMPLICATIONS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS OF SPECIAL POPULATION
Psychology During Illness
Psychology of Chronically Ill and Disabled Patients (Challenge Individuals)
Psychology of Caregivers During Illness
Loss and Grief
Mourning
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS OF WOMEN
Assertiveness
Body Image
Depression
Teen Pregnancy
Infertility
Domestic Violence
Rape
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 15:
Social Psychology— Psychology of Groups
GROUP (SOCIAL STRUCTURE)
Influence of Group on Individual Behavior
Classification of Groups
Group Interaction
Group Morale
LEADERSHIP
Definitions
Functions of a Leader
Qualities of a Leader
Types of Leadership
Nursing Implications of Leadership
DELINQUENCY
Definition
Common Forms of Delinquent Behavior
Causes of Delinquency
Heredity Factors
Personality Traits
Psychological Factors
Environmental and Social Factors
Economic Factors
Reformatory Measures
SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY FOR NURSES
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 16:
Mental Hygiene and Mental Health
MENTAL HYGIENE
Definition
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MENTAL HYGIENE
1. Principles of Prevention
2. Principle of Preservation
3. Principle of Curative Measures
4. Principle of Balanced Development of the Personality
5. Principle of Leading Happy and Contented Life
MENTAL HEALTH
Definitions
INDICATORS OF MENTAL HEALTH-JAHODA (1958)
A Positive Attitude Towards Self
Growth, Development and the Ability for Self Actualization
Integration
Autonomy
Perception of Reality
Environmental Mastery
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MENTALLY HEALTHY PERSON
WARNING SIGNS OF POOR MENTAL HEALTH
MENTAL ILLNESS
CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTAL ILLNESS
FEATURES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
Disturbances in Bodily Functions
Disturbances in Mental Functions
Changes in Individual and Social Activities
Somatic Complaints
CAUSES FOR POOR MENTAL HEALTH
Predisposing Factors
Precipitating Factors
Perpetuating Factors
Biological Factors
Heredity
Biochemical Factors
Brain Damage
Physiological Changes
Psychological Factors
Social Factors
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT MENTAL ILLNESS
General Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill
CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS
A. Psychosis
B. Neurosis
C. Special Disorders
D. Psycho Physiological Disorders
E. Mental Retardation
MENTAL HEALTH ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
Mental Health during Pre-natal Period
Nurses Role in Improving Mental Health during Pre-natal Period
Mental Health of Infant and Toddler
Nurses Role in Improving Mental Health among Infants and Toddlers
Mental Health of Children
Nurses Role in Improving Mental Health Among Children
Mental Health of Adolescents
Nurses Role in Improving Mental Health Among Adolescents
Mental Health in Adulthood
Mental and Physical Health Issues for Women
Mental and Physical Health Issues for Men
Nurses Role in Improving Mental Health among Adults
Mental Health in Old Age
Nurses Role in Improving Mental Health among Elderly People
PREVENTION OF MENTAL DISORDERS AND ROLE OF A NURSE
Primary Prevention and Role of a Nurse
Individual Centered Intervention
Interventions Oriented to the Child at School
Family Centered Interventions to Ensure Harmonious Relationship
Interventions Oriented to Keep Families Intact
Interventions for Families in Crisis
Mental Health Education
Society-centered Preventive Measures
Secondary Prevention and Role of a Nurse
Tertiary Prevention and Role of a Nurse
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 17:
Psychology of Adjustment and Maladjustment
ADJUSTMENT
Definitions
AREAS OF ADJUSTMENT
CHARACTERISTICS OF A WELL ADJUSTED PERSON
METHODS OF ADJUSTMENT
Direct Methods
Indirect Methods
MALADJUSTMENT
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MALADJUSTED INDIVIDUAL
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO INDIVIDUAL's MALADJUSTMENT
Factors Contributing to Maladjustment during Childhood
Factors Contributing to Maladjustment during Adolescence
Factors Contributing to Maladjustment during Adulthood
Marital Adjustments
Factors Contributing to Maladjustment during Old Age
PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL ADJUSTMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL NURSE
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 18:
Guidance and Counseling
GUIDANCE
Definition
PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
AREAS OF GUIDANCE
COUNSELING
Definition
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
WHO SHOULD BE COUNSELED?
TYPES OF COUNSELING
Individual Counseling
Group Counseling
PHASES OF COUNSELING
Appointment and Establishing Relationship
Assessment
Diagnosis
Setting Goals
Intervention
Termination and Follow-up
ATTRIBUTES AND SKILLS REQUIRED FOR A COUNSELOR
Guidelines for Successful Counseling
TECHNIQUES/APPROACHES TO COUNSELING
Directive or Counselor Centered Counseling
Non-Directive or Client-centered Counseling
Eclectic Counseling
AREAS OF COUNSELING
Counseling about Risks
Counseling to Relieve Distress
Interpersonal Counseling (Developed by Klerman in 1987)
Marriage Guidance Counseling
Problem Solving Counseling
Bereavement Counseling
Crisis Intervention
PURPOSES OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN THE HOSPITAL
Problems Faced by Sick People
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING IN NURSING EDUCATION
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 19:
Psychological Assessment and Tests
CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
USES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
LIMITATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
INTERPRETATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS
ROLE OF A NURSE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
REVIEW QUESTIONS
SHORT ESSAY
UNIT 20:
Educational Psychology
NATURE OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
SCOPE OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Learner
Learning Process
Learning Situation or Environment
Teaching Situation
Evaluation of Learning
Higher Mental Processes
Problems of Special Children
IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Importance of Educational Psychology to Teachers
Understand the Learner
Understand Individual Differences and Growth and Development
Understand the Nature of Classroom Teaching
Improve Discipline at School
Improve the Effectiveness of Teaching
Provide Tools for Evaluation
Guidance and Counseling to Students
Solving Classroom Problems
Knowing About Himself
To Acquaint himself with Mechanism of Heredity and Environment
Importance of Educational Psychology to Students
To know One self
Improves learning capacity
For all-round growth and development of the learner
Importance of Educational Psychology to Educationists in Administration
Educational Administration
Development of Curriculum
Teacher Training
METHODS IN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Introspection Method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Observation Method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Clinical Method or Case Study Method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Experimental Method
Advantages
Limitations
Survey Method
Advantages
Limitations
Cross-Sectional vs Longitudinal Research
Merits of Cross Sectional Research
Limitations
Merits of Longitudinal Study
Limitations
SIGNIFICANCE OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY IN NURSING PROFESSION
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 21:
Effective Teaching
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING
FUNCTIONS OF TEACHING
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING
QUALITIES OF A GOOD TEACHER
CLASSROOM INTERACTION
Fostering Interaction in the Classroom
CLASSROOM DYNAMICS
Teacher Activity
Student Activity
Approaches for Fostering Classroom Dynamics
ROLE OF INCENTIVES AND REWARDS IN TEACHING
General Criteria in the Selection of Incentives
TEACHER-LEARNER RELATIONSHIP
QUALITIES OF A GOOD NURSE TEACHER
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
UNIT 22:
Evaluation
STEPS IN EVALUATION
According to Heidgerken (1965)
PURPOSES OF EVALUATION
Purpose of Evaluation in Nursing Education
TYPES OF EVALUATION
Formative Evaluation
Summative Evaluation
TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION
Quantitative Techniques
Oral Test
Written Test
Practical Test
Qualitative Techniques
Cumulative Records
Anectodal Records
Check Lists
Rating Scales
REVIEW QUESTIONS
LONG ESSAY
SHORT ESSAY
SHORT ANSWERS
Bibliography
Glossary
Question Bank
UNIT 1 PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE OF BEHAVIOR
KEY
UNIT 2 BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
KEY
UNIT 3 SENSATION, PERCEPTION AND ATTENTION
KEY
UNIT 4 PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING
KEY
UNIT 5 MEMORY—REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING
KEY
UNIT 6 THINKING, REASONING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
KEY
UNIT 7 INTELLIGENCE, APTITUTE AND CREATIVITY
KEY
UNIT 8 MOTIVATION, FRUSTRATION AND CONFLICT
KEY
UNIT 9 EMOTIONS AND STRESS
KEY
UNIT 10 AND 11 ATTITUDE, ATTRIBUTION, WILL AND CHARACTER AND HABITS AND SKILLS
KEY
UNIT 12 PERSONALITY
KEY
UNIT 13 AND 14 INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS OF SPECIAL POPULATION
KEY
UNIT 15 AND 16 SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY—PSYCHOLOGY OF GROUPS AND MENTAL HYGIENE AND MENTAL HEALTH
KEY
UNIT 17 AND 18 PSYCHOLOGY OF ADJUSTMENT AND MALADJUSTMENT AND GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
KEY
UNIT 19 AND 20 PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT AND TESTS AND EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
KEY
UNIT 21 AND 22 EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND EVALUATION
KEY
INDEX
TOC
Index
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