Index

Medical Laboratory Technology: Methods and Interpretations (2 Volumes) Ramnik Sood

1:Laboratory
- INTRODUCTION
- LABORATORY SET-UP
- CODE OF CONDUCT FOR MEDICAL LABORATORY PERSONNEL
- ACCIDENTS
- SIGNS FOR MEDICAL LABORATORIES
- ACCIDENTS IN THE LABORATORY
- UNIVERSAL WORK PRECUATIONS (UWP) FOR LAB PERSONNEL (ESPECIALLY IN RELATION TO HIV TRANSMISSION)
- MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF CLINICAL PRACTICE
- LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS
2:Sterilisation
- METHODS COMMONLY USED FOR STERILISATION
- MODERN DAY DISINFECTION (Commercially available from Bioshields)
- HITMAX™ Liquid Microbicidal Handwash Soap Courtesy: Bioshields
- STERIMAX™ Liquid Handrub Antiseptic with Triple Action Courtesy: Bioshields
- ACTALL™ Dual Action Antiseptic Disinfectant Solution Courtesy: Bioshields
- SAVINOX PLUS™ Microbicidal Antiseptic Solution Courtesy: Bioshields
- SILVICIDE™ AND SILVICIDE PLUS™ Aerial fumigant and surface and Water Disinfectant Solution Concentrated Aerial fumigant and Surface and Water Disinfectant Solution Courtesy: Bioshields
- AEROSEPT™ Air and Surface Sprayable Disinfectants Courtesy: Bioshields
- ACITAR™ High Level Instrument Sterilizing and Disinfectant Solution Courtesy: Bioshields
- LABORATORY INSTRUMENTS
- LABSAFE™ Disinfectant Solution for Laboratory Ware Courtesy: Bioshields
3:SI Units
- LITRE
- GRAM
- MOLE (MOL)
- INTERNATIONAL UNIT (U)
- CONVERSION FACTORS BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL UNITS (SIU)
4:Fundamental Chemistry
- INDICATORS
- STRENGTH OF A SOLUTION
5:Urine Analysis
- COMPOSITION OF URINE
- GROSS EXAMINATION OF URINE
- CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE
- MULTIPLE® REAGENT STRIPS FOR URINALYSIS
- AUTOMATION IN URINALYSIS
- SPECIAL URINE TESTS
- MICROSCOPY OF THE URINARY SEDIMENT
- COMMON PATTERNS OF ABNORMAL URINE COMPOSITION IN DISEASE
6:Renal Function and Its Evaluation
- RENAL PHYSIOLOGY IN BRIEF
- FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEY
  - Urinalysis
  - Impaired Renal Function and Blood Chemistry
- CONCENTRATION: DILUTION TESTS
- PHENOL RED TEST [Phenolsulphonphthalein (PSP)]
- CLEARANCE TESTS
- PRINCIPLES OF PRECISE TESTS OF RENAL FUNCTION
7:Stool Examination
- MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF STOOL SPECIMENS
8:Medical Parasitology
- MEDICAL PARASITES
  - Importance of Morphologic Identification
- INTESTINAL PROTOZOA OF MAN
- MALARIAL PARASITES OF MAN
- BLOOD FLAGELLATES OF MAN
- COMMON INTESTINAL ROUNDWORMS OF MAN–PATHOLOGY
- EXTRAINTESTINAL ROUNDWORM INFECTION OF MAN-LARVAL WORM PATHOLOGY
- TISSUE ROUNDWORMS OF MAN, CHIEFLY FILARIAE
- FLUKES OF MAN
  - Fasciola Hepatica (The Sheep Liver Fluke)
  - Morphology of Adults and Larvae Cestoda (Contd…)
- RECAPITULATION—PARASITOLOGY AT A GLANCE
- LABORATORY EXAMINATION FOR PARASITES
9:Clinical Haematology
- WAYS OF OBTAINING BLOOD
  - Capillary or Peripheral Blood
  - Venous Blood (Venipuncture)
  - Complications
  - Immediate
  - Late Local Complications
  - Late-general Complications
  - Clinical Alert
- ANTICOAGULANTS
  - EDTA
  - Advantages of EDTA
  - Disadvantages of EDTA
  - Making EDTA Bulbs
  - Oxalates
  - Making Double Oxalate Bulbs
  - Trisodium Citrate
  - Heparin
  - Special Anticoagulants
  - Wherever Possible, the Necessary Tests, Investigations and Preparation of Blood Films should be done Immediately
  - Anticoagulated Blood Storage and Blood Cell Morphology
  - Peripheral Smears
  - EDTA Blood
  - Diagnostic Alerts
  - Blood Collection System
- HAEMOGLOBIN (HB)
  - Haemoglobin Estimation: Sahli's Method: (Sahli's Haemoglobinometer) (Fig. 9.3)
  - Cyanmethaemoglobin Method
  - Drabkin's Reagent
  - Sheard-Sanford Oxyhaemoglobin Method
  - Other Methods
  - Alkali haematin Method
  - Gasometric Method
  - Specific Gravity Method
  - Chemical Methods
  - Sodium Lauryl Sulphate Method (Available from Coral Clinical Systems, Goa)
  - Normal Haemoglobin Values
- ANAEMIA
  - Causes of Anaemia
  - 1. Blood Loss
  - 2. Impaired Red Cell Formation
  - 3. Increased Destruction of Red Cell (Haemolytic) Anaemia
- POLYCYTHEMIA
  - Causes
  - Primary
  - Secondary
  - 1. Associated with hypoxia
  - 2. Due to inappropriate erythropoietin increase in
  - 3. Associated with adrenocortical steroids or Androgens
  - 4. Associated with chronic chemical exposure
  - 5. Relative
- HAEMATOCRIT/PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV)
  - Definition
  - Methods
  - Wintrobe's Tube
  - Microhaematocrit
  - Interpretation
- BLOOD CELL COUNTS
  - WBC
  - Counting Chamber
  - Methods
  - Falsely high counts occur due to:
  - Falsely low counts occur due to:
  - Calculation
  - RBCs
  - Diluting Fluid
  - Method
  - Interpretation
  - Platelets
  - Method
  - Rees-Ecker Method for Platelet Count
  - Diluting Fluid
  - Procedure
  - Rough Estimation of Platelet Count from Stained thin Smear
  - Causes of Thrombocytopenia
  - Raised Platelet Count (Thrombocytosis)
- ERYTHROCYTE INDICES
  - 1. The mean cell volume (MCV)
  - 2. The mean cell haemoglobin (MCH)
  - 3. The mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
- COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC), BLOOD
  - Normal Values
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE (ESR)
  - Methods
  - Westergren's Method
  - Normal Values
  - Wintrobe's Method
  - Normal Values
  - Microsedimentation (Landau) Method
  - Materials Required
  - Procedure
  - Normal Values
  - Zeta Sedimentation Rate (ZSR)
  - Sources of Error for any ESR method
  - Interpretation of ESR
  - Rapid ESR is Found in
  - Slow ESR is usually seen in
  - Factors that Play a role in ESR
  - 1. Plasma Factors
  - 2. Red Cell Factors
  - 3. Anticoagulants
  - Stages in ESR
  - Interfering Factors
- BLOOD FILM EXAMINATION
  - Preparation of a Thin Blood Film
  - Making of Spreaders (Fig. 9.9)
  - Making Thick Smears
  - Fixing of Blood Films
  - Staining of Blood Films
  - Buffer Solution used in the Laboratory
  - Stain Preparation and Staining
  - Wright‘s Stain
  - Method
    - Leishman's Stain
    - Method
  - Giemsa's Stain
    - Method
  - Staining of Thick Films
  - Field's Stain
  - Simeon's Modification of Boye's and Sterenal's Method
  - Method for Staining Thin Films
  - Procedure for Staining Thick Smears
  - Mounting and Preservation of Films
- RAPID DIAGNOSTICS
  - Automation in Haematology
  - Coulter Principle
  - The Basics of Hematology Analyzers in a Nutshell
  - Coulter¨ MAXM and MAXM AL Hematology Flow Cytometry Systems (Fig. 9.11)
  - Instrument Specifications
  - 20 Parameters
  - Throughput
  - Sample Requirements
  - Patient Result Storage
  - Bar Code Symbology
  - 0-24 Hour Sample Stability
  - High Efficiency through Comprehensive Flagging
  - Beckman Coulter ACT Diff 10 Hematology Analyzer
  - Methods and Technologies
  - Parameters
  - Sample Analysis Characteristics
  - Throughtput
  - Carryover
  - Beckman Coulter ACT Hematology Analyzer (Fig. 9.12)
  - Printers
  - User Interface
  - Host Communication
  - Dimensions/Weight
  - Power/Input
  - Linearity
  - Background Counts
  - Precision
  - Beckman Coulter AcT 5 Diff Hematology Analyzer
  - Easy-to-Use, Safe Solution
  - Easy to Operate
  - Easy-to-Use Data Management (Fig. 9.15)
  - Easy on Your Budget
  - Methods and Technologies
  - Parameters
  - Sample Handling
  - Throughtput
  - Dimensions/Weight
  - Sample Stability
  - Operating Temperature
  - Accuracy
  - Positive ID
  - Precision
  - K-1000 Expandable 8-Parameter (Automated Hematology Analyzer) (Fig. 9.16)
  - Cell-Dyn 1600 and 1600cs (Fig. 9.20)
  - Features of the Systems include
  - Advia 120 Hematology Analyzer (Fig. 9.25)
  - Makes the difference
  - Knows anemia
  - Exceeds your expectations
  - Performance Specifications
  - Parameters
  - Differential Results
  - Morphology results (User definable)
  - Test Selectivity/Throughput
  - Physical Specifications
  - Sample Modes / Volumes
  - Weight and Dimensions
- DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD CELLS SITES OF BLOOD FORMATION
  - Normal Sites
  - Abnormal Sites
  - Development of Blood Cells (Chart 9.1)
  - Erythropoiesis (Fig. 9.29)
  - Leucopoiesis (Fig. 9.30)
  - The Myeloid Series
    - Development of a Mature Neutrophil
  - Lymphocytic Series (Fig. 9.31)
  - Monocytic Series (Fig. 9.30)
  - Thrombopoiesis (Fig. 9.30)
  - Examination of A Blood Film
  - Method
  - Always Note
  - RBCs
  - WBCs
    - Platelets
  - Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC)
  - Bone Marrow Examination
  - Bone Marrow Examination and Reporting
  - Marrow Film Preparation
    - Imprints
    - Crush Preparation
  - Examination
    - Note the undermentioned points:
  - Bone Marrow Aspiration Analysis
    - Normal Values
  - Differential Cell Count
  - Indications for Bone Marrow Aspiration
    - Absolute Indications
    - Diagnostic Importance
    - Confirmatory Importance
    - Therapeutic Importance
    - Contraindications
  - Morphological Types of Red Blood Cells (Fig. 9.33)
  - RBC Morphology, Blood
  - Normal Values
  - Classification of Variation from Normal
  - Usage
  - Reticulocyte Count
  - Red Blood Cell Abnormalities seen on stained Smear (In brief)
  - Normal Values
  - Staining
  - Stain
  - Method
  - Red Cell Fragility Test
  - Quantitative Test
  - Reagents
  - Method
  - Factors Affecting Osmotic Fragility Tests
  - Interpretation
  - Clinical Implications
  - Qualitative Assessment of G6PD Deficiency
  - Methaemoglobin Reduction Test
  - Reagents
  - Method
  - Interpretation
- COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE KIT FOR G6PD ASSESSMENT (QUALITATIVE) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagents
  - Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Screening Test Procedure
  - Quantitative Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Screening Test
  - Quantitative Test
  - Remarks
  - Clinical Implications
- QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF G6PD Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Notes
  - Examination of Foetal Haemoglobin
  - Qualitative Method
  - Interpretation
  - Quantitative Method
    - STEP A
    - STEP B
    - Normal Values
  - Tests for Sickling
  - Methods
  - Moist Cover Slip Preparation
  - Daland and Da Silva method
    - Reagents
    - Method
  - Dithionite Tube Test
    - Reagents
    - Working Solution
    - Method
    - Interpretation
  - Urea-dithionite Test
    - Reagents
    - Method
    - Interpretation
  - Refer to Table given under HbF Estimation for Percentage of HbS in Various Disorders
- COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE KIT Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagents
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Materials Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent Pack
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Screening Method
  - Differentiation Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Screening Method
  - Differentiation Method
  - Remarks
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF DISORDERS RELATED TO RBCs
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
  - Peripheral Blood
  - Peripheral Smear
  - Bone Marrow
  - Serum Biochemistry
  - Normal Values for Iron Metabolism
  - Laboratory Findings in Iron Deficiency
  - Blood Count
  - Bone Marrow
  - Others
  - Causes of Iron Deficiency Anaemia
  - Blood Loss
  - Other Causes of Chronic Blood Loss
  - Increased Requirements
  - Impaired Absorption
  - Inadequate Intake
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Megaloblastic Macrocytic Anaemias
  - Peripheral Blood Findings in Vitamin B12 or Folic Acid Deficiency
  - Bone Marrow
  - Dyserythropoiesis
  - WBC Series
  - Megakaryocytes
  - Special Tests for Diagnosing Vitamin B12 Deficiency
  - Serum Vitamin B12 Assay
  - a. Microbiological
  - b. Radiosotope Assay
  - Radioactive Vitamin B12 Absorption Test
  - Schilling Test
  - Variant of Schilling test
  - Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
  - Special Tests for Diagnosing Folate Deficiency
  - Serum Folate Assays
  - FIGLU Test
  - Radioactive Folic Acid Test-Like Schilling Test
  - Causes of Folic Acid Deficiency
  - Nutritional
    - Malabsorption
    - Increased Demand
  - Laboratory Findings in Megaloblastic Anaemias
    - Blood Counts
    - Bone Marrow
    - Blood Chemistry
    - Other Studies
  - Causes of Bone Marrow Megaloblastosis
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemolytic Anaemias
  - Causes and Classification of Haemolytic Anaemias
  - Intracorpuscular Defects
  - Extracorpuscular Defects
  - Evidences of Haemolysis
  - Increased Breakdown of Haemoglobin
  - Compensatory Erythroid Hyperplasia
  - Damage to Red Cells
  - Demonstration of Shortened Lifespan of Red Cells
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Hereditary Spherocytosis
  - Blood Picture
  - Peripheral Smear
  - Chemistry
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Hereditary Elliptocytosis
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Enzyme Deficiency Related Anaemias
  - G6PD Deficiency
  - Blood Picture
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmune Haemylotic Anaemia (AIHA)
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Warm Antibody AIHA
  - Blood Picture
  - Immunology
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Cold Antibody AIHA
  - CHAD
  - PCH
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
  - Blood Picture
    - Further Investigations
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Lead Poisoning
  - Blood Picture
  - Bone Marrow
  - Urine
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Haemoglobin Structure and Synthesis Disorders
  - Special Tests
  - Tests Depending on Physicochemical Properties
  - Haemoglobin Electrophoresis
  - Autoscanning and Computing Densitometer 205
    - Features
    - Minimum System Configuration
    - System Configuration with ‘PC-:LINK 205’ Software
  - Technical Specifications
    - Optical
    - Mechanical
    - Electronics
    - Computing and Editing
    - Printed Records
  - Power
    - Optional Accessories
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Sickle Cells Trait
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anaemia
  - Blood Picture
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Unstable Hb Haemoglobinopathy
  - Blood Picture
  - Special Tests
  - Thalassaemias (Reduced Synthesis Rate)
  - In α Thalassaemia
  - In α Thalassaemia
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of β Thalassaemia Minor
    - Blood Picture
    - Peripheral Smear Shows
    - Hb Electrophoresis
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of β Thalassaemia Major
  - Blood Picture
  - Bone Marrow
  - Hb Pattern on Electrophoresis
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of α Thalassaemia
  - Hb-H Disease
  - Blood Picture
  - Hb Pattern (electrophoresis)
  - Demonstration of HbH inclusions
  - Haemoglobin Electrophoresis
  - Hb Bart's—Hydrops Foetalis
  - Blood Picture
    - Hb pattern
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Aplastic Anaemia
  - Blood Picture
  - Classification and Causes of Aplastic Anaemia
    - Primary type is less common
  - Drugs
    - Bone marrow depression depends upon:
    - Drugs which Regularly Cause Aplastic Anaemia
    - Drugs which Occasionally Cause Bone Marrow Depression
  - Chemicals
  - Physical Agents
  - Pancytopenia
  - Blood Picture
  - Causes
- NORMAL WHITE CELL VALUES AND PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
  - Pathological Variations in White Cell Counts Neutrophilia
  - Metabolic Disorders—due to Varied Causes Leading to
  - Neoplasms
  - Conditions Causing Cell Necrosis or Destruction
  - Various Drugs/Chemicals Implicated are
  - Trauma and Haemorrhage
  - Cardiac Disorders
  - Collagen Diseases
  - Miscellaneous
  - Eosinophilia
  - Allergic States
  - Parasitic Diseases
  - Drug Administration
  - Neoplasms
  - Miscellaneous
  - Lymphocytosis
  - Acute Infections
  - Chronic Infections
  - Endocrine Disorders
  - Neoplasms
  - Monocytosis
  - Infections
  - Neoplasms
  - Collagen diseases
  - Miscellaneous
  - Basophilia
  - Morphologic Forms of Lymphocytes
  - Virocyte
  - Transformed Lymphocytes
  - Arneth Count
  - Arneth Index
  - Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis
  - Lymphopenia
  - Eosinopenia
  - Drug/hormone therapy
  - Response to Stress
  - Endocrine Diseases
  - Miscellaneous
  - Basophilopenia
  - Leukaemoid Reactions
  - Neutrophilic
  - Lymphocytic
  - Eosinophilic
  - Bone Marrow Plasmacytosis
  - Acute Infections
  - Chronic Infections
  - Allergic States
  - Collagen—Vascular Disorders
  - Neoplasms
  - Others
- WHITE BLOOD CELLS
  - Neutropenia and Agranulocytosis
  - Blood Picture of Drug-Induced Neutropenia
  - Bone Marrow
  - Causes of Neutropenia
  - Other Causes of Neutropenia
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Mononucleosis
  - Blood Picture
  - Paul Bunnel Test for Heterophile Antibody
  - Lupus Erythematosus (LE) Cell/Phenomenon
  - Method
  - Classification of Acute Myelomonocytic Leukaemias
  - FAB Classification
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Leukaemias
  - Cytochemical Methods for Staining Leucocytes
  - Neutrophil Alkaline Phosphatase (Kaplow's Method)
  - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Peroxidase (Myeloperoxidase, Kaplow's Method)
  - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Interpretation
  - Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) Reaction
  - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Interpretation
  - Sudan Black B Stain (Sheehan and Storey)
  - Reagents
    - Working stain solution
  - Procedure
  - Interpretation
  - Nonspecific Esterase (Yam et al)
    - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Interpretation
  - Acute Leukaemias, Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Routine Haematologic Investigations
  - Blood Film Examination
  - Differentiation of ALL from AML
    - Other Investigations
  - Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
  - Laboratory Investigations
  - Diagnostic Features
  - Additional Features
  - Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)
  - Laboratory Findings
  - Paraproteinaemias
  - Causes
  - Multiple Myeloma
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Other Laboratory Findings
  - Polycythaemia Vera
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Myelosclerosis
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Hodgkin's Disease
  - Laboratory Findings in Hodgkin's Disease
  - Early in Course
  - Later in Disease
- QUALITY CONTROL IN HAEMATOLOGY
  - Internal Quality Control
  - Testing Control Sample
  - Control Chart (Levy-Jennings or L-J Chart
  - Cusum Analysis
  - Duplicate Tests
  - Inbuilt Quality Control
  - B. External Quality Assessment
  - C. Standardization
  - D. Proficiency Surveillance
10:Clinical Haematology Bleeding Disorders
- PLATELETS, COAGULATION AND BLEEDING DISORDERS: LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
  - Platelet Count—Dealt in depth elsewhere
  - Capillary Fragility Test of Hess
  - (Rumpel-Leede Sign, Tourniquet Test)
  - Clinical Implications
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Vascular Bleeding Disorders
  - Interfering Factors
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF PLATELET DISORDERS
  - Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
  - Drug Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia
  - Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
  - Causes of DIC
  - Functional Platelet Disorders
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Hereditary Disorders
  - Acquired Disorders
  - Bleeding Time
  - Duke's Method
  - Requirements
  - Method
    - Normal Values
  - Precautions
  - Ivys's Method
  - Method
    - Normal Values
  - Interpretation
  - Clinical Implications
  - Interfering Factors
  - Patient Preparation
  - Coagulation Time
  - Capillary Tube Method of Wright
  - Lee and White's Method
  - Requirements
  - Method
  - Normal Values
  - Precautions and Errors
  - Clinical Implications
  - Interfering Factors
  - Clot Retraction
  - Principle
  - Requirements
  - Method
  - Interpretation
  - Errors
  - Heparin Therapy
  - Protocols and Blood Coagulation tests
- QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR ROUTINE HAEMOSTASIS LABORATORY
  - Introduction
  - Preparation of Patients
  - Sample Collection Techniques (Phlebotomy)
  - Sample Preparation
  - Sample Processing and Storage
- BUFFERED 3.2% CITRATE SOLUTION (Profact) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Material Required But Not Provided
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - For Coagulation Assays
  - For ESR by Westergren Method
  - Precautions
  - Remarks
  - Calibration of Instruments/Equipments
  - Storage of Reagents
  - End Point Reading
  - Drug/Clinical Conditions Influencing Patient Results
  - PT Tests are Influenced on Administration of Following Drugs
  - APTT Tests are Influenced on Administration of Following Drugs
  - Thrombin Time Test is Prolonged in the Following Clinical Conditions
  - Clinical Conditions
  - MNPT and INR
  - Quality Control Aspects
- (PROTHROMBIN TIME) (Quick One-stage Method) Liquiplastin® (Coutesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Thromboplastin Reagent for Prothrombin Time (PT) Determination
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation of PPP
  - Additional Material Required for Manual and Calibration Curve Methods
  - Test Procedure
  - Manual Method
  - Calculation of Results
  - Manual Method
  - Expected Values
  - Remarks
- SENSITIVE THROMBOPLASTIN REAGENT FOR PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) DETERMINATION (ISI=1.0) Uniplastin® (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Additional Material Required
  - Sample Collection and Preparation of PPP
  - Test Procedure
  - Manual Method
  - Calculation of Results
  - Manual Method
  - Expected Values
  - Remarks
- THROMBOPLASTIN REAGENT FOR PROTHROMBIN TIME (PT) DETERMINATION, LYOPLASTIN® (Lyophilised reagent, ISI=1.0) (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Additional Material Required
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Collection and Preparation of PPP
  - Test Procedure
  - Manual Method
  - Calculation of Results
  - Manual Method
  - Expected Values
  - Remarks
  - Clinical Implications
  - Interfering Factors
  - Clinical Alert
- MONITORING ORAL ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY
  - Introduction
  - Relevance and Use of the Prothrombin Time Test
  - Oral Anticoagulant Agents
  - Pharmacology of Oral Anticoagulants
  - PIVKA's
  - The Role of PT Test in Monitoring Effects of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
  - Problems in monitoring Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
  - Factors Influencing Anticoagulant Effects of Warfarin
  - PT Ratio (PTR)
  - Percent Activity
  - Standardization of Prothrombin Time Reagents and Reporting System
  - Basis of Calibration
  - The INR Method of Reporting Results
  - INR Conversion Table
  - Recommended Therapeutic Ranges for Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
  - Other Factors Influencing The INR
  - MNPT
  - ISI value of PT used and Method of Clot Detection
  - Practical Considerations for Warfarin Therapy
  - Considerations for Frequency of Laboratory Tests for Monitoring Oral Anticoagulant Therapy
  - Management of Patients with High INR Values with or without Bleeding Complications
  - Advantages of the INR system
  - Disadvantages of the INR System
  - Patient Variables in PT/INR Testing
  - Factors that Influence Coagulation Test Results
    - Age and Gender
    - Blood Type
    - Within Day Variation
    - Seasonal Variation
    - Intraindividual Variability
    - Diet, Alcohol and Smoking
    - Medications
    - Menstrual Cycle, Pregnancy
    - Diseases
    - Physical and Emotional Stress
    - Posture
    - Venous Occlusion
    - Vitamin K
    - Anticoagulant Therapy
  - Prothrombin Determination (Two stage method)
  - Principle
  - Results
- APTT/PTTK CEPHALOPLASTIN REAGENT FOR PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (APTT) DETERMINATION USING ELLAGIC ACID AS ACTIVATOR Liquicecin-E® (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - FNP Collection
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Manual Method
  - Calculation and Reporting of Results
  - Manual Method
  - Calibration Curve Method
  - Expected Values
  - Remarks
- SOYABEAN CEPHALOPLASTIN REAGENT FOR PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (APTT) DETERMINATION USING ELLAGIC ACID, AS AN ACTIVATOR Celin-se® (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - FNP Collection
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Manual Method
  - Calculation and Reporting of Results
  - Manual Method
  - Calibration Curve Method
  - Expected Values
  - Remarks
  - Recalcification solution
  - Clinical Implications of APTT
  - Causes of Prolonged APTT
  - Shortened APTT occurs in
  - Circulating Anticoagulants
- NORMAL AND ABNORMAL CONTROL PLASMAS FOR COAGULATION ASSAYS Plasmatrol H-I/II® (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Preparation of the Reagent
  - Test Procedure
  - Expected Values
  - Remarks
- FIBROSCREEN THROMBIN TIME TEST FOR QUALITATIVE ESTIMATION OF FIBRINOGEN Fibroscreen® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Quality Control
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - Manual Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Expected Values
  - Interpretation of first line tests:
  - Remarks
- FIBRINOGEN ESTIMATION-QUANTITATIVE Fibroquant, Reagent for Quantitative Estimation Of Fibrinogen (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Quality Control
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - A. Procedure for fibrinogen Calibration Curve Preparation
  - B. Test Procedure for Sample
  - Remarks
  - Fibrinolytic Activity
  - Euglobulin Lysis Time
    - Principle
  - Requirements
  - Method
  - Result
- DILUTE BLOOD CLOT LYSIS TIME
  - Principle
  - Requirements
  - Method
  - Result
- FDPs A Qualitative and Semiquantitative Latex Slide Test for Detecting Cross Linked Fibrin Degradation Products in Human Plasma X-L FDP Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - KIT Composition
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semi-quantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semi-quantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Screening Tests for Diagnosis of Procoagulant Deficiency
  - Requirements
  - Method
  - Results
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF COAGULATION DISORDERS
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Hemophilia
  - Christmas Disease (Hemophilia B)
  - von Willebrand's Disease
  - Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn
- LUPUS ANTICOAGULANTS: BASIC CONCEPTS AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
  - General Background
  - Anti-Phospholipid Antibody-Lupus Anticoagulants
  - APS (Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome)
  - Clinical Findings with LA
  - Pathophysiological Mechanism of Thrombosis
  - Lupus Anticoagulants and Bleeding Complications
  - Phospholipid Dependence of Lupus Anticoagulants
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Lupus Anticoagulants
  - Immunological Assays
  - Clot-based Assays
    - APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)
  - TTI (Tissue Thromboplastin Inhibition Test)
  - KCT (Kaolin Clotting Time)
  - PNP (Platelet Neutralization Procedure)
  - Hexagonal Phase Phospholipids
  - Recommendations and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Lupus Anticoagulants
  - Current Recommendations of the ISTH
  - Scientific Subcommittee Criteria for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Lupus Anticoagulants
  - dRVVT: The test of choice for screening and confirmation of LA
  - Principle of dRVVT for LA detection
  - Interpretation of results with dRVVT test
  - dRVVT as positive predictor of thrombotic events in APS
  - Therapeutic Measures for Patients with LA
  - Management of patients with primary ‘APS’
  - Management of Patients with Secondary ‘APS’
  - dRVVT for Screening and Confirmation of Lupus Anticoagulants LADS (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents Provided with the Kit
  - Note
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Material Required
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- LA REFERENCE PLASMA FOR LA TEST (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Preparation of the Reagent
  - Test Procedure
  - Remarks
- AUTOMATION IN COAGULATION ANALYSIS
  - Hemostar
  - Technical Features
  - Hemostar XF
  - Technical Features
  - CoaLAB 6000
  - Compact
  - Versatile
  - User Friendly
  - Technical Specifications
- TROUBLESHOOTING
  - General Instructions for Coagulation Test
  - Sample Collection Techniques
  - Sample Preparation
  - Sample Processing and Storage
  - Calibration of Instruments/Equipments
  - Storage and Procedure
  - Critical Requirement of MNPT in the Derivation of INR
  - ISI value of PT used and Method of Clot Detection
  - INR System
  - Prothrombin Time
  - Uniplastin®/Liquiplastin®/Lyoplastin®
  - Problem: Prolonged Clotting Time
  - Problem: Shortened Clotting Time
  - DPTT/PTTK
  - Liquicelin-E®/Celin-SE®
  - Problem: Prolonged Clotting Time
  - Problem: Shortened Clotting Time
  - Fibrinogen Estimation
  - Fibroscreen®/Fibroquant®
  - Problem: Prolonged Clotting Time
  - Problem: Shortened Clotting Time
  - Fibrinogen Degradation Products (D-Dimer) Estimation
  - XL-FDP®
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Delayed Agglutination
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Positive Control Giving Negative Reaction
11:Blood Banking (Immunohaematology)
- BLOOD GROUP ANTIBODIES
  - Naturally Occurring Antibodies
  - Genetics of ABO System
  - Biochemistry
  - Subgroups of A and AB
  - Subgroups of B
  - Antibodies of ABO System
  - Anti-H
  - ABO Testing Procedures
  - ABO Antibody Reagents
  - Red Cells Reagents
  - Group O reagent Screen Cells
  - Preparation of Red Cell Suspensions
  - Method (for 2% suspension)
  - Blood grouping sera should meet the following requirements
- ANTI-A, ANTI-B, ANTI-A,B Blood Grouping Antisera for Slide and Tube Tests (From Tulip's Erybank Range)
  - Summary
  - Reagents
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required for Slide and Tube Tests
  - Test Procedure
  - Slide Test
  - Tube Test
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide and Tube Tests
  - Remarks
- ANTI-A, ANTI-B, ANTI-A, B Monoclonal Blood Grouping Antibodies for Slide and Tube Tests (From Tulip's Eryclone Range)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required for Slide and Tube Tests
  - Test Procedure
  - Slide Test
  - Tube Test
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide and Tube Tests
  - Remarks
- ANTI-A1 LECTIN Dolichos Biflorus Lectin for Slide and Tube Tests (From Tulip's Erybank Range)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required for Slide and Tube Tests
  - Test Procedure
  - Slide Test
  - Tube Test
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide and Tube Tests
  - Remarks
- ANTI-H LECTIN Ulex Europaeus Lectin for Slide and Tube Tests (From Tulip's Erybank Range)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - For recognition of H antigen on human red blood cells
  - For Assessing Secretor Status in Human Saliva
  - Additional Material Required for Slide and Tube Tests
  - Procedure
  - Slide Test
  - Tube Test
  - Tube Test (Secretor Status)
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide and Tube Tests
  - Tube Test (Secretor Status)
  - Remarks
  - Other Requirements
- PHYSIOLOGICAL SALINE SOLUTION FOR SEROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (Sodium chloride 0.9% w/v) (From Tulip's Erybank Range)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Uses
- BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN 22% SOLUTION FOR SEROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (From Tulip's Erybank Range)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required for Compatibility Testing
  - Broad-spectrum Compatibility Test
  - Major Cross match Procedure
  - Antibody Titration Test
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Compatibility Test
  - Antibody Titration Test
  - Remarks
- CONCENTRATED ISO-OSMOTIC PHOSPHATE BUFFERED SALINE FOR SEROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (Osmosol from Tulip)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Additional Material Required
  - Method of Preparation
  - Remarks
  - Media for Collection and Preservation of Reagent Red Cells
  - Precautions
- RED CELL PRESERVING SOLUTION FOR SEROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (Erywell from Tulip)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - a. Quick method for whole blood preservation
  - b. Preparation of 2/3/5% stabilized Red Blood cell suspension in Erywell solution
  - Storage
  - Precautions
- ABO GROUPING
  - Slide ABO Grouping Test
  - Six-tube Method (Fig. 11.3)
  - Interpretation
  - Briefly the reasons can be described as:
  - This leads to false negative results
  - This may cause false positive reaction
  - Solving Problems of Discrepancies
  - Repeat Preliminary Procedures
- RH BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
  - Clinical Importance of Rh
  - Present Status and Nomenclature
  - Rh Du Antigen
  - Rh Antibodies
  - Reagents for Rh(D) Grouping
  - Rh(D) Grouping Procedures
  - Slide Testing
  - Method
  - Tube Method
  - Interpretation
  - Testing for Du
  - Method
  - Interpretation
- ANTI-D (Rho) Human (IgG) Polyclonal Blood Typing Antibodies for Slide and Modified Tube Tests (From Tulip's Erybank Range)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Additional Material Required for Slide and Tube Tests
  - Test Procedure
  - Slide Test
  - Tube Test
  - Du Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide and Tube Tests
  - Du Test Procedure
  - Remarks
- ANTI-D (Rho) (IgM) Monoclonal Blood Typing Antibodies for Slide and Tube Tests (From Tulip's Eryclone Range)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Additional Material Required for Slide and Tube Tests
  - Test Procedure
  - Slide Test
  - Immediate Spin Tube Test
  - Du Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide and Tube tests
  - Du Test Procedure
  - Remarks
- ANTI-D (Rho) (IgG) Monoclonal Blood Typing Antibodies for Slide and Modified Tube Tests (From Tulip's Eryclone Range)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required for Slide and Tube Tests
  - Test Procedure
  - Slide Test
  - Tube Test
  - Du Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide and Tube tests
  - Du Test Procedure
  - Remarks
- ANTI-D (Rho) (IgM + IgG) Monoclonal Blood Typing Antibodies for Slide and Tube Tests (Rhofinal from Tulip)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required for Slide and Tube Tests
  - Test Procedure
  - Slide Test
  - Tube Test
  - Du Test procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide and Tube Tests
  - Du Test Procedure
  - Remarks
  - Blood Group Testing in Microplates
    - Procedure
- ANTIHUMAN GLOBULIN TEST
  - Historical Perspective
  - Preliminary Notes: Antigen and antibody related to blood group serology
  - Antibody Nomenclature with Respect to Blood Group Serology
  - IgM Class Antibodies
  - IgG Class Antibodies
  - Role of Enhancement Medium
  - Enhancement Techniques
  - Albumin Additives
  - Enzymes
  - Positively Charged Molecules
  - Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
  - LISS (Low Ionic Salt Solution) and LISS additives
  - Complement
  - Immunoglobulin Requirements for Activation of Classical Pathway
  - Complement Binding Antibodies (Table 11.5)
  - Basic Concepts of Anti-human Globulin Testing
  - Anti-human Globulin Reagents
  - ICSH Recommendations for Polyspecific Anti-human Globulin Reagents
  - Monospecific Coomb's Reagent
  - Direct Anti-human Globulin Test (DAT)
- Major Applications of DAT in Blood Group Serology
  - Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
  - Transfusion Reactions
  - Other Immune Haemolytic Diseases
  - Classification of Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
  - Drug-induced Haemolytic Anaemia
  - Importance of Serological Studies in DAT Positive Results (Table 11.6)
  - Indirect Anti-human Globulin Test (IAT)
  - Applications of IAT
  - Probable Sources of Error in Anti-human Globulin Testing
  - False Negative Results
  - False Positive Results
  - Coomb's Control Cells/Complement Coated Cells
  - Indirect Anti-human Globulin Test for the Detection of Red Blood Cell Antibodies
  - Saline Phase Indirect Anti-human Globulin Test
    - Specimen
    - Reagents
    - Procedure
  - Albumin Phase Indirect Anti-human Globulin Test
    - Specimen
    - Reagents
    - Procedure
  - LISS Phase Indirect Anti-human Globulin Test
    - Specimen
    - Reagents
    - Procedure
  - PEG-enhanced Indirect Anti-human Globulin Test
    - Specimen
    - Reagents
    - Procedure
  - LIM (Low Ionic Medium-Polybrene) Indirect Anti-human Globulin Test
    - Specimen
    - Reagents
    - Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results for Anti-human Globulin Tests
  - Controls
  - Notes
  - Papain—One-stage Enzyme technique / Two-stage Enzyme Technique
    - Specimen
    - Reagent
    - Procedure for One-stage Enzyme Technique
    - Procedure for Two-stage Enzyme Technique
  - Antibody Titration Studies
  - Antibody Titration for Characterizing Type of Antibody in Serum
  - Specimen
  - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Interpretation
  - Notes
  - Antibody Titration Studies for Early Detection of Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn
  - Specimen
  - Materials
  - Quality Control
  - Procedure
  - Results
  - Notes
  - Use of Sulfhydryl Reagents to Distinguish between IgM and IgG Antibodies
  - Specimen
  - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Notes
  - Elution Techniques
  - Citric Acid Elution Method
  - Specimen
  - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Notes
  - Cold Acid Elution
  - Specimen
  - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Notes
  - Glycine-HCl/EDTA Elution
  - Specimen
  - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Notes
  - Heat Elution
  - Specimen
  - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Donath-Landsteiner Test
  - Specimen
  - Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Interpretation
  - Notes
  - Chequer Board Titration for Quality Control of Anti-IgG Potency in Polyspecific AHG Reagent and Evaluation of Complement Potency with Complement-coated Cells
  - Reagents and materials required for chequer board titration
  - Reagent Preparation Procedure
  - Dilutions of Anti-D (IgG) Reagent
  - Cell Sensitization
  - Note
  - Dilutions of Anti-human Globulin Reagent
  - Preparation of Complement-Coated Cells
  - Preparation of 50% Cell Suspension of O Group Red Blood Cells
  - Collection of inert O group serum
  - Sensitization of O group red blood cells
    - Chequer Board Titration (Table 11.9)
  - Preparation of Coomb's Control Cells
  - Procedure
- ANTI-HUMAN IgG MONOSPECIFIC COOMB's REAGENT FOR DIRECT AND INDIRECT ANTIGLOBULIN TEST (From Tulip's Erybank Range)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - For Direct Antiglobulin Test
  - For Indirect Antiglobulin Test
  - Additional Material Required
  - For Direct Antiglobulin Test
  - For Indirect Antiglobulin Test
  - Procedure
  - Direct Antiglobulin Test
  - Indirect Antiglobulin Test for Antibody Identification
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Direct Antiglobulin Test
  - Indirect Antiglobulin Test
  - Remarks
- ANTIHUMAN GLOBULIN REAGENT For Direct and Indirect Antiglobulin Tests (Eryclone® from Tulip)
  - Summary
  - Reagents
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - For Direct Antiglobulin Test
  - For Indirect Antiglobulin Test
  - Preparation of Coomb's Control Cells
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - Direct Antiglobulin Test
  - Indirect Antiglobulin Test
    - Major Cross-match Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Direct Antiglobulin Phase
  - Indirect Antiglobulin Phase
  - Remarks
- PREPARING COOMB'S CONTROL CELLS Agtrol® (From Tulip, Starter Pack)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Additional Collection and Storage
  - Procedure
  - Preparation and Validation of Coomb's Control Cells
  - Validation of prepared 5% Coomb's control cell suspension
  - Use of Coomb's Control cells
  - Validation of Anti-human Globulin Reagent
  - Confirmation of Negative Antiglobulin Test Reactions
  - Interpretation and Results
  - Remarks
- LOW IONIC SALT SOLUTION FOR SEROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (Tuliss from Tulip)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - Indirect Antiglobulin Test for Cross Match
  - For Antibody Detection
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Crossmatch
  - Antibody Detection
    - Remarks
- STABILIZED, ACTIVATED PAPAIN ENZYME SOLUTION FOR SEROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (Liquipap from Tulip)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - One-stage Test
    - A. For cross-match
    - B. For antibody detection
  - Two Stage Test
    - A. For Cross match
    - B. For antibody detection
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- BLOOD TRANSFUSION
  - Blood Donors
  - Donor Screening
  - Drawing of Blood
  - ADVERSE donor reactions
  - Problems with Blood Flow
  - Haematoma
  - Accidental Puncture of the Artery
  - Mild, Moderate or Severe Reactions
    - Mild Donor Reactions
    - Moderate Donor Reactions
    - Severe Donor Reactions
  - Hyperventilation
  - Accidents
  - Compatibility Testing
  - The Cross-Match
  - Saline Cross-Match
    - The Open Slide Method
    - Saline Tube Method
    - Immediate-spin and Thermal Incubation Modification
  - Method of Cross-Matching Universal Donor Blood
  - Factors Leading to False Results
  - If Still an Unexpected Incompatibility is Obtained
  - Choice of Material for Transfusion
  - Blood and Its Products
  - Fresh Blood
  - Packed Cells
  - Plasma
  - Blood Transfusion Complications
  - Complications Appearing Early
    - Complications Appearing Late
  - Investigations in a Case of Transfusion Reaction
  - Proceed as Mentioned Below
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
- TROUBLE SHOOTING
  - General Instructions for Blood Grouping
  - Sample Preparation
  - Sample Processing
  - Sample Storage
  - Equipments
  - Reagents
  - Common Causes of False-negative and False-positive Results in ABO Testing
  - False-negative Results
  - False-positive Results
  - Interpretation of Agglutination Reactions
  - ABO Grouping
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Hemolysis or Red Blood Cells
  - Problem: Weak Agglutination
  - Problem: Mixed Field Agglutination in ABO Grouping or Discrepancy Observed Between the Red Cell Group and the Reverse Group
  - Problem: Delayed Agglutination
  - Rh Typing
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Hemolysis of Red Blood Cells
  - Problem: Delayed or Weak Agglutination
  - General Instructions for Anti Human Globulin (Coombs Reagent)
  - Sources of Error in Antiglobulin Testing— Coombs Cells
  - False Negative Results
  - False-Positive Results
  - Anti Human Globulin (AHG or Coombs Reagent)
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Anti-A1 Lectin
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Hemolysis of Red Blood Cells
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Anti-H Lectin
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Hemolysis of Red Blood Cells
  - Problem: False Negative Results
12:Cerebrospinal and Other Body Fluids
- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
- CSF
- SYNOVIAL FLUID (SF)
- PLEURAL FLUID
- PERICARDIAL FLUID (PF)
- PERITONEAL FLUID
- AMNIOCENTESIS AND AMNIOTIC FLUID ANALYSIS, DIAGNOSTIC
13:Semen Analysis
- SEMEN ANALYSIS
14:Sputum Examination
- COMMON RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
15:Pregnancy Tests
- BIOASSAYS
- IMMUNOLOGIC METHODS
  - Immunologic Tests for Pregnancy
- SLIDE TEST FOR PREGNANCY (Foretel® from Tulip Group of Companies)
- SLIDE TEST FOR PREGNANCY (Foresight—from Tulip Group of Companies)
- ELISA PREGNANCY TEST (Vectra from Tulip Group of Companies)
- HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN AND ITS ESTIMATION IN A CLINICAL LABORATORY
- DIPSTICK ICT PREGNANCY TEST (Clue From Orchid Biomedical Systems)
- DEVICE ICT PREGNANCY TEST (Clue, from Orchid Biomedical Systems)
- DIPSTICK ICT, URINE/SERUM PREGNANCY TEST (Gravi Check from Orchid Biomedical Systems)
- DEVICE ICT URINE/SERUM PREGNANCY TEST (Gravi Check from Orchid Biomedical Systems)
- TROUBLESHOOTING
- RAPID FORMATS
16:Examination of Gastrointestinal Contents
- NORMAL SALIVA—CONSTITUENTS
  - Constituents
- GASTRIC JUICE
- EXAMINATION OF DUODENAL CONTENTS
- COMPOSITION OF BILE
  - Gross and Chemical Characteristics
- PANCREATIC FUNCTION TESTS
- SWEAT ELECTROLYTES PILOCARPINE IONTOPHORESIS
  - Diagnostic Application of Sweat Testing
  - Normal values in children
17:Diabetes Mellitus Laboratory Diagnosis
- DIABETES MELLITUS
- GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN KIT (Ion Exchange Resin method) For the quantitative determination of Glycohemoglobin in Blood (For in vitro Diagnostic use only) (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
- RAPID DIAGNOSTICS
18:Liver Function Tests
- TESTS OF EXCRETION BY THE LIVER
- EVALUATION OF SYNTHESIS IN LIVER
- EVALUATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY
- SUGGESTED LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
19:Clinical Chemistry
- COLORIMETRY
  - Beer's Law
  - Lambert's Law
  - Calculation of Absorbance (A)
  - Amount Transmission (%T)
  - Optical Density (OD)
- PHOTOMETER
  - A. Light Source
  - B. Wavelength Selectors
  - C. Cuvettes and flow-through cells
  - D. Photoelectric cell
  - E. Galvanometer
  - Requirements of Colorimetric Analysis
  - 1. Test solution
  - 2. Standard solution
  - 3. Blank solution
  - Sources of Error in Photometry
  - Inherent Properties of the Solution
  - Instrument
  - Operator Errors
- CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
  - Specimen Collection and Processing
  - Proper Specimen Collection
  - Specimen Collection
  - Chemistry (plain tube)
  - Chemistry (Heparin)
  - Chemistry
  - Haematology (EDTA)
  - Haematology (EDTA)
  - Haematology (plain tube)
  - Haematology (Sodium citrate)
  - Blood bank (plain tube)
  - Serology (plain tube)
  - Processing
  - Centrifuge
  - Difficulties
  - Blood Collection, Precautions and Errors
  - Clinical Chemistry and Drug Interference (See Appendix II)
  - Pharmacologic Interference
  - Chemical interference
  - Control Sera from Boehringer
  - Control Sera
  - Normal Values Differ with Different Kits and Manufactures. Always Consult the Product Insert for Exact Method for a Particular Kit, Follow the Manufacturer's Instructions Strictly
- BLOOD UREA NITROGEN (BUN)
  - Normal Values
  - UREA (DAM method) (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - UREA (Mod. Berthelot Method) (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - UREA (GLDH Kinetic method) (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Substrate Start Assay
  - Sample Start Assay
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Normal Values (general reference)
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Common Causes of Increased BUN or Uremia
  - Prerenal
  - Renal
  - Post-renal
  - Decreased BUN is associated with
  - Interfering Factors
  - Comments
- PLASMA OR SERUM CREATININE
  - Normal Values
  - Creatinine (Alkaline Picrate method) (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
    - Serum or Urine
  - Procedure
  - Deproteinization of specimen
  - Colour development
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Creatinine (Mod Jaffa's Kinetic method) (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Serum or Urine
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Causes of Raised Serum Creatinine Levels
  - Decreased Creatinine levels occur in
  - Interfering Factors
- SERUM BILIRUBIN
  - Normal Values
  - Bilirubin (Mod Jendrassik and Grof's Method) (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/Stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Direct Bilirubin Assay
  - Total Bilirubin Assay
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Causes of Hyperbilirubinemia Unconjugated (Indirect) Hyperbilirubinemia
  - Conjugated (Direct) Hyperbilirubinemia
  - Interfering Factors
  - Comments
  - Icterus Index
  - Reagents
  - Method
  - Calibration Curve
- TOTAL PROTEINS
  - Biuret Method Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
- SERUM ALBUMIN
  - Determination of Serum Albumin (BCG Method) (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values (Albumin)
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Normal Values
  - Total Proteins
  - Specimen Collection and storage
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Causes of Hypoalbuminemia
  - Disorders Associated with Polyclonal Gammopathies
  - Causes of Monoclonal Gammopathies
  - Interfering Factors
- SERUM CHOLESTEROL
  - Cholesterol (CHOD/PAP Method) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Normal Values
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Interfering Factors
  - Patient Preparation
- HDL CHOLESTEROL
  - PEG/CHOD-PAP Method Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Precipitation of VLDL and LDL
  - Cholesterol Assay
  - Calculations
  - Calculation of LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl)
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Risk Factor
  - HDL Cholesterol PPT Set (PEG Precipitation Method) (Courtesy: Tulip group of Companies)
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Procedure for the cholesterol assay
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Interfering Factors
  - Patient Preparation
  - Patient Aftercare
  - Cholesterol: LDL and VLDL
  - Normal Values
  - LDL-Cholesterol Fully Enzymatic, Colorimetric Test (Courtesy: Randox)
  - Principle
  - Sample
  - Reagents
  - Preparation of Reagents
  - Procedure
  - Calculation
    - Using a Standard
    - Calculation of the LDL-cholesterol
    - Using a Factor
    - Calculation the LDL-Cholesterol
  - Clinical Interpretation
  - Note
  - Test Significance
  - Triglycerides (GPO/PAP Method) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Normal Values
  - Classification of Triglyceride Levels
  - Clinical Implications
- BLOOD GLUCOSE
  - Glucose (GOD/POD Method) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Body Fluid, Glucose
    - Normal Values
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Persistent Hyperglycemia
  - Transient Hyperglycemia
  - Persistent Hypoglycemia
  - Transient Hypoglycemia
- URIC ACID
  - Uricase/PAP Method Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Normal Values
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Factors Affecting Serum Uric Acid levels
  - Increased Production, Raised Serum Levels
  - Decreased Excretion, Raised Serum Levels
  - Increased Excretion, Lowered Serum Levels
  - Decreased Production, Lowered Serum Levels
- CALCIUM
  - OCPC Method Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Calcium (Arsenazo III method) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample material
  - Procedure
    - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Normal Values
  - Specimen Collection and Storage
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Hypercalcemia (increased total calcium)
  - Hypocalcemia (decreased total calcium levels)
  - Increased ionised calcium
  - Decreased ionised calcium
  - Be Careful
  - Interfering Factors
- PHOSPHORUS
  - Molybdate UV Method Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Note
  - Phosphorus Mod Gomorri's Method Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Notes
  - Normal Values
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Hyperphosphatemia (increased phosphorus levels)
  - Hypophosphatemia (Decreased phosphorus levels)
  - Interfering Factors
- CHLORIDE
  - Thiocyanate Method Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Chloride Kit
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Procedure
  - Chloride Assay
  - Linearity
  - Notes
  - Calculation
  - Normal Values
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Interfering Factors
  - Be Careful
- SERUM IRON AND TIBC
  - Ferrozine Method Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Iron assay
  - TIBC assay
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Notes
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Interfering Factors
- TRACE ELEMENTS
- ZINC
- ZINC (Colorimetric Method) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Notes
  - Normal Values
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Toxic Level Symptoms
  - Deficiency Symptoms
  - Values are Increased in
  - Values are Decreased in
- COPPER
  - Colorimetric Method Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal reference values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Working Reagent
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Notes
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Toxic Level Symptoms
  - Deficiency Symptoms
  - Values are Increased in
  - Copper Urine
  - Normal Values
  - Values are increased in
  - Values are decreased in
- MAGNESIUM
  - Calmagite Method Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Normal Reference Values
  - Storage/stability
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Sample Material
  - Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Notes
  - Normal Values
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Toxic Level Symptoms
  - Deficiency Symptoms
  - Values are Increased in
  - Values are Decreased in
  - Magnesium in Urine
  - Values are increased in
  - Values are Decreased
- AUTOMATION IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
  - Instrumentation
  - Present Status
  - Benefits of a Semiautomatic Analyser
  - Economy
  - Wide Spectrum of Tests
  - Speed
  - Accuracy and Reliability
  - Convenience
  - Non-dependence on Technicians
  - Business Growth
  - Which Lab Needs Automation?
  - Selection of A Model
  - Analyser Classification
  - Semiauto Analysers
  - Batch Analysers
  - Random Access Auto Analyser
  - Clin Check Plus (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - EP/KIN/FXT/MSD and ABS mode
  - Features
  - Technical Features CCP
  - Screen Master 3000 (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Features
  - Technical Features of Screenmaster 3000
  - Map Lab Plus (Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies)
  - Features
  - Technical Features of Maplab Plus
  - Fully (Courtesy Tulip Group of Companies)
  - System Overview
  - Modern
  - Compact
  - Software
  - Technical Specifications of Fully Measuring System
- PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE AND STANDARDS FOR CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
  - I. Preanalytical Factors Important in Clinical Chemistry
  - A. Specimen Collection, Handling, and Transport to the Laboratory
  - B. Specimen Identification
  - C. Test Identification
  - D. Specimen Accessioning
  - E. Client Communication and Education
  - F. Personnel Safety
  - G. Laboratory Environment
  - H. Personnel Requirements
  - II. Analytical Factors Important in Clinical Chemistry
  - A. Monitoring
  - 1. Internal monitoring should include the following
  - 2. External monitoring should include participation in an external proficiency program
  - B. Method Validation
  - 1. Accuracy—Perform either (a) or (b)
  - 2. Precision—Perform either (a) or (b)
  - 3. Sensitivity—Perform (a), (b) or (c)
  - 4. Specificity—Perform (a) or (b)
  - 5. Linear reportable range
  - 6. Linearity—Perform either (a) or (b)
  - 7. Reference intervals
  - C. Instrumentation
  - 1. Instrument performance
  - 2. Function checks
  - 3. Calibration
  - 4. Laboratory personnel knowledge of equipment and its use, including, but not limited to:
  - D. Quality Control
  - E. Procedures Manual
  - F. Comparison of Test Results
  - Postanalytical Factors Important in Clinical Chemistry
  - A. Computer Entry of Data
  - B. Report Generation
  - C. Report Delivery
  - D. Specimen Storage
  - E. Specimen Disposal
  - F. Personnel Safety
  - G. Laboratory Environment
  - H. Personnel Requirements
20:Enzymology
- α AMYLASE
- LIPASE
- PHOSPHATASES
  - Units for Reporting Phosphatase Activity
  - Specimen
- ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE (ALP)
- ACID PHOSPHATASE
- TRANSAMINASES
- GAMMA-GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE (GGTP) BLOOD
- LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
- AUTOMATION IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY RANDOM ACCESS AUTO ANALYSER
- DADE DIMENSION AR CLINICAL CHEMISTRY SYSTEM
- ALFA WASSERMANN ACE CHEMISTRY ANALYZER (Fig. 20.9)
21:Blood Gases and Electrolytes
- BLOOD GASES
- AUTOMATION IN BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS
- IL GEM PREMIER 3000 BLOOD GAS ANALYZER (FIG. 21.1)
- AVL COMPACT 2 BLOOD GAS ANALYZER (FIG. 21.2)
  - AVL Compact 2 Blood Gas Analyzer
- CIBA CORNING 840, 850, 860 SERIES BLOOD GAS CRITICAL ANALYTE SYTEM (FIG. 21.3)
- ELECTROLYTE ANALYSIS BY FLAMEPHOTOMETER
- RAPID DIAGNOSTICS IN ELECTROLYTE ANALYSIS
22:Serology/Immunology
- BASIC IMMUNOLOGY
  - Antigen-Immunogen
  - Antigenicity
  - Epitopes (Fig. 22.1)
  - How big is an epitope?
  - What are the different kinds of Epitopes?
  - Some Examples of Antigens
  - Antibody
  - What is the structure of Antibody?
  - What is the Kinetics of Antigen – Antibody reaction?
  - Immunological Reactions
  - How is binder – ligand assays classified?
  - What is the difference between all these reactions?
  - What form of Reaction Takes Place in HLA Typing?
  - What is the Principle of HLA Typing?
  - What are the different indicators used in Immunoassay?
  - Interferences in Immunoassays
  - Definition of Interference
  - Pre Analytical Variables
  - Matrix Effects
  - 1. The effect of reagents
  - 2. Effect of Proteins
  - Mechanical Interference
  - Non-specific Interference
  - Hook Effect
  - Reduction of Hook effect
  - Assay Specificity
- TECHNOLOGIES
- RAPID IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
  - Perspective on Membrane-based Rapid Diagnostic Tests
  - What are the Principles of Membrane-based Rapid Diagnostic Tests?
  - What are the Components of Membrane-based Rapid Diagnostic Tests and how are they Constructed?
  - What are the Limitations and Effects of Various Components on the Performance of Membrane Rapid Diagnostic Tests?
  - How does the Nitrocellulose Membrane affect the Sensitivity of Rapid Diagnostic Tests?
  - Pore Size and Capture Reagent Binding Properties
  - Pore Size and Lateral Flow Rate
  - Why are Colloidal Gold Sol Particles commonly employed in the Detector Reagent in Membrane-based Rapid Diagnostic Tests?
  - Colloidal Gold Sol Particles as Indicator
  - Effect of Shape of Colloidal Gold Sol Particles on Stability
  - Effect of Shape of Colloidal Gold Sol Particles on Sensitivity
  - Effect of Size on Colour of Colloidal Gold Sol Particles
  - Why are Variations in Band Appearance Commonly Observed in Membrane-based Rapid Diagnostic Tests Employed for Antigen Detection?
  - What is the Role of Sample Pad in Membrane-based Rapid Diagnostic Tests?
  - What is the Role of Soak Pad in Membrane-based Rapid Diagnostic Test?
  - Why do “Faint Ghost Bands” Appear at the Test Region if the Device is left out on the Worktable?
  - How do we Interpret “Broken Bands” at the Test/Control Region?
  - Excess Sample Volume Dispensed
- ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY
  - Introduction
  - Classification of ELISA
  - 1. Direct ELISA
  - 2. Indirect ELISA
  - 3. Capture ELISA
  - a. Antigen Capture
  - b. Antibody Capture
  - 4. Competitive ELISA
  - a. Direct Antibody Competition
  - b. Direct Antigen Competition
  - 5. Streptavidin-Biotin ELISA
  - Avidin-Biotin relation of Ag-Ab binding
  - Advantages of Streptavidin
  - Significance of Coating Streptavidin as Solid Phase
  - 6. Immunocapture ELISA
  - 7. Interference Corrected ELISA
  - 8. Homogeneous ELISA
  - Latex Particle Agglutination Immunoassay (LPAIA)
  - Enzyme-Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT)
  - Apoenzyme Reconstitution Immunoassay System (ARIS)
  - Fluorophore-Labelled Homogeneous Immunoassay (FLHIA)
  - Homogeneous Fluorescence Polarisation Immunoassay (FPIA)
  - Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay (MEIA)
  - 9. Heterogeneous ELISA
  - 10. Quantitative ELISA
  - 11. Semi-quantitative ELISA
  - 12. Qualitative ELISA
  - ELISA: Practical Aspects
  - Solid surface
  - Calibrators/Controls
  - The Features of an Ideal Calibrator are
  - References
  - Conjugate
  - Most Commonly Used Enzymes in Immunoassays are
  - Substrate
  - The commonly used substrates
  - Stop Solution
  - Steps in ELISA
  - Dilution
  - Addition
  - Incubation
  - Wash
  - Estimation
  - Interferences in Immunoassays
  - Definition of Interference
  - Preanalytical Variables
  - Patient based
  - Specimen based
  - Nature of the sample
  - Hemolysis and Hyperbilirubinaemia
  - Assay based
  - Analytical Variables
  - Washing Errors
  - Pipetting error
  - Equipment error
  - Procedural errors
  - Postanalytical Variables
  - Use of Wrong Reference Values
  - Use of Wrong Units
  - ELISA Troubleshooting
  - Practical Tips on ELISA
  - Normal Washing
  - Strip/Plate Washers
  - Washing Tips
  - Pipetting Tips
  - Microplates
  - Substrate Preparation
  - Conjugates
  - General tips
  - Matrix Effects
  - 1. The Effect of Reagents
  - Immunoassay labels
  - Separation of the Antibody-bound and Free Fractions
  - 2. Effect of Proteins
  - Albumin
  - Rheumatoid Factors
  - Complement
  - Lysozyme
  - Endogeneous Hormone-binding Proteins
  - Abnormal forms of Endogeneous binding Proteins
  - Heterophilic Antibodies
  - Mechanical Interference
  - Nonspecific Interference
  - Hook Effect
  - Reduction of Hook Effect
  - Edge Effect
  - Assay Specificity
  - Assay Sensitivity
- CHEMILUMINESCENCE: THE TECHNOLOGY
  - Introduction
  - Components of Chemiluminescent System
  - The Signal
  - Signal Quantity
  - Signal Duration
  - Flash
  - Glow
  - Instrumentation
  - Comparison with Other Technologies
  - Drawbacks of Other Technologies
  - Radio Immunoassay
  - Enzyme Immunoassay
  - Fluorescence Immunoassay
  - References
  - Advantages of Chemiluminescence Technology
    - Advantages
    - Advantages
- POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (FIG. 22.22)
  - Denaturation by Heat
  - Annealing Primer Binding to Target
  - Extension
  - 1. DNA is denatured
  - 2. Another round
  - 3. Another round
  - 4. Another round
  - 5. Continued rounds
  - Limitations/Difficulties
  - Types of PCR
  - Nested PCR
  - Real-Time PCR
  - Multiplex PCR
  - Differential PCR
- RIA
  - Measurement of Radioactivity
- LIQUID HANDLING SYSTEMS CHAPTER
  - Pipetting Basics
  - Classification of Pipettes
  - Based on the Material
  - Based on Function
  - Pipetting Techniques
  - Forward Pipetting
  - Reverse Pipetting
  - Repetitive Pipetting
  - Whole Blood Pipetting
  - Proper Pipetting Skills
  - Criteria for Choosing the Right Pipette
  - Accuracy and Reproducibility
  - Durability
  - Ergonomics
  - Specific Applications
  - Quality Of Product Support
  - Use of Multiple Brands of Pipettes
- STREPTAVIDIN-BIOTIN SYSTEMS
  - Streptavidin-biotin Systems, Better than Traditional Antibody Capture Systems
  - Why Streptavidin-Biotin Based Iema Systems are a Better Choice for Tropical Laboratories?
  - Signal Noise Ratio
  - Primary Calibrators and Matrix Effect
  - Ultra Sensitive Assays
  - Epitype Characterization
- REPRESENTATIVE ELISA/CLIA TECHNIQUES
- ELISA/CLIA ANALYTE DETERMINATION PRINCIPLES
  - Competitive Elisa
  - Total Triiodothyronine (tT3) (Courtesy: Lilac Medicare)
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle
    - Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay
  - Reagents
    - Materials Provided
  - Precautions
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
    - Materials Required But Not Provided
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Quality Control
  - Results
  - Q.C. Parameters
  - Limitations of Procedure
    - A. Assay Performance
    - B. Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Performance Characteristics
    - A. Precision
    - B. Accuracy
    - C. Specificity
    - D. Sensitivity
  - Immunoenzymometric/Sandwitch (Streptavidin-Biotin) Elisa
  - Thyrotropin (TSH) (Courtesy: Lilac Medicare)
  - Intended Use: The Quantitative Determination of Thyrotropin Concentration in Human Serum by a Microplate Immunoenzymometric assay Mfd: Monobind Inc.
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle
    - Immunoenzymometric Assay
  - Reagents
    - Materials Provided
  - Precautions
    - Specimen Collection and Preparation
    - Required but not Provided
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Quality Control
  - Results
  - Q.C. Parameters
  - Limitations of Procedure
    - A. Assay Performance
    - B. Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Performance Characteristics
    - A. Precision
    - B. Accuracy
    - C. Sensitivity
    - D. Specificity
    - E. Correlation between 1 hr and 2 hr incubation
  - Immunoenzymometric/Sandwich Sequential (Streptavidin-Biotin) Elisa
  - Prolacting Hormone (PRL) Sequential Method (Courtesy: Lilac Medicare)
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle
    - Immunoenzymometric Sequential Assay (Type 4)
  - Reagents
    - Materials Provided
    - Required But Not Provided
  - Precautions
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Quality Control
  - Calculation of Results
  - QC Parameters
  - Limitations of Procedure
    - A. Assay Performance
    - B. Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Performance Characteristics
    - A. Precision
    - B. Accuracy
    - C. Sensitivity
    - D. Specificity
  - “Mu Capture” Immunocapture Elisa
  - HAV-IgM Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Principle of the Assay
  - Content of the Kit and Reagents Preparation
  - Conditions and Notices
  - Storage and Stability of the Kit
  - Shelf-life of the Kit
  - Materials not Provided in the Kit
  - Samples
  - Reagents Preparation
  - Washing Instruction
  - Assay Procedure
  - Assay Scheme
  - Validity of the Assay
  - Calculation of Results
  - Assay Performances
    - Sensitivity
    - Specificity
    - Reproducibility
    - Repeatability
  - Automation Procedure
  - Precautions in Use
  - Waste Management
  - Quantitative Indirect Elisa
  - HBs Ab
  - Introduction
  - Principle of the Assay
  - Test Conditions and Notices
  - Content of the Kit
    - Strips Microplate
    - Enzyme Conjugate 1 vial of 0.8 ml
    - Conjugate Diluent 1 vial of 16 ml
    - Washing Solution 1 vial of 50 ml
    - Chromogen 1 vial of 8 ml
    - Substrate 1 vial of 8 ml
    - Stop Solution 1 vial of 12 ml
    - Additive 1 vial of 10 ml
    - Calibration Curve 5 vials of 2 ml each
    - Cardboard Sealers 2
  - Storage and Stability
  - Materials and Provided
  - Samples
  - Preparation of Reagents
  - Washing Instructions
  - Assay Procedure
  - Validity of the Assay
  - Calculation of Results
    - Quantitative Assay
    - Qualitative Assay
  - Assay Performances
    - 1. Sensitivity
    - 2. Specificity
    - 3. Reproducibility
  - Direct Elisa
  - DNase Activity
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle of the Test
  - Warnings and Precautions
  - Contents of the Kit
  - Storage and Stability
  - Materials Required
    - Equipment
  - Preparation of Reagents
  - Specimen Collection, Storage and Handling
  - Procedural Notes
  - Preparation of Reagents
    - Sample Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
    - Quality Control
    - Calculation of Results
    - Recommended Lin-Log Plot
    - Calculation Example
    - Interpretation of results
  - Performance Characteristics
    - Precision (Reproducibility)
    - Sensitivity
    - Specificity
    - Calibration
  - Limitations of Procedure
  - Interfering Substances
  - CLIA—Immunoenzymometric/Sandwitch (Streptavidin-Biotin) ELISA
  - Thyrotropin (TSH)
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle
    - Immunoenzymometric Assay
  - Materials Provided for 96-well Microplate
    - Materials [Required But Not Provided]
  - Precautions
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Quality Control
  - Results
  - Q.C. Parameters
  - Limitations of Procedure
    - A. Assay Performance
    - B. Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Performance Characteristics
    - A. Precision
    - B. Accuracy
    - C. Sensitivity
    - D. Specificity
- TESTS FOR SYPHILIS
  - VDRL Test
  - Conventional VDRL Test
  - Principle
  - Equipment Required
  - Precautions
  - Sample
  - Preparation of Patient's Serum (Inactivation)
  - Reagents Usually Supplied
  - Preparation of Working Solutions
  - Working Antigen Suspension
  - Note
  - Preliminary Testing of the Working Antigen Suspension
  - Storage and Stability
  - Procedure
  - Qualitative Test
  - Quantitative Test
  - Note
  - Interpretation of Test Results
  - Notes
  - Limitation of the Test
- MODIFIED VDRL REAGENT Trepolipin®
  - Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
    - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
- TOLUIDINE RED UNHEATED SERUM TEST FOR RAPID SERODIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS REDGEN® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
    - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Results
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Negative Control Giving False Positive Reaction
- LATEX SLIDE TEST FOR VDRL SYPHFINAL®MFD: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Result
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Negative Control Giving Positive Reaction
  - Problem: False Negative Results
- RAPID PLASMA REAGIN (RPR) CARD TEST/CARBON ANTIGEN FOR SYPHILIS TESTING (CARBOGEN®)Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the RPR Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Results
  - Qualitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshootings
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Negative Control Giving False Positive Reaction
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Negative Control Giving False Positive Reaction
- ONE-STEP TEST FOR SYPHILIS: DIPSTICK Syphicheck® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Additional Material Required
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Performance Characteristics
- ONE-STEP TEST FOR SYPHILIS (DEVICE) Syphicheck® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- THIRD GENERATION DOUBLE ANTIGEN SANDWICH ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO TREPONEMA PALLIDUM IN HUMAN SERUM OR PLASMA Treplosia 3.0 Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Trepolisa 3.0
  - Summary and Explanation
  - Principle of the Assay
  - Kit Components
  - Storage and Stability
  - Material Required but not Provides
  - Sample Collection
  - Precautions
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Limitations of the Test
- TESTS FOR TYPHOID/ENTERIC FEVER
- WIDAL ANTIGEN SET/ANTIGENS FOR TUBE TESTS (Typhochek®)Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent Pack
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - a. Standard Tube Test Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshootings
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
- WIDAL ANTIGEN SET/ANTIGENS FOR SLIDE AND TUBE TESTS (Tydal®)Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent Pack
  - Additional Material Required
  - Quantitative Method
  - Procedure
  - Slide Screen Method
  - Slide Semiquantitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
    - Tube Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide Screen Method
  - Slide Semiquantitative Method
  - Quantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
- REDUCED WIDAL ANTIGEN SET: O AND H FOR TUBE TESTS (Vital Widal®)Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - 1. Procedure
  - Tube Test Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
  - Positive Control For Widal Test
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - Slide test Method
  - Interpretation of Results Slide Test Method
  - Troubleshootings
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
- RAPID TEST FOR DETECTION IGM ANTIBODIES TO S. TYPHI IN SERUM/PLASMA/WHOLE BLOOD (DEVICE) Enterocheck – WB®
  - Enterocheck-WB
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Optional Material Required
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- SLIDE AND TUBE TEST FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO BRUCELLA ABORTUS/MELITENSIS Brucel A/M®
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Quantitative Method
  - Procedure
  - Slide Test Method
    - Qualitative Method
    - Semiquantitative Method
  - Tube Test Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide Test Method
    - Qualitative Method
    - Semiquantitative Method
  - Tube Test Method
  - Remarks
  - Toubleshootings
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
- SLIDE SCREENING TEST FOR BRUCELLA ANTIBODIES (Brucel-RB)®
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - Slide Test Method
    - Qualitative Method
  - Semiquantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semiqualitative Method
  - Remarks
- BRUCELLOSIS POSITIVE CONTROL
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - Slide Test Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Slide Test Method
- RAPID TEST FOR IgM AND IgG ANTIBODIES TO DENGUE VIRUS: DENGUE FEVER (Denguecheck-WB®) (Device)
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Negative Test Result
  - Positive Test Result
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Dengue Check WB and Lepto check-WB
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Faint lines observed in control and test region
  - Problem: Delayed Results and Altered Flow
  - Problem: False negative results
  - Problem: Invalid results
- TEST FOR INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (IMMUTEX®)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Materials Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent
  - Accessories
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Immutex
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
- RAPID TEST FOR IgM ANTIBODIES TO LEPTOSPIRA: LEPTOSPIROSIS (Leptochek WB®) (Device) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Material Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Negative Test Result
  - Performance Characteristics
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Faint Lines Observed in Control and Test Region
  - Problem: Delayed Results and Altered Flow
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Invalid Results
- RAPID TEST FOR MALARIA PAN (DEVICE) Parabank®
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Optional material Required
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Limitations of the Test
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Erroneous Results (False negative or False positive results)
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Interpretation of Test Results is Difficult
- RAPID TEST FOR P.FALCIPARUM MALARIA (Paracheck Pf®) (Device) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Paracheck Pf Kit contains
  - Optional Material Required
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Limitations of the Test
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Erroneous Results (False negative or False positive results)
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Difficulty in Interpretation of Test Results
- RAPID TEST FOR MALARIA (Parascreen®) Pan/Pf (Device) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Material Supplied
  - Optional Material Required
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Limitations of the Test
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Interpretation of Test Results is Difficult
- RAPID TEST FOR MALARIA PV/PF (DEVICE) Falcivax® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Material Supplied
  - Optional Material Required
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Limitations of the Test
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Interpretation of Test Results is Difficult
- RAPID TEST FOR MALARIA PAN/PV/PF (Paramax-3®)(Device)
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Material Supplied
  - Optional Material Required
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Limitation of the Test
- SLIDE TEST FOR C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (Rhelax CRP®)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent
  - Accessories
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semiquantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Results Qualitative Method
  - Semiquantitative Method
    - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Positive Control giving Negative Reaction
  - Problem: Positive Result with our Kit and Negative with Another Kit or Vice Versa
- SLIDE TEST FOR ANTI STREPTOLYSIN O (Rhelax ASO®)
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent
  - Accessories
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semiquantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Results
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semiquantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Delayed Agglutination
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Positive Control Giving Negative Reaction
  - Problem: Positive Result with this Kit and Negative with Other Kit or Vice Versa
- SLIDE TEST FOR RHEUMATOID FACTORS (Rhelax RF®)Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent
  - Accessories
  - Additonal Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semiquantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Test Results
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semiquantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Positive Control giving Negative Reaction
  - Problem: Delayed Agglutination
- SLIDE TEST FOR ANTI DEOXYRIBONUCLEOPROTEIN (Rhelax SLE®)Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent Pack
  - Accessories Pack
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semiquantitative Method
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semiquantitative Method
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Delayed Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Problem: Positive control giving Negative Reaction
  - Problem: Delayed Agglutination
  - Diagnostic Methods for Detecting Antinuclear Antibodies
  - ANA Immunofluorescence (FANA)
  - 1. ANA Titre
  - 2. ANA Pattern
    - Peripheral (Rim or Shaggy)
    - Speckled
    - Homogeneous (Smooth)
    - Nucleolar
  - Disadvantages
  - First and Second Generation EIA
  - Disadvantages
  - Third Generation EIAs
  - ANA Testing
  - ANA: Description
  - ANA/ANF is positive in
  - Anti-dsDNA
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Antibodies against DNA can be Differentiated into Two Groups
  - Normal Values
  - Anti-dsDNA Ab Interpretaton
  - ANAcombi (ANA Profile Testing)
  - Clinical Relevance
  - SS-A/Ro Interpretation
  - ANA Profile
  - ANA Profile Positivities
  - SS-B/La Interpretation
  - Sm Interpretation
  - SmRNP Interpretation
  - Scl-70 Interpretation
  - Jo-1 Interpretation
- ANTI NEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES—ANCA
  - Types of ANCA
  - Proteinase 3
  - Myeloperoxidase
  - BPI
  - Elastase
  - Cathepsin G
  - Lysozyme
  - Lactoferrin
  - Different Conditions Associated with ANCA
  - Wegener's Granulomatosis
  - Microscopic Polyangiitis
  - Churg-Strauss Syndrome
  - Drug-Induced Vasculitis
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Methods of Diagnosis
  - Anti-Cardiolipin IgM/IgG
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Indication for Determination of Anti-cardiolipin Antibodies
  - Normal Values
  - Anticardiolipin IgA
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Normal Values
  - Antiphospholipid Screen (IgG/IgM)
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Normal Values
- HEPATITIS MARKERS
  - Hepatitis B
  - Introduction
  - Definition
  - Prevalence
  - Transmission
  - Sexual Transmission
  - Transmission through Needle Sharing
  - Transmission through Accidental Needle Sticks
  - Transmission from Mother to Child
  - Pathophysiology
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Diagnosis
  - Complications
  - Outcome and Natural History
  - Treatment
  - Drug Therapies
  - Liver Transplant
  - How can the spread of hepatitis B be prevented in the workplace?
  - Infection Control
  - Immunization
  - Immunization Before Contact
  - Immunization After Contact
- AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN HBsAg (Virutex HBsAg) Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Slide Test for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent Pack
  - Accessories Pack
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- ONE STEP TEST FOR HBsAG Virucheck® Dipstick Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Negative
  - Positive
  - Limitations of the Test
- ONE-STEP TEST FOR HBsAG Virucheck® Device Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Introduction
  - Principle
  - Regents and Materials Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Limitation of the Test
- VIRAL HEPATITIS C
  - Introduction
  - Background
  - Classification of the HCV Virus
  - HCV Genotypes, Subtypes and Quasispecies
  - Clinical Relevance of the Genotypes
  - Epidemiology of HCV
  - Biological Basis of Transmission of HCV
  - Spectrum of Clinical HCV Infection
  - Clinical Symptoms and Signs
  - Clinical Features of Cirrhosis
  - Extrahepatic Manifestations
  - Different Diagnosis
  - Basis for Diagnosis of HCV Infections (Fig. 22.33)
  - IgM Class Anti HCV Antibodies
  - Supplementary Assays
  - Recombinant Immunoblot Assays
  - HCV RNA Based Assays
  - Serological Diagnosis of HCV: Open Issues
  - Prevention of HCV infection
- HCV Flavicheck® Device Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - One-Step Immunochromatographic Test for HCV Antibodies
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Kit Components
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- ELISA-BASED TESTS HAV AB Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
- HAV IgM Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HBc Ab, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
- HBc IgM, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HBeAb, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HBeAg, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HBe Ag/Ab, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - HBeAg Test
    - Example of calculation
  - HBeAb Test
    - Example of calculation
  - HBs Ab, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Quantitative Assay
  - Example of Standard Curve
  - Qualitative Assay
    - Example of calculation
  - HBsAg One Step Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HBsAg, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HBsAg Confirmatory Test Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Micro ELISA HCV Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HCV IgM, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Calculation of Results
  - HCV-Ab Confirmatory Test Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Interpretation of Results
  - HDV Ab, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HDV Ag, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HDV IgG, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HDV IgM, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HEV Ab, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HEV IgG, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Introduction
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - HEV IgM, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Calculation of Results
  - Example of Calculation
  - Torch Infections—Introduction
  - Toxoplasma Infection
  - Rubella Infection
  - Cytomegalovirus Infection
  - Herpes Simplex Virus (1 + 2) Infections
- TOXOPLASMA INFECTIONS
  - Slide Test for Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, Toxogen® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Storage
  - Material Provided with the Kit
  - Reagent Pack
  - Accessories Pack
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semi Quantitative Method
  - Interpretations of Results
  - Qualitative Method
  - Semi Quantitative Method
  - Differentiation IgG - IgM
  - Significance of Test Results
  - Remarks
- TORCH SCREEN IgM EIA Kit Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Quality Control
  - Results
  - Calculation
  - Reporting Results
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Torch Screen IgG EIA Kit Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Quality Control
  - Results
  - Calculation
  - Reporting Results
  - Interpretation of Results
- HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIECNY VIRUS
  - HIV Virus
  - Origin of HIV
  - The HIV Virion
  - HIV Types and Variants
  - Life Cycle of the HIV
  - Attachment to the Lymphocyte Membrane
  - Entry of the Viral RNA
  - Reverse Transcription
  - Integration of Viral DNA
  - Transcription: Back to RNA
  - Translation: RNA → Proteins
  - Viral Protease
  - Assembly and Budding
  - Clinically Apparent Disease
  - HIV Specific Prognostic Markers
  - Non Specific Markers of HIV Progression (Fig. 22.46)
  - HIV Diagnostic Testing Techniques
  - Enzyme Immunoassays (EIA)
  - Generation of Assays
  - EIA Assay Formats
    - Type 1: Indirect or Antiglobulin (Fig.22.48)
    - Type 2: Competitive Assay (Fig.22.49)
    - Type 3: Class Specific Antibody Capture Assay (Fig.22.51)
    - Type 4: Double Antigen Sandwich or Immunometric Assay
  - HIV Antigen EIA's
  - Confirmatory/Supplementary Assays
    - 1. Western Blot
    - 2. Indirect Immunofluorescence
    - 3. Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay
  - Virus Detection Methods
  - p24 Antigen and Nucleic Acid Technologies (PCR)
  - Rapid Tests for the Detection of Anti-HIV Antibodies
  - Flow Through Technology
  - Lateral Flow Technology
  - Flow Through v/s Lateral Flow Technology
  - Application of HIV Testing
  - Screening
  - Diagnosis
  - Approach to Confirmatory Supplementary Tests
  - Western Blot (WB)
  - NAT-PCR Based Methods
  - Alternative Approach to Confirmatory Testing
  - WHO/UNAIDs Strategies for HIV Antibody Screening
  - Discrimination Between HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infection
  - Paediatric HIV Infection
  - Transmission of HIV from Mother to Infants
  - Diagnostic Challenges: Child Born to a HIV Infected Mother
- RAPID IMMUNOCONCENTRATION TEST FOR HIV I AND HIV 2 ANTIBODIES FLOW THROUGH METHOD Retroquick-HIV® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Kit components
  - Storage and Stability
  - Specimen Collection and Preparations
  - Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Negative Test result
  - Positive Test results
  - Invalid Test result
  - Remarks
- RAPID IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC TEST FOR HIV 1/2 ANTIBODIES LATERAL FLOW METHOD Retrocheck® HIV Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Introduction
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Material Supplied
  - Kit Components
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Negative test result
  - Positive Test results
  - Remarks
- RAPID TEST FOR SIMULTANEOUS/DIFFERENTIAL DETECTION OF TOTAL ANTIBODIES TO HIV-1 AND HIV-2 IN HUMAN SERUM/PLASMA Retroscreen® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary and Explanation
  - Principle of the Assay
  - Kit Components
  - Storage and Stability
  - Material Required but not Provided
  - Sample Collection
  - Precautions
  - Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Limitations
- ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) FOR THE DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO HIV 1 AND 2 IN HUMAN SERUM OR PLASMA Qualisa HIV 1 and 2® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary and Explanation
  - Principle of the Assay
  - Kit Components
  - Storage and Stability
  - Material Required but not Provided
  - Sample Collection
  - Precautions
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Run Criteria
  - Calculations
    - Example:
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- THIRD GENERATION DOUBLE ANTIGEN SANDWICH ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) FOR THE DETECTION OF TOTAL ANTIBODIES TO HIV-1 AND HIV-2 INCLUDING HIV-1 GROUP “O” IN HUMAN SERUM OR PLASMA Retrolisa 3.0® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary and Explanation
  - Principle of the Assay
  - Kit Components
  - Storage and Stability
  - Material Required But not Provided
  - Sample Collection
  - Precautions
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Run Criteria
  - Calculations
    - Example:
  - Note
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
- TUBERCULOSIS
- MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
  - Microbiology
  - Classification
  - Pathogenesis
  - Immune Response
  - Serological Response
  - Virulence Factors
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Clinical Manifestation of Pulmonary TB
  - TB Infection and Disease –Differentiation
  - Diagnosis
  - Tuberculous Skin Testing
  - Pitfalls of Laborartory Diagnosis
  - Importance of Serological Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- RAPID TEST FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS(DEVICE) Serocheck-MTB® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Principle
  - Reagents and Materials Supplied
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Testing Procedure and Interpretation of Results
  - Negative for antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  - Positive for antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  - Limitations of the Test
- TB IgG, IgA, IgM Ab, Mfd. ANDA Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Serodiagnosis of Mycobacterial Infections
  - Principle of the Method
  - Reagents
  - A. For IgA tests
  - B. For IgG tests
  - C. For IgM tests
  - Material Required but not Provided
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Precautions of Use
  - Preparation of the Reagents
  - Preparation of Diluted TMB solution
  - Test Procedure
  - A. For the IgA tests
  - B. For the IgG Tests
  - C. For the IgM tests
  - Summary of the Procedure
  - Incubate 1 hour at 37°C
  - Incubate 30 Minutes at 37°C
  - Incubate 15-25 minutes at 37°C for IgM
  - Determination of Results
  - A. IgA and IgG tests
  - B. IgM Tests
  - C. Limits of the Methods
  - D. Specificity
  - E. Sensitivity
  - ‘Interpretation of the Results
  - A. Cut off
  - IgM
  - B. Healthy People
  - C. Tuberculous States
  - D. HIV Cases
  - E. IgA Antibodies
  - F. Interpretations of Serological Results
- TUMOR MARKERS
  - Definitions of Terms
  - Tumor
  - Neoplasm
  - Cancer
  - Metastasis
  - Benign Tumor
  - Malignant Tumor
  - Tumor Marker
  - Features of Tumor Marker
  - What are the Clinical Applications of Tumor Markers?
  - Monitoring Treatment
  - Detection of Recurrence
  - Prognosis
  - Diagnosis
  - Diagnostically Important Tumor markers
  - What are the Factors that Affect Tumor Marker Diagnosis?
  - Specificity
  - Multiple Epitopes: Epitopes are Antibody Binding Sites on the Antigen
  - Hook Effect
  - Serum Half Life of Tumor Marker
  - Use of Polyclonal Antibodies
  - Sensitivity
  - New Concepts in Tumor Marker Diagnosis
  - Multiple Marker Testing (MMT)
  - Use of Monoclonal Antibodies
  - Ultra Sensitive Assay Technology
  - Short Notes on Different Tumor Markers
  - PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)
    - Issues of PSA Diagnosis
    - What are the limitations of PSA testing?
    - Role of FREE PSA
    - New Concepts in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
    - Advantages of PSA Ratio Testing
  - Cancer Antigens
    - CA 125
    - CA 15-3
    - CA 242
  - hCG
    - Strategies of hCG Assays
    - Before Selecting an hCG Assay, it is of utmost importance to check;
- TUMOUR MARKERS
  - Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) ELISA
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
- ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN (AFP) Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Intended Use
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle
  - Immunoenzymometric Assay
  - Reagents
  - Materials Provided
    - A. Alpha-Fetoprotein(AFP)—1ml/vial
    - B. Enzyme Conjugate and Biotinylated Monoclonal antibody —13 ml/vial
    - C. Streptavidin Coated Microplate—96 wells
    - D. Wash Concentrate – 20 ml
    - E. Substrate A—7ml/vial
    - F. Substrate B—7ml/vial
  - Precautions
    - For In Vitro Diagnostic Use Not for Internal or External Use in Humans or Animals
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Wash Buffer
  - 2. Working Substrate Solution
  - Test Procedure
  - Quality Control
  - Results
  - Q.C. Parameters
  - In order for the assay results to be considered valid the following criteria should be met:
  - B. Interpretation
  - Limitations of Procedure
  - A. Assay Performance
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Reference Values
  - Increased
  - Decreased
- CA 15-3 (Carcinogenic Antigen 15-3) Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Summary and Explanation of the Assay
  - Expected Values
  - Increased
  - Decreased
- CA 19-9 (CARBOHYDRATE AG 19-9, GICAM GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER ANTIGEN) BLOOD Mfd: Can Ag, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Expected Values
  - Reference Values
  - Usage
  - Increased in
- CA242 Mfd: Can Ag, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Reference Value
  - CA 50 (Carbohydrate Antigen 50)
  - Increased
  - Decreased
- CA 125 (CANCER ANTIGEN 125) Mfd: Monobind, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Expected Ranges of Values
- CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) Mfd: Monobind, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Increased
  - Decreased
- PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA) TOTAL PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (TPSA) ELISA, Mfd: Monobind, Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Usage
  - Increased
- PROSTATIC ACID PHOSPHATES (PAP), BLOOD Method: Biochemical Analysis
  - Increased
  - Decreased
  - Description
- SERUM FERRITIN
  - Structure of Ferritin
  - What is Apoferritin?
  - Functions
  - Measurement
  - Variation in Disease
  - Low Serum Ferritin
  - High Serum Ferritin
  - Reference Range of Ferritin
  - Protocol for the Use of Serum Ferritin
  - Recommendation 1
  - Recommendation 2
    - Follow-up of Patients Treated with Iron
    - Rationale
  - Ferritin Diagnosis
  - Hook Effect
- ELISA TOUBLE SHOOTING ASPECTS
  - Introduction
  - Problem: High Negative Control Value or High Background
  - Problem: Low Positive Control Value or Low Absorbance
  - Problem: Entire Plate gives Positive OD or Colour All Over Plate
  - Problem: False Positive Reactions
  - Problem: Poor Reproducibility or Bad Duplication
  - Problem: Poor Sensitivity
  - Problem: High Absorbance of Calibrator
  - Problem: Specimen Absorbance Out of Range of Calibrators
  - Problem: Overall Low Absorbance
  - Problem: Controls Out of Range
  - Problem: Strips Slip from Holder
  - Problem: Strips do not Fit in Holder
  - Problem: Substrate A is Blue
  - Problem: Substrates A and B Turn Blue when Mixed
  - Problem: Stop Solution Yellow
  - Problem: Waited Over 30 minutes Before Measuring Plate
  - Problem: No Colour Even After 30 minutes Incubation with Substrate
  - Problem: Colour Develops Very Quickly
  - Problem: Colour Develops too Slowly
  - Technical Tips
  - Washing
  - Normal Washing
  - Strip/Plate Washers
  - Washing Tips
  - Pipetting Tips
  - Microplates
  - Substrate Preparation
  - Conjugates
  - Addition of Samples
  - Stopping Reagents
  - Temperature
  - Rotation of Plates While Incubating Reagents
  - Laboratory Conditions
23:Diagnostic Immunology Non Enzymatic, Quantitative Techniques (Immunodiffusion, Electrophoresis and Turbidimetry)
- QUALITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS BY IMMUNOPRECIPITATION
  - Immunodiffusion Method of Oudin
  - Double Diffusion Method of Ouchterlony
  - Grabar and Williams's Method of Immunoelectrophoresis
  - Methodology
  - Double Diffusion of Ouchterlony
  - Macrotechnique
    - Reagents
    - Preparation of Agar Gel Slides
  - Gel Diffusion Procedure
  - Microtechnique
  - Recording of Results
  - Possible Sources of Error
  - Immunoelectrophoresis
  - Reagents and Equipment
  - Agar
  - Buffer
  - Antisera
  - Preparation of Agar Gel Slides
  - Application of Antigens
  - Electrophoresis
  - Application of Antiserum
  - Possible Sources of Errors
  - Fixation of Precipitin Patterns
  - Protein Stains
  - Lipoprotein Stains
  - Peroxidase Reaction (for haptoglobin and haemopexin)
  - Ceruloplasmin Stain
  - Cholinesterase Stain
  - Lipid-Protein Double Staining
  - Identification and Interpretation of Precipitin Lines
  - Practical Application of Immunoelectrophoresis
  - Quantitative Determination of Plasma Proteins by Immunoprecipitation
- FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
  - Photometric Method
  - Single Linear Immunodiffusion of Oudin
  - Single Radial Immunodiffusion
  - Electroimmunodiffusion
  - Single Radial Immunodiffusion
  - Equipment
  - Procedure
- TUBIDIMETRY
  - Introduction
  - 1. Detection
  - 2. Quantification
  - 3. Monitoring
  - 4. Prognosis
  - Immunoassays
  - Qualitative Immunoassays
  - Quantitative Immunoassays
  - Heterogeneous Immunoassays
  - Homogeneous Immunoassays
  - Spectrophotometry
  - Beer's Law
  - Lambert's Law
  - Beer-Lambert Law
  - Measuring Principles in Biochemistry
  - Criteria for Wavelength Selection
  - Complementary Filters for Measuring Colour Complexes
  - Reading Methods
    - 1. Equilibrium Methods
    - 2. Kinetic Methods
  - Standarisation of Time Interval for Rate Reactions
    - Curve A
    - Curve B
    - Curve C
  - Measurement of Immune Complexes by Spectrophotometry
  - Selection of Wavelength for Measuring Immune Complexes
  - Turbidimetry vs Nephelometry
  - Considerations for Measurements of Turbidimetric Immunoassays (TIA)
  - The Antibody Excess Zone
  - Zone of Equivalence
  - The Antigen Excess Zone
  - Optimisation, Standardisation and Quality Control of Turbidimetric Assays
  - Ionic Strength
  - pH
  - Temperature
  - Enhancers
  - Interference
  - Characteristics of Antibody used as a Reagent
  - Standarisation and Calibration
  - Quality Control
  - Reading Principles in Turbidimetry
  - Real Sample Blanking
  - lmmediate Mixed Blanking
  - Reaction Kinetics and its Effect on Blanking
  - Concepts of Assay Optimisation
  - Detection Limit
  - Measuring Range
  - Security Range
  - Reagent Optimisation
  - Standard Curve
  - Instrumentation for Turbidimetry
  - Aspiration Mode
  - Cuvette Mode
  - Classification of Analysers
  - Semiautomated Analysers
  - Automated Analysers
    - Centrifugal Analysers
    - Static Instruments
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF RHEUMATOID FACTORS Quantia RF® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
    - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of RF Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- C–REACTIVE PROTEIN
  - CRP Measurements Help in Diagnosis and Management of
  - Role of CRP in Differential Diagnosis
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, Quantia CRP® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
    - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of CRP Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test procedure for specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY'FOR ULTRASENSITIVE DETERMINATION OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN Quantia CRP-US® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
    - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of CRP US Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Males
  - Females
  - Remarks
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF ANTISTREPTOLYSIN ‘O’ IN HUMAN SERUM Quantia ASO® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of ASO Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- MICROALBUMINURIA
  - Stages of Diabetic Nephropathy and Characteristic Findings
  - Classification and Cut off Limits of Albuminuria
  - Albumin as a Marker Protein of Diabetic Nephropathy
  - Mircoalbuminuria in Conjuction with Generalized Vascular Sclerosis and Hypertension
  - Indications for Testing Microalbuminuria
  - Diabetic Subjects
  - Methods Available for Determining Microalbuminuria
  - Remarks
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF MICROALBUMINURIA Quantia MA® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagents
  - Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Sample Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of MA Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- IMMUNOGLOBULINS (IG)
  - (Immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA)
  - Ig Classes
  - Ig Structure
  - Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
  - Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
  - Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
  - Serum Immunoglobulin Changes in Various Diseases
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN IgA IN HUMAN SERUM Quantia IgA® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of IgA Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN IgG IN HUMAN SERUM Quantia IgG® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of IgG Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN IgM IN HUMAN SERUM Quantia IgM® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of IgM Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF COMPLEMENT C3 IN HUMAN SERUM Quantia C3® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of C3 Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF COMPLEMENT C4 IN HUMAN SERUM Quantia C4® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of C4 Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF ANTITHROMBIN III IN HUMAN SERUM Quantia AT III® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of AT III Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- QUANTITATIVE IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRIC ASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF FIBRINOGEN Quantia Fibrinogen® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen collection and preparation
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of Fibrinogen Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
  - Introduction
  - Triaging of Patients with or without AMI
  - Triaging of Patients with Chest Pain
  - Importance of Accurate Triaging
  - Role of Cardiac Markers
  - Cardiac Markers
  - Creatine Kinase (CK)/Creatine Kinase MB (CK-MB) Activity
  - CK-MB Isoforms
  - CK-MB mass
  - CK-MB Immunoinhibition Method
    - Common Limitations of CK-MB Assays
  - Lactate Dehydrogenase
  - Myoglobin
  - Typical Characteristics of Cardiac Markers
  - Average Diagnostic Sensitivities (%) of Cardiac Markers During Early Phase of AMI
  - Cardiac Troponins (cTn)-emerging Cardiac Marker of Choice
  - Role of Troponins in Muscle Contraction
  - Types of Cardiac Troponins
  - Characteristics of Cardiac Troponin (I and T) in AMI
  - Graphical Representation-Levels of Cardiac Markers in AMI
  - Cardiac Troponins (cTnl and cTnT)- Sensitivity and Specificity
    - Various studies indicate that:
  - cTnl versus cTnT
  - cTnl-Cut off Levels
  - Graphical Representation – Two Decision Cut off Limits of cTnl
  - Applications of cTnl test
  - Superior Diagnostic Efficacy of cTnl Over CK-MB in Detecting Microinfarcts
  - Protocol For Use of Cardiac Troponin I Test
- INTERPRETATION OF LIPID AND NON LIPID MARKERS IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD)
  - Introduction
  - Testing for CRP-US
  - Leukocyte Count
  - Testing Homocysteine Levels
  - Testing Brain Natriuretic Peptide
  - Beyond the Traditional Lipid Panel
- TURBIDEMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF LIPOPROTEIN (A) IN HUMAN SERUM Quantia LP (a)® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Prepration
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay conditions:
  - Method for Preparation of AT III Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection limit/Analytical sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- QUANTITATIVE TURBIDIMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I Quantia Apo A-I® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Prepration
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of Apo A-I Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference values
  - Remarks
- QUANTITATIVE TURBIDIEMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN B Quantia Apo B® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Reagent Storage and Stability
  - Principle
  - Note
  - Specimen Collection and Prepration
  - Additional Material Required
  - Test Procedure
  - Assay Conditions
  - Method for Preparation of apo A-I Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Preparation of Calibration Curve
  - Test Procedure for Specimen
  - Validation Criteria
  - Calculations
  - Specific Performance Characteristics
  - Measuring Range
  - Detection Limit/Analytical Sensitivity
  - Prozone Limit
  - Interference
  - Reference Values
  - Remarks
- AUTOMATION IN TURBIDIMETRY
  - Quantimate Turbidimetry Analyser (Fig. 23.17)
  - Optimised Measuring System
  - Instrument Specifications
- TROUBLESHOOTINGS
  - Immunoturbidimetry Tests
  - For Product Range
  - Problem: Testing Errors
  - Problem: Errors in Real Sample Blanking and Immediate Mixed Blanking Methods
24:The Endocrine System
- INTRODUCTION
- PITUITARY GLAND
  - Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
  - Hormones Secreted by the Pituitary Gland
  - Causes of Hypopituitarism Resulting in Multiple or Single Deficiencies
  - Intrinsic Pituitary Disease
  - Extrinsic Pituitary Disorders
- ANTERIOR LOBE
- GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
  - Actions
  - Clinical Disorders
- METHOD OF EVALUATION: STREPTAVIDIN BIOTIN ELISA
  - Expected Ranges of Values
- GROWTH HORMONE (hGH) Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Courtsey: Lilac Medicare
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle
  - Immunoenzymometric Assay
  - Reagents
  - Materials Provided
  - Additional Materials [Not Provided]
  - Precautions
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Reagent Preparation
  - 1. Wash Buffer
  - Working Substrate Solution
  - Test Procedure
  - Quality Control
  - Results (Fig. 24.3)
  - Limitations of Procedure
  - A. Assay Performance
  - B. Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Clinical Condition
  - Deficiency
  - Excess
  - In Brief
  - Clinical Disorders
  - Interfering Factors
- CORTICOTROPHIN (ACTH)
  - Actions
  - Methods of Evaluation
  - Clinical Disorders
- OTHER ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES TSH
- FSH
- LH
  - LH, FSH—Recommendations for Testing
- PROLACTIN
  - Prolactin—Recommendations for Testing
- INTERMEDIATE LOBE (PARS INTERMEDIA)
- POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
- ADH
  - Normal Values
  - Clinical Disorders
  - Methods of Evaluation
  - Deficiency
  - Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH)
- OXYTOCIN
- FEEDBACK MECHANISM
- DISORDERS OF THE PITUITARY SYSTEM
  - 1. TSH Disorders
  - 2. Prolactin Disorders
  - 3. Gonadotrophin Disorders
  - 4. Growth Hormone Disorders
- HYPOTHALAMUS
- ADRENAL (SUPRARENAL) GLAND
- MINERALOCORTICOIDS
  - Clinical Relevance
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS
  - Cortisol
  - Plasma Cortisol
  - Normal Values
  - Cortisol Levels are Increased in
  - Cortisol Levels are Decreased in
  - Interfering Factors
  - Cortisol Suppression (Dexamethasone Suppression)
  - Test Significance
  - Method
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Cortisol Stimulation (Cortrosyn Stimulation)
  - Test Significance
  - Method
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Tests for Adrenocortical Insufficiency
    - Water Excretion Test (Soffer)
  - Interpretation
  - Corticotrophin (ACTH) Response test (Thorn test)
  - Method
  - Interpretation
  - Adrenocortical Inhibition Test
  - 1. Test with dexamethasone
  - 2. Rapid dexamethasone test
  - 3. Tests with metyrapone (an endogenous ACTH test)
  - Method
  - Cortisol Abnormalities
  - Excess
  - Deficiency
    - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- ADRENAL MEDULLA
  - Clinical Disorders
  - Deficiency
  - Excess
- THYROID
  - Markers of the Gland
  - Role of Carrier Protein
  - Thyroxine-binding Globulin (TBG) Test
  - Free Hormones
  - Free T3 and Free T4 are the “Physiologically active hormones”
  - Feedback Mechanism
  - Neonatal Thyroxine
  - Anti-TPO (Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies)
  - Clinical Application
  - Anti-Tg (Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies)
  - LATS (Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator)
  - Clinical Significance
  - Disorders of the Gland
  - Hypothyroid
  - Hyperthyroid
  - Nonthyroidal Illness (NTI)
    - Clinical Manifestations
  - Tests for Thyroid Function
  - Generally recommended in
  - Different Markers of Thyroid Function are Tested in Combination for Assessment of Thyroid Status
  - Information to be Taken before Sample Collection
  - FT3, FT4—Recommendations for Testing
  - Free Thyroxine Index (FTI)
  - Thus: FT4 Index = T4 (total)× T3UR
  - T3 Uptake Ratio (T3UR) (An Index of the Unsaturated Thyroxine-binding Globulin Fraction of Serum)
  - Clinical Significance
  - Pregnancy
  - High or Low-T4 in a Euthyroid Individual
  - A Normal T3 in a Hypothyroid Patient
  - Thyroid Function Tests
  - Introduction
  - Tests for Thyroid Function
  - Binding Proteins
  - Importance of Free T4 and Free T3
  - Alterations in the Concentrations or Affinity of Thyroid Hormone-Binding-Proteins (Fig. 24.7)
  - Increases in
  - Decreases in
  - The TSH-Free T4 Relationship
  - Problems in the Interpretation of Thyroid Function Tests
  - Common Causes of TSH/FT4/FT3 Discrepancies
  - Effects of Drugs on Thyroid Function
  - Drugs that Affect Results of Thyroid Function Tests
  - Relationship Between Serum Total T4 and Total T3 Concentrations in Various Disorders
  - Relationship Between Serum FT4, FT3 and TSH Concentrations in Various Disorders
  - Free T4 and Free T3 in Various Disease Conditions
  - 1. Hyperthyroidism
  - 2. Nonthyroidal Illness
  - 3. Hypothyroidism
  - Assay Choice Application
  - Screening and Case Finding
  - Untreated Patients
  - Assessment of the Response to Treatment
  - Difficult Diagnostic Situations
  - Thyroid Diagnosis and Treatment
  - Recommendations for Thyroid Testing
  - Diagnostic Approach to Anomalous Serum T3, T4, and TSH Values
  - Typical Reference Ranges for Serum Thyroid Hormones and TSH in Humans*
- CALCITONIN
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Procedure
  - Interfering Factors
- PARATHYROID
  - Hyperparathyroidism
  - Hypoparathyroidism
  - Actions
  - Clinical Disorders
  - Methods of Evaluation
  - Serum Calcium
  - Tubular Reabsorption of Phosphate (TRP)
  - Calcium Infusion Test
  - Ellsworth-Howard Test
  - Serum Parathyroid Hormone
- PARATHYROID HORMONE (INTACT) ELISA Courtesy: MD Biosciences
  - Intended Use
  - Summary and Explanation
  - Clinical Significance
  - Principle of the Test
  - Material and Equipment Required but not Provided
  - Warnings and Precautions for Users
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - Reagent Preparation and Storage
  - Assay Procedure
  - Procedural Notes
  - Calculation of Results
  - Manual Method
  - Automated Method
  - Quality Control
  - Limitations of the Procedure
  - Expected Values
  - Performance Characteristics
  - Accuracy
  - Sensitivity
  - Specificity and Cross-Reactivity
  - Parathyroid Hormone Assay, Parathyrin; Parathormone (PTH-C Terminal)
  - Parathyroid Hormone Assay, PIH-N Terminal
  - Test Significance
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Interfering Factors
- PANCREAS
  - Insulin
  - Functions of Insulin
  - Clinical relevance of C-peptide
  - Anti-Insulin Antibodies
  - Against Endogenous Insulin
  - Against Exogenous Insulin
- TESTES
  - Androgen Abnormalities
  - Androgen Excess
    - Males
    - Females
  - Androgen Deficiency
    - Males
    - Females
- OVARY
  - Synthesis
  - Oestrogen Abnormalities
  - Excess
  - Deficiency
  - Progesterone Abnormalities
  - Excess
  - Deficiency
- PINEAL GLAND
- HORMONES AND FERTILITY
- MALE FERTILITY
  - The Four Factors of Male Fertility
  - Pretesticular Function (Hormones)
  - Testicular Function
  - Post-testicular Function
  - Ejaculatory Disturbance, Impotence, and Sexual Problems
  - Problems Associated with Male Infertility
  - The Male Hormone System
  - The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Start the Action
  - Feedback Hormones from Testicles
  - Where Can Things Go Wrong?
  - Fertility Factor: The Hormone Balancing Act
  - An Overview of Hormonal Treatment
  - Diagnosing and Beating Specific Hormonal Problems
  - Hyperprolactinaemia
  - Hypothyroidism
  - Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
  - Hypogonadotrophic Hypopituitarism
  - Panhypopituitarism
  - Kallmann's Syndrome
  - Delayed Puberty
  - Fertile Eunuch
  - Fertility Factor 2 Treating Unresponsive Testicles
  - What Causes Testicular Failure?
  - Varicocoele
  - Cryptorchidism
  - Infection
  - Torsion
  - Klinefelter's Syndrome
  - Cushing's Syndrome
  - Germ Cell Aplasia (Sertoli Cell Only)
  - Testicular Enzyme Defects
- FEMALE FERTILITY
  - The Five Female Fertility Factors
  - Fertility Factor—1: Ovulation
  - Fertility Factor—2: Sperm-Mucus Interaction
  - Fertility Factor—3: Fertilisation
  - Fertility Factor—4: Tubal Factor
  - Fertility Factor—5: Embryo Implantation
  - Female Hormone System
  - What is Ovulation?
  - What makes One have a Period?
  - Clues from the Menstrual History
  - The Three Types of Menstrual Patterns
  - The Regular Menstrual Period
  - Irregular Menstrual Periods or Amenorrhea for Six or More Months
  - Nonexistence of the Menstrual Period
  - Clues from Physical Examination
  - The Physical Examination
  - Diagnostic Approaches for Irregular Menstrual Periods or Amenorrhea
  - Pregnancy Test
  - Progesterone Withdrawal Test
  - Positive Response to Progesterone Withdrawal
  - Negative Response to Progesterone Withdrawal
  - Positive Withdrawal to Oestrogen/Progesterone Stimulation
  - Detecting Ovarian Failure
  - Diagnosing Anovulation
  - Symptoms of Anovulation
  - Tests Used to Determine the Cause of Anovulation
  - Hormonal Tests for Diagnosing the Cause of Anovulation
    - Prolactin Pituitary Hormone
    - Thyroid Hormone
    - FSH and LH Pituitary Hormones
    - Adrenal Androgens (DHEAS and Testosterone)
  - Conditions that can Interfere with Ovulation and Menstruation
  - Practical Evaluation of Hormonal Status
- ALGORITHM FOR EVALUATING AMENORRHOEA (Figs 24.16 to 24.22)
- IMMUNOASSAYS FOR LH, FSH AND PRL
  - Sensitivity
  - Detection Limits of Various Immunoassays
  - Conditions in which LH/FSH levels can go below 2.0 mIU/ ml
  - Streptavidin-biotin Assay System
  - Calibrator Matrix
  - WHO Std. Reference
  - Cross Reaction
  - Monoclonal Capture
  - Normal Ranges
  - Sample Collection and Storage
  - LH and FSH
  - Prolactin
  - Hyperprolactinemia
  - Causes for Hyperprolactinemia
  - Symptoms of Hyperprolactinemia
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- ADRENAL CORTEX
  - Actions
  - Clinical Disorders of Adrenal Steroids
  - Methods of Evaluation of Glucocorticoids and Androgens
  - Urinary 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids, 17-Ketosteroid Excretion, Ketogenic Steroids, or Free Cortisol
  - Method
  - Interpretation
  - Aldosterone
  - Aldosterone, Serum and Urine
  - Normal values
  - Method
  - Test Significance
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Interfering Factors
  - Clinical Disorders of Mineralocorticoids
  - Primary Hyperaldosteronism
  - Secondary Hyperaldosteronism
  - Islolated Hypoaldosteronism
- ADRENAL MEDULLA
  - Catecholamines, Plasma
  - Normal Values
  - Catecholamines, Urine
  - Normal Values
  - Actions
  - Clinical Disorders
  - Deficiency
  - Excess
  - Method of Evaluation
  - Histamine Provocative Test
  - Phentolamine Blocking Test
- TESTES
  - Actions
  - Clinical Disorders
  - Deficiency
  - Excess
  - Methods of Evaluation
  - Physical Examination
  - Gonadotropin Stimulation test
  - Testosterone, Free, Blood
  - Normal values
  - Testosterone, Total, Blood
  - Normal values
  - Increased
  - Decreased
  - Description
  - Interfering Factors
- STEROIDS
- OSTERIOL
  - Reference Values
  - Oestriol Values are Increased in
  - Oestriol Values are Decreased in
- 17-β-OESTRADIOL
  - Reference Values
  - Estradiol is Increased in
  - Estradiol is Decreased in
- DHEA-S (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE)
  - Reference Values
  - Values are Increased in
  - Values are Decreased in
- Δ4-ANDROSTENEDIONE
  - Reference Values
- PROGESTERONE
  - Normal Values (Units- ng/ml)
  - Values are Increased in
  - Values are Decreased in
- 17αOH PROGESTERONE
  - Reference Values
- TOTAL TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
  - Expected Values for the T3 EIA Test System
  - Interpretation of Total T3 in ng/ml
  - Free Triiodothyronine (FT3)
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Expected Values for the Free T3 EIA Test System (in pg/ ml)
  - T-Uptake
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Expected Values for the T-uptake EIA test system
  - Total Thyroxine (T4)
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Range of Values
  - Normal Values (μg/dl)
  - Free Thyroxine (FT4)
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Range of Values
  - Thyrotropin (TSH)
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Normal Values (μIU/ ml)
  - Example of Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Method—TSH Estimation
- THYROTROPIN (TSH) (Chemiluminescence Immunoassay) Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle
  - Immunoenzymometric Assay
  - Materials Provided for 96-well Microplate
  - Thyrotropin Calibrators — 1.0 ml/vial
  - TSH -Tracer—10 ml/vial
  - Streptavidin Coated Microplate — 96 wells
  - Wash Solution Concentrate – 20 ml
  - Signal Reagent A —7.0 ml/vial
  - Signal Reagent B — 7.0 ml/vial
  - Materials [Required But Not Provided]
  - Precautions
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Reagent Preparation
  - 1. Wash Buffer
  - 2. Working Signal Reagent Solution – Prepare daily
  - Test Procedure
  - Quality Control
  - Results
  - QC Parameters
  - Limitations of Procedure
  - A. Assay Performance
  - B. Interpretation
  - Expected Ranges of Values
  - Thyroglobulin Antibodies
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Range of Values
  - Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Range of Values
  - Luteinising Hormone (LH)
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Range of Values
  - Usage
  - Values are Increased in
  - Values are Decreased in
  - Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  - Interpretation
  - Normal Values in mIU/ml
  - Values are Increased in
  - Values are Decreased in
  - Prolactin Hormone (PRL)
  - Interpretation
  - Expected Range of Values
  - HPRL Levels are Increased in
  - HPRL Levels are Decreased in
  - Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)
  - Interpretation
  - Normal Values in mIU/ml
  - Values are Increased in
  - Values are Decreased in Abortion and Ectopic Pregnancy
  - Factors that Affect Results
  - Other Data
- CIA™ INSULIN (Chemiluminescence Immunoassay) Courtesy: Lilac Medicare
  - Insulin Microplate CIA
  - Summary and Explanation of the Test
  - Principle
  - Immunoenzymometric Assay
  - Precautions
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Reagents and Materials Provided
  - Insulin Calibrators – 2.0 ml/vial (Dried)
  - Enzyme-Insulin antibody conjugate and Biotinylated monoclonal antibody −13 ml/vial
  - Streptavidin Coated Microplate — 96 wells
  - Wash Solution Concentrate – 20 ml
  - Substrate A —7.0 ml/vial
  - Substrate B — 7.0 ml/vial
  - Required But Not Provided
  - Reagent Preparation and Storage
  - Wash Buffer
  - Working Substrate Solution
  - Test Procedure
  - Quality Control
  - Calculation of Results
  - Quality Control
  - Limitations of Procedure
  - Expected Values
  - C-Peptide
  - Expected Values
  - Anti-insulin
  - Clinical Relevance
  - Indications
  - Normal Values
25:Graphs
- PLOTTING POINTS ON A GRAPH
- ANSWER TO EXERCISES
26:Histopathology
- PREPARATION OF TISSUES
- SOME STAINING TECHNIQUES IN DETAIL
- AUTOMATION IN HISTOPATHOLOGY
27:Cytology
28:Microbiology and Bacteriology
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Protophyta
  - Schizomycetes (Bacteria and related forms)
  - Actinomycetales
  - Eubacteriales
  - Spirochaetales
  - Microtatobiotes (The smallest living things)
  - Virales
    - Thallophyta
  - Bacterial Cell Constituents
  - Capsule
  - Flagella
  - Spores
  - Inclusion Granules
  - Shape of Bacteria
  - 1. Cocci
  - 2. Bacilli
  - Bacterial Reproduction
  - Bacterial Physiology
  - 1. Food
  - 2. Moisture
  - 3. Hydrogen-ion-concentration or pH
  - 4. Oxygen Needs
  - 5. Carbon dioxide
  - 6. Temperature
  - 7. Light
  - 8. Symboisis or mutual beneficial coexistence
  - Products of Bacterial Growth
  - 1. Bacterial toxins
  - 2. Bacterial enzymes
  - 3. Bacterial pigments
  - Koch's Postulates
  - Morphology and Staining Reactions
  - 1. Loeffler's Methylene Blue
  - Method
  - 2. Dilute Carbolfuchsin
  - Gram's Stain
  - Method
  - Results
  - Reagents
  - Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
  - Method
  - Results
  - Troubleshooting (AFB-Staining)
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Modified Ziehl-Neelsen's Stain
    - Reagents
- RAPID TWO STEP COLD AFB STAIN Novachrom® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Material Required
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Specimen Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Grading of results
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Negative Results
  - Special Stains
  - Stains for Diphtheria Bacillus
  - Ponder's Stain
    - Method
    - Result
  - Albert's Stain
    - Method
    - Result
  - Modified Neisser's Method
    - Neisser's methylene blue
    - Method
    - Result
  - Staining of Capsules
  - Hiss's Method
    - Method
    - Result
  - India Ink Method
  - Staining of Spores
  - Modified Ziehl-Neelsen's Method
    - Method
    - Result
  - Staining of Spirochaetes
  - Fontana's Method
    - Method
    - Result
  - Staining of Fungi
  - Lactophenol Cotton Blue
  - Staining of Flagella
  - Loeffler's Method
    - Method
    - Result
  - Negative Staining
  - India Ink method
  - Motility of Bacteria
  - Hanging Drop Method
  - CULTURE
  - Media
  - 1. Basic Media
  - 2. Enrichment Media
  - 3. Differential and Selective Media
  - 4. Indicator Media
  - Temperature
  - Atmosphere
  - Cultural Characteristics
  - 1. Shape
  - 2. Surface
  - 3. Size
  - 4. Contiguity
  - 5. Consistency
  - 6. Pigmentation
  - 7. Opacity
  - 8. Elevation
  - 9. Media Changes
  - Biochemical Reactions
  - 1. Sugar Fermentation
  - 2. Other Biochemical Tests
  - Serology
  - Preparation of Culture Media
  - Peptone Water
  - Nutrient Broth
  - Nutrient Agar
  - Blood Agar
  - Chocolate Agar
  - Sugar Media
  - Preparation of Andrade's Indicator
  - Hiss's Serum Water Sugars
  - Loeffler's Serum Slopes
  - Media for Identification of Fungi
  - Sabouraud's Glucose Agar
- READY TO POUR, STERILISED POUCHED MEDIA FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS Instaprep Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Nutrient Agar
  - MacConkey Agar
  - CLED Agar with Andrade's Indicator
  - Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
  - Mueller Hinton Agar
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Material Required
  - Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: Smooth Gelled Media Not Formed
  - Media for Growth of Anaerobes
    - Thioglycollate Medium
  - Robertson's Cooked Meat Medium
  - MacConkey's Medium
  - Lowenstein Jensen Medium
  - Mineral Salt Solution
  - Method of Inoculation
  - Streak Plate Method
  - Method I
  - Method II
  - Method III
  - Precautionary Measures to be Undertaken in a Microbiology Laboratory
  - Specimen Collection
  - Urine
- EASYBACT Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Materials Required
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - TEST Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Identification of Bacteria
  - Remarks
  - Notes
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: Twisting and Swirling the Media
  - Problem: Discoloration
  - Problem: Discrepancy in Results
  - Feces
  - Sputum
  - Throat and Nasal Smears
  - Pus Swabs
  - Blood Cultures
  - CSF, Pleural Fluid and Other Body Fluids
  - Ear Discharge Cultures
    - Nonpathogenic
    - Pathogenic
  - Eye Cultures
- GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR MICROBIOLOGY
  - Storage of Organisms
  - Precautions Before and during Testing
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Inoculation of Samples
- GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI
  - Staphylococci
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Coagulase Test
  - 1. Slide Test
  - 2. Tube Test
  - Pathogenicity
  - Streptococci
  - Morphology
  - Alpha-hemolysis
  - Beta-hemolysis
  - Gamma-hemolysis
  - Culture
  - Pathogenicity
  - Strep. pyogenes
  - Strep. viridans
  - Strep. fecalis
  - Pneumococci
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Other Differences between Pneumococci and Strep. viridans
  - Pathogenicity
- GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI
  - Neisseria
  - N. catarrhalis
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - N. Meningitidis
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - N. Gonorrhoea
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Comparison of meningococci and gonococci
  - Veilonella
- ANAEROBIC SPORE BEARING BACILLI
  - Clostridia
  - Pathogenic clostridia
  - Clostridium tetani
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Toxin Produced
  - Gas Gangrene Causing Organisms
  - Clostridium welchii (or C. perfringens)
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Toxins produced
  - Clostridium septicum
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Clostridium novyi
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Diagnosis of Gangrene
  - Microscopy
  - Culture
  - Clostridium botulinum
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
- AEROBIC SPORE FORMING BACILLI
  - Bacillus anthracis
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Diseases Caused
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Bacillus subtilis
  - Bacillus cereus
- GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI
  - Corynebacteria
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Diseases Caused
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Diphtherioid bacilli
  - Corynebacterium hoffmanni
  - Corynebacterium xerosis
  - Corynebacterium acne
- MYCOBACTERIA
  - Strains of Mycobacteria
  - Morphology
  - Cultures
  - Cultural Charactristics
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Concentration Methods
  - Petroff's Method
  - Oxalic Acid Method
  - Trisodium Phosphate Method
  - Other Pathogenic Mycobacteria
  - M. fortuitum
  - M. paratuberculosis
  - M. ulcerans
  - M. balnei
  - M. leprae
  - M. lepraemurium
  - Non-Pathogenic Species
  - M. smegmatis
  - M. butyricum
  - Anonymous Strains
  - Animal Inoculation
- OVERVIEW OF M. TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH AFB STAINING, CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY
  - Introduction
  - Brief Microbiology
  - Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
  - Specimen Selection
  - Sample Concentration and Decontamination
- MUCOLYTIC, DISINFECTANT, SPECIMEN PRETREATMENT AND BUFFERING SYSTEM FOR AFB STAINING AND CULTURE Lyfectol® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Material Required
  - Specimen Collection
  - Procedure
  - Preparation of Mucolytic Reagent
  - Processing of Specimen
  - Remarks
  - Effect of Centrifugal Force on Positive Smears/Cultures for Mycobacteria
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: False Negative Results in LJ Media
  - Problem: False Positive Results in LJ Media
  - Problem: Turbidity in Phosphate Buffer
  - Problem: No Liquefaction of Mucoid Sputum
  - The AFB Smear
- RAPID TWO STEP COLD AFB STAIN Novachrom® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Material Required
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - CSF
  - Body fluids
  - Sputum
  - Urine
  - Specimen Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Grading of Results
  - Remarks
  - Quantitation Scale for Acid-Fast Bacillus Smears according to stain used
  - Factors Influencing Sensitivity and Specificity of AFB Smears
  - False Positive Results
  - Acid Fast Particles Other Than Tubercle Bacilli
    - Food particles
    - Precipitated stains
    - Saprophytic acid-fast bacilli
    - Mycobacterium kansasii or Nocardia species
    - Spores of Bacillus subtilis
    - Fibres and pollens
    - Scratches on the slide
  - Contamination through the Transfer of Bacilli from One Smear to Another
  - False Negative Results
  - Inadequate Sputum Collection
  - Improper Storage of Sputum Specimens and Stained Smears
  - Failure to Select Suitable Sputum Particles for Smear Preparation
  - Inadequate Preparation of Smear or Staining of Slides
  - Inadequate Examination of the Smear
  - Other Reasons for False Results
    - Administrative errors
    - Reading errors
  - AFB Culture and Isolation
- READY TO USE LJ SOLID MEDIUM FOR MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS ISOLATION Mycocult® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Material Required
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - CSF
  - Body Fluids
  - Sputum
  - Specimen Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: Growth on the Slant within First Week of Incubation
  - Problem: Collapse of Slants
- COMBIPACK OF SOLID AND LIQUID MEDIUM FOR MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS ISOLATION Combicult® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Material Required
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - CSF
  - Body Fluids
  - Sputum
  - Urine
  - Specimen Preparation
  - Preparation of Kirchner Medium
  - Test Procedure
  - Kirchner Medium
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshooting
  - Problem: Growth on the Slant within First Week of Incubation
  - Problem: Collapse of Slants
  - Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  - Pattern of Drug Resistance for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  - Susceptibility Testing Methodology
  - Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacteria
  - Drug Concentrations for Proportion Method Susceptibility Testing using various culture media*
  - Drug Concentration (μg/ml)
- PRIMARY/SECONDARY DRUG CONTAINING LOWENSTEIN-JENSEN MEDIA PANEL MTB SENSITIVITY TESTS Sensicult® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Contents
  - Principle
  - Storage and Stability
  - Additional Material Required
  - Inoculum Preparation for Sensitivity Testing
  - Test Procedure
  - Interpretation of Results
  - Remarks
  - Other Markers
  - Troubleshooting LB
  - Problem: Growth not obtained on LJ control slant after diluting the culture suspense to 1:10000 of the Standard 0.5 McFarland turbidity
  - Problem: Collapse of Slants
- IN DETERMINATION OF ADENOSINE DEAMINASE ACTIVITY IN SERUM, PLASMA AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS ADA-MTB® Courtesy: Tulip Group of Companies
  - Summary
  - Reagent
  - Principle
  - Reference Values
  - Storage and Stability
  - Note
  - Additional Material Required
  - Reagent Preparation
  - Specimen Collection and Preparation
  - Test Procedure
  - Calculations
  - Linearity
  - Remarks
  - Troubleshootings
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: False Positive Results
  - Problem: Reagent not working
- GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI
  - Achromobacteriacea
  - Alcaligens fecalis
  - Enterobacteriaceae
  - Proteus vulgaris
  - Escherichia coli
  - Indole
  - Methyl Red
  - Voges-Prokaeur Reaction
  - Citrate Test
  - Aerobacter aerogenes
  - Klebsiella species (Klebsiella pneumoniae)
  - Morphology
  - Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
  - Klebsiella Ozaene
  - Paracolon Bacilli
  - Enteric Fever Bacilli-Typhoid and Paratyphoid
  - Salmonella typhi
  - Morphology
  - Cultures
  - Salmonella paratyphi A and Salmonella paratyphi B
  - Pathogenicity
  - Diagnosis of Enteric Infections
  - Blood Culture
  - Feces Culture
  - Urine Culture
  - Widal Reaction
  - Organisms of Bacterial Enteritidis or Food Poisoning
  - Salmonella enteritidis
  - Salmonella typhimurium
  - Diagnosis of Salmonella Food Poisoning
  - Group of Dysentery Bacilli
  - Shigella shigae or dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri or paradysenteriae
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Brucellaceae
  - Pasturella pestis
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Pasturella tularensis
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Bordetella pertussis
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Brucella species
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Haemophilus
  - Haemophilus influenzae
  - Haemophilus aegypticus (Koch-week bacillus)
  - Haemophilus ducreyi
  - Donovania granulomatis
  - Moraxela lacunate (Morax-Axenfeld bacillus)
  - Pseudomonadaceae
  - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Bacillus pyocyaneus)
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Bacteriaceae
  - Fusibacterium fusiforme
  - Vibrio cholerae
  - Morphology
  - Culture
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Methods of Examination
  - Cultural Methods
  - SPIROCHAETES
  - Treponema
  - Treponema pallidum
  - Primary Stage
  - Secondary Stage
  - Tertiary Stage
  - Morphology
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Syphilis
  - Material Collection
  - Treponema pertenue
  - Treponema curateum
  - Treponema microdentum
  - Treponema calligyrum
  - Leptospira
  - Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae
  - Laboratory Diagnosis
  - Cultivation
  - Borrelia
  - Borrelia vincenti
  - Borrelia recurrentis
  - Borrelia duttonii
  - Laboratory Diagnosis of Relapsing Fevers
  - Spirillum minus
- GRAM STAINER
- APPLICATION OF VARIOUS MICROBIOLOGY RELATED PRODUCTS—MEDIA/REACTIONS/TESTS IN CLINICAL AND NON CLINICAL SETTINGS
  - Food and Beverage Analysis
  - Dairy Analysis
  - Pharmaceutical Analysis
  - Water and Wastewater Anaylsis
  - Veterinary Testing
  - Products for Brewery and Fermentation Analysis
  - Products for Medical and Research Institutes
  - Products for Biochemical Tests
  - Cosmetic Analysis
  - Colour Atlas—Media and Colonies
- QUALITY ASSURANCE IN BACTERIOLOGY
  - Quality Control of Media and Stains
  - Quality Control of Media
  - Sources of Media
  - Dehydrated Media
  - Dehydration with Additive
  - Commercially Prepared Media
  - Sources of Error
  - Inappropriate Medium
  - Water
  - Weighing
  - Dispensing
  - Proper Sterilization
  - Glassware
  - Quality Control
  - Physical Appearance
  - Sterility
  - Growth
  - Biochemical Response
  - Quality Control of Media
  - Spectrum of Quality Control
  - Performance of Plated Media
  - Quality Control of Stains
  - Quality Control of Bacteriological Techniques
  - Quality Control of commonly used media suggested control organisms and expected reactions
  - Quality Control procedures for commonly used tests
29:Mycology
- SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES AND DERMATOPHYTES
- INTERMEDIATE SUPERFICIAL DEEP MYCOSES
  - Candida albicans (Monilia)
- DEEP OR SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
- FUNGI USUALLY PRESENT AS CONTAMINANTS BUT WHICH RARELY CAUSE DISEASE—USUALLY IN PATIENTS CHRONICALLY ILL FROM OTHER DISEASES
- MYCOLOGICAL METHODS
30:Diagnostic Skin Tests
- TECHNIQUE OF SKIN TESTS
- IMMUNOLOGIC BASIC FOR SKIN TESTS
- COMMON SKIN TESTS
31:Cytogenetics
- INTRODUCTION
  - Cell Division
- BLOOD LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE
- KARYOTYPING
- G AND Q BANDINGS
- IMPORTANCE OF CHROMOSOMAL STUDIES
- BARR BODY ANALYSIS BUCCAL SMEAR FOR STAINING SEX CHROMATIN MASS
Appendices
- DRUGS AFFECTING RESULTS OF BLOOD STUDIES, ELECTROLYTES, BLOOD GAS ANALYSES, AND ISOTOPE STUDIES
- TOTAL MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY SOLUTIONS FROM THE TULIP GROUP OF COMPANIES
- MANUFACTURING LOCATIONS
- THYROID IMMUNOASSAYS
- FERTILITY IMMUNOASSAYS
  - Pituitary Hormone Microwell Elisa
- PITUITARY HORMONE COATED TUBE ASSAY
- STEROID HORMONE MICROWELL ELISA
- ONCO IMMUNOASSAYS
  - Tumour Marker Microwell Elisa
  - Tumour Markers Coated Tube Assay
- TORCH IMMUNOASSAYS
  - TORCH Panel Microwell ELISA
  - TORCH Combination ELISA
- HEPATITIS MARKER IMMUNOASSAYS
  - Hepatitis Marker Microwell ELISA
- AUTOIMMUNE IMMUNOASSAYS
  - Autoimmune ELISA Kits
- OTHER IMMUNOASSAYS
  - Other ELISA
- LIQUITECH QUALITY CONTROL PACKAGES
- LIQUITECH VARIFIX
- CAPP VARIFIX-HLA TERASAKI PIPETTE
- TRANSPLANTATION DIAGNOSTICS
  - Pre-Dropped HLA Typing Sera
- HLA-SSO/SSP TYPING SYSTEMS
  - Lyophilised Sera for HLA Typing, HLS Control Sera and Accessories
- IMMUNOASSAY AUTOMATION
  - Triturus: Fully Automated Walkaway Enzyme Immunoassay Automation
  - Triturus
- ALPHA PRIME: MULTIPARAMETRIC IMMUNOASSAY SYSTEM
  - Alpha Prime

INDEX

TOC
Index

Chapter Notes