Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Basic Ophthalmology
Renu Jogi
CHAPTER 1:
Embryology and Anatomy
EMBRYOLOGY
PRIMORDIA OF OCULAR STRUCTURES
ANATOMY
STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
1. The Outer Fibrous Layer
2. The Middle Vascular Layer
3. The Inner Nervous Tissue Layer
INTERIOR OF THE EYEBALL
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYE
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE EYE
NERVE SUPPLY TO THE EYE
CHAPTER 2:
Physiology of vision
PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION
1. REFRACTION OF THE LIGHT RAYS
Lens
2. ACCOMMODATION OF THE EYES TO LIGHT
1. Size of the Pupil
2. Movements of the Eyeballs-convergence
FUNCTIONS OF THE RETINA
VISUAL PERCEPTIONS
COLOUR BLINDNESS [ACHROMATOPSIA]
BINOCULAR VISION
CHAPTER 3:
Neurology of vision
THE VISUAL PATHWAY AND ITS LESIONS
1. THE OPTIC NERVES
2. THE OPTIC CHIASMA
3. THE OPTIC TRACT
4. THE LATERAL GENICULATE BODIES
5. THE OPTIC RADIATIONS
6. THE OCCIPITAL CORTEX
LESIONS OF THE VISUAL PATHWAY
1. HEMIANOPIA
2. AMBLYOPIA (BLUNT)
3. AMAUROSIS (DARK)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 4:
Examination of the Eye
HISTORY
PRESENT HISTORY
PAST HISTORY
PERSONAL HISTORY
FAMILY HISTORY
EXAMINATION OF THE EYE
1. EXAMINATION OF THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE
2. EXAMINATION OF THE POSTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE
EXAMINATION OF THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE
1. INSPECTION
Etiology
Etiology
2. PALPATION
3. INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
1. Digital Tension
2. Schiotz Tonometer
3. Applanation Tonometer
4. BINOCULAR LOUPE AND SLIT-LAMP EXAMINATION
5. GONIOSCOPE EXAMINATION
Types of Gonioscopy
6. TRANSILLUMINATION
EXAMINATION OF THE POSTERIOR SEGMENT OF THE EYE
1. VISUAL ACUITY
Snellen's Test Type
1. Recording of Visual Acuity for Distance
Other Test Types
2. Recording of Visual Acuity for Near
2. THE FIELD OF VISION
The Normal Field of Vision
Perimetry
1. Peripheral Field
2. Central Field (Campimetry)
3. COLOUR VISION
2. Objective Examination of Retinal Functions
1. Electroretinogram (erg)
2. Electro-oculogram (EOG)
EXAMINATION OF THE FUNDUS OCULI
EXAMINATION OF THE FUNDUS BY FOCAL ILLUMINATION
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 5:
Errors of Refraction
EMMETROPIA
ERRORS OF REFRACTION [AMETROPIA]
MYOPIA [Short Sight]
HYPERMETROPIA [Far Sight]
ASTIGMATISM
Sturm's Conoid
APHAKIA
ANISOMETROPIA
PRESBYOPIA
DETERMINATION OF REFRACTION
RETINOSCOPY [Skiascopy or Shadow Test]
POSTMYDRIATIC TEST (PMT)
CORRECTION OF AMETROPIA WITH LENSES
1. LENSES
Types
2. PRISM
Principle
Types
Method of Calculating the Power
Indications
Disadvantages
Complications
REFRACTIVE CORNEAL SURGERY
1. RADIAL KERATOTOMY (RK)
ASTIGMATIC KERATOTOMY
2. PHOTOREFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY (PRK) BY EXCIMER LASER
3. LASER-ASSISTED IN SITU KERATOMILEUSIS (LASIK)
4. CLEAR LENS EXTRACTION (FUCALA'S OPERATION) AND PC IOL
EPIKERATOPHAKIA
KERATOMILEUSIS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 6:
The Conjunctiva
APPLIED ANATOMY
DISEASES OF THE CONJUNCTIVA
II. DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS
III. SYMPTOMATIC CONDITIONS
IV. CYSTS AND TUMOURS
I. INFLAMMATION (CONJUNCTIVITIS)
I. EVALUATION
1. Discharge
2. Conjunctival Reactions
3. Lymphadenopathy
II. DIAGNOSIS
III. TREATMENT OF CONJUNCTIVITIS
ACUTE CONJUNCTIVITIS
1. Acute Mucopurulent Conjunctivitis
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
Prophylaxis
2. Purulent Conjunctivitis (Acute Blenorrhoea)
Types
Acute Purulent Conjunctivitis
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Prognosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
CHRONIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
1. Simple Chronic Conjunctivitis
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
2. Angular Conjunctivitis (Diplobacillary Conjunctivitis)
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
3. Follicular Conjunctivitis
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Types
Complications
Treatment
4. Trachoma (Egyptian Ophthalmia)
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
I. Mac Callan Classification
II. World Health Organization (WHO) Classification
Diagnosis
Sequelae and Complications
Treatment
Prophylaxis
ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
1. Acute or Subacute Catarrhal Conjunctivitis
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
2. Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis (Eczematous Conjunctivitis)
Etiology
Histopathology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Clinical Types
Complications
Course
Treatment
3. Spring Catarrh (Vernal Conjunctivitis)
Etiology
Incidence
Histopathology
Symptoms
Types
Course
Complications
Keratopathy
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
II. DEGENERATIONS
1. Concretions [Lithiasis]
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
2. Pinguecula [Pinguis = Fat]
Etiology
Signs
Pathology
Treatment
3. Pterygium
Etiology
Incidence
Symptoms
Signs
Pathology
Parts
Course
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Treatment
III. SYMPTOMATIC CONDITIONS
1. Subconjunctival Haemorrhage (Ecchymosis)
Etiology
Symptom
Sign
Course
Treatment
2. Xerosis [Dry eye]
Etiology
VISUAL DISPLAY TERMINAL SYNDROME (VDTS)
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prophylaxis
3. Chemosis
Etiology
4. Argyrosis
IV. CYSTS AND TUMOURS
1. Cysts
2 Tumours
1. Congenital
2. Papilloma
3. Simple Granuloma
4. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
5. Pigmented Tumours
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 7:
The Cornea
DISEASES OF THE CORNEA
INFLAMMATIONS OF THE CORNEA
PURULENT KERATITIS CORNEAL ULCER
TREATMENT OF CORNEAL ULCER
Principles
TREATMENT OF NON-HEALING CORNEAL ULCER
1. Local
2. General
Treatment
TREATMENT OF IMPENDING PERFORATION (DESCEMETOCELE)
TREATMENT OF CORNEAL ABSCESS
Treatment
TREATMENT OF PERFORATED CORNEAL ULCER
HYPOPYON ULCER
1. ULCUS SERPENS
2. MYCOTIC HYPOPYON ULCER (KERATOMYCOSIS, FUNGAL CORNEAL ULCER)
MARGINAL ULCER
CHRONIC SERPIGINOUS ULCER (RODENT OR MOOREN'S ULCER)
EXPOSURE KERATITIS
NEUROPARALYTIC KERATITIS
NONPURULENT KERATITIS
HERPES SIMPLEX
Etiology
Incidence
Types
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
HERPES ZOSTER
ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS
PHLYCTENULAR KERATITIS
ACNE ROSACEA
PHOTOPHTHALMIA
DEEP KERATITIS
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF CORNEA
CORNEAL DEGENERATIONS AND DYSTROPHIES
ANTERIOR DYSTROPHIES
STROMAL DYSTROPHIES
ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHIES
ECTATIC CONDITIONS OF CORNEA
KERATOCONUS [CONICAL CORNEA]
KERATOGLOBUS
PIGMENTATIONS OF THE CORNEA
OPERATIONS ON THE CORNEA
Paracentesis
Indications
Method
TARSORRHAPHY
KERATOPLASTY (Corneal Transplant or Graft)
STEM CELL TRANSPLANT
EYE BANK
CORNEA WITH SPECULAR ENDOTHELIUM PATTERNS—UNFIT FOR TRANSPLANT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 8:
The Sclera
INFLAMMATION OF THE SCLERA
EPISCLERITIS
Etiology
Incidence
Pathology
Types
Symptoms
Signs
Course
Complications
Treatment
SCLERITIS
BLUE SCLEROTICS
STAPHYLOMA
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 9:
The Uveal Tract
DISEASES OF THE UVEAL TRACT
II. SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH UVEITIS
III. VASCULAR DISTURBANCES
IV. DEGENERATIONS
V. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
VI. TUMOURS
I. INFLAMMATION OF THE UVEAL TRACT (UVEITIS)
ANTERIOR UVEITIS
1. ACUTE IRIDOCYCLITIS
TREATMENT OF ANTERIOR UVEITIS
2. INTERMEDIATE UVEITIS (CHRONIC POSTERIOR CYCLITIS OR PARS PLANITIS)
3. POSTERIOR UVEITIS (CHOROIDITIS)
CHRONIC IRIDOCYCLITIS (Simple Cyclitis)
HYPERTENSIVE UVEITIS (Hypertensive Iridocyclitic Crisis of Posner and Schlossman)
ENDOPHTHALMITIS
PANOPHTHALMITIS
PHTHISIS BULBI
SPECIFIC TYPES OF UVEITIS
1. Syphilis
Incidence
Clinical Features
Treatment
2. Gonorrhoea
Incidence
Clinical Features
Treatment
3. Tuberculosis
Incidence
Clinical Features
Treatment
4. Leprosy
Incidence
Types
Treatment
5. Toxoplasmosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
6. Sarcoidosis
II. SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH UVEITIS
1. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Etiology
Incidence
Clinical Features
Paediatric AIDS
Diagnosis of HIV infection
Treatment
2. Uveoparotitis (Heerfordt's Disease)
3. Behcet's Syndrome (Recurrent Iridocyclitis with Hypopyon)
Clinical Features
Treatment
4. Reiter's Disease and Uveitis
Clinical Features
Treatment
5. Ankylosing Spondylitis
6. Vogt-Koyanagi Syndrome
7. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (Erythema Multiforme)
Etiology
Complication
Treatment
8. Heterochromic Iridocyclitis of Fuchs
Complications
9. Ocular Histoplasma Syndrome
Treatment
III. VASCULAR DISTURBANCES
RUBEOSIS IRIDIS
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
Prophylaxis
IV. DEGENERATIONS
1. SENILE IRIS ATROPHY
2. ESSENTIAL (PROGRESSIVE) ATROPHY OF IRIS
3. PRIMARY CHOROIDAL DEGENERATIONS
Treatment
4. SECONDARY CHOROIDAL DEGENERATIONS
DETACHMENT OF CHOROID
V. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
1. Heterochromia Iridum
2. Heterochromia Iridis
3. Polycoria
4. Corectopia
5. Aniridia
6. Persistent Pupillary Membrane
Incidence
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
7. Colobomata
Etiology
Clinical Features
8. Albinism
Type
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
9. Cysts
VI. TUMOURS
Malignant Melanoma
1. Iris
Treatment
2. Ciliary Body
3. Choroid Incidence
Types
Stages
Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
OPERATION UPON THE IRIS
IRIDECTOMY
Indications
Technique
IRIDOTOMY
LASER PERIPHERAL IRIDOTOMY
Indications
Contraindications
Pretreatment Regimen
Choice of Laser for Iridotomy
Post Laser
Complications
EXCISION OF THE EYEBALL
ENUCLEATION
Indications
Technique
EVISCERATION
Indications
Technique
FRILL EXCISION
Technique
IMPLANT AND ARTIFICIAL EYE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 10:
The Lens
CATARACT
CONGENITAL (DEVELOPMENTAL) CATARACT
Lens Aspiration
Indications
Contraindications
Technique
Postoperative Complications
Lensectomy
Indication
Technique
Visual Rehabilitation
SENILE CATARACT
SENILE CORTICAL CATARACT (Soft Cataract)
STAGES OF SENILE CORTICAL CATARACT
CUPULIFORM CATARACT
SENILE NUCLEAR CATARACT
COMPLICATED CATARACT
DIABETIC CATARACT
Slit-lamp Examination
PARATHYROID TETANY
Slit-lamp Examination
MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY
MONGOLIAN IDIOCY (DOWN SYNDROME) And Cretinism
GALACTOSAEMIA
Drug Induced
CATARACT DUE TO RADIANT OR HEAT ENERGY
TRAUMATIC CATARACT
SYMPTOMS OF ACQUIRED CATARACT
SIGNS OF CATARACT
COMMON CAUSES OF GRADUAL LOSS OF VISION
PREOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS
INDICATIONS FOR CATARACT EXTRACTION
TREATMENT OF SENILE CATARACT
I. PREOPERATIVE PREPARATIONS
II. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES
1. INTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION (ICCE)
2. EXTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION (ECCE)
1. CONVENTIONAL ECCE
Advantages of ECCE Over ICCE
Sutures
2. MANUAL SMALL INCISION CATARACT SURGERY
3. PHACOEMULSIFICATION
Technique of Phacoemulsification
Complications
Advantages of Phacoemulsification
Disadvantages of Phacoemulsification
4. PHAKONIT
5. LASER PHACOLYSIS
OCULAR VISCOSURGICAL DEVICE (OVD) (Viscoelastic substance)
1. Diagnostic Procedures
2. In Surgery
TREATMENT OF APHAKIA
TREATMENT OF UNILATERAL CATARACT
TREATMENT OF ASSOCIATED RAISED TENSION
AFTER OR SECONDARY CATARACT
DISLOCATION OF LENS
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES OF LENS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 11:
The Vitreous
OPACITIES IN THE VITREOUS
VITREOUS BANDS AND MEMBRANES
PERSISTENT HYPERPLASTIC VITREOUS
VITREOUS HAEMORRHAGE
VITREOUS LOSS
VITREOUS INFLAMMATION
VITREOUS DETACHMENT
VITRECTOMY
1. ANTERIOR VITRECTOMY
2. PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY
VITREOUS SUBSTITUTES
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 12:
Glaucoma
MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
GLAUCOMA
CONGENITAL OR INFANTILE GLAUCOMA (BUPHTHALMOS, HYDROPHTHALMOS)
PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA (POAG)
I. Medical Treatment
1. Local
Combine Drugs Therapy
2. Systemic
COMMON TOPICAL ANTI-GLAUCOMA DRUGS
II. Surgical Treatment
III. Argon or Diode Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT or DLT)
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT)
Diode Laser Trabeculoplasty (DLT)
IV. Recent Advanced Procedures
NORMAL TENSION GLAUCOMA (NTG)
PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA (PACG)
1. PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA SUSPECT (LATENT)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Investigations
Course
Treatment
2. SUBACUTE (INTERMITTENT) PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOME
Symptoms
Course
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
3. ACUTE PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Course
Treatment
I. Medical Treatment
1. Systemic
2. Local
3. Hyperosmotic Agents
II. Surgical Treatment
4. CHRONIC PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
5. ABSOLUTE PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
Symptom
Signs
Complications
Treatment
SECONDARY GLAUCOMA
APHAKIC GLAUCOMA
MALIGNANT GLAUCOMA
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 13:
The Retina
APPLIED ANATOMY
DISEASES OF THE RETINA
INFLAMMATIONS OF THE RETINA
Periphlebitis Retinae [Eale's Disease]
Etiology
Incidence
Symptom
Signs
Complications
Treatment
Prognosis
CENTRAL SEROUS RETINOPATHY (CSR)
EXUDATIVE RETINOPATHY OF COATS (RETINAL TELANGIECTASIA)
PHOTORETINITIS (Retinitis from Bright Light)
VASCULAR LESIONS OF THE RETINA RETINAL HAEMORRHAGES
CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION
RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY (KEITH, WAGENER AND BARKER-1939)
THE TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
EVA KOHNER'S CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (ARMD)
PIGMENTARY RETINAL DYSTROPHY (RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA)
5. TUMOURS OF THE RETINA RETINOBLASTOMA (GLIOMA RETINAE)
RETINAL DETACHMENT (SEPARATION OF THE RETINA)
COLOBOMA OF RETINA AND CHOROID
RECENT ADVANCES IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF RETINAL DISEASES (FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY)
INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHY (ICG)
INVESTIGATIONS BY LASERS
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
CRYOSURGERY IN OPHTHALMOLOGY (CRYOPEXY)
LASERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
MECHANISM OF LASER EFFECTS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USES
1. Photocoagulation
Mode of Action
Therapeutic Uses
Complications
2. Photodisruption
Uses
3. Photoablation
Uses
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 14:
The Optic Nerve
PAPILLOEDEMA (CHOCKED DISC)
ANTERIOR ISCHAEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY (AION)
Etiology
Symptom
Signs
OPTIC NEURITIS
PAPILLITIS
RETROBULBAR NEURITIS
TOXIC AMBLYOPIAS (CHRONIC RETROBULBAR NEURITIS)
1. TOBACCO AMBLYOPIA
Etiology
Incidence
Predisposing Factors
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Prognosis
2. ETHYL ALCOHOL
3. METHYL ALCOHOL
Etiology
Incidence
Pathology
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
4. LEAD
5. QUININE
Signs
6. CHLOROQUINE
7. ETHAMBUTOL
8. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
OPTIC ATROPHY
TUMOURS
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 15:
Injuries to the Eye
EXTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODY
CHEMICAL INJURIES AND BURNS
BLUNT INJURY [CONTUSIONS]
MECHANICAL INJURY OF THE EYE
PENETRATING AND PERFORATING INJURY
PERFORATING INJURY WITH RETAINED FOREIGN BODY
SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMITIS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 16:
The Ocular Motility and Squint (Strabismus)
THE OCULAR MOTILITY
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
I. The Recti Muscles
II. The Oblique Muscles
Blood Supply
Action of the Extraocular Muscles
Horizontal Recti (Medial and Lateral Rectus)
Vertical Recti (Superior and Inferior Rectus)
CONJUGATE MOVEMENTS OF THE EYEBALL
CARDINAL POSITIONS OF GAZE
THE NERVOUS CONTROL OF OCULAR MOVEMENTS
BINOCULAR SINGLE VISION
SQUINT (STRABISMUS)
I. APPARENT SQUINT
II. LATENT SQUINT (HETEROPHORIA)
Types
Etiology
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
III MANIFEST SQUINT (HETEROTROPIA)
1. CONCOMITANT SQUINT
Etiology
Types
Symptoms
Signs
INVESTIGATIONS
I. History
II. Examination
TREATMENT OF CONCOMITANT SQUINT
1. UNIOCULAR CONCOMITANT SQUINT
1. Optical
2. Occlusion
3. Orthoptic Training
4. Operative Methods
Alternating Squint
2. PARALYTIC SQUINT
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Compensatory Mechanisms for Diplopia
Investigations
Types of Ocular Paralysis
3rd Nerve Palsy
4th Nerve Palsy
6th Nerve Palsy
Treatment
NYSTAGMUS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 17:
The Lids
INFLAMMATIONS
BLEPHARITIS
Etiology
Types
Symptoms
Sequelae
Treatment
STYE (HORDEOLUM)
CHALAZION (TARSAL OR MEIBOMIAN CYST)
INTERNAL HORDEOLUM
ANOMALIES IN THE POSITION OF LIDS
TRICHIASIS
Etiology
Symptoms
Signs
Complications
Treatment
ENTROPION
Types
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Treatment
ECTROPION
Types
Symptom
Signs
Treatment
SYMBLEPHARON
ANKYLOBLEPHARON
BLEPHAROPHIMOSIS
LAGOPHTHALMOS
PTOSIS
TUMOURS OF THE LIDS
CONGENITAL ABNORMALITY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 18:
The Lacrimal Apparatus
TEARS
ACUTE DACRYO-ADENITIS
DACRYOPS
MIKULICZ's SYNDROME
TUMOURS
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE PUNCTA AND CANALICULI
DACRYOCYSTITIS
CONGENITAL DACRYOCYSTITIS (DACRYOCYSTITIS IN THE NEWBORN)
ACUTE DACRYOCYSTITIS
CHRONIC DACRYOCYSTITIS
COMMON CAUSES OF EPIPHORA
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 19:
The Orbit
ORBITAL CELLULITIS
THROMBOSIS OF CAVERNOUS SINUS
PROPTOSIS OR EXOPHTHALMOS
ENDOCRINE EXOPHTHALMOS
ENOPHTHALMOS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
CHAPTER 20:
General Therapeutics
ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
1. ANTIBIOTICS
1. Penicillins
2. Cephalosporins
3. Aminoglycosides
4. Broad-spectrum Antibiotics
Other Antibiotics
2. SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
1. Sulphonamides
2. Sulphones
3. Para-aminosalicylic Acid (PAS)
4. Rifampicin
5. Ethambutol
6. Fluoroquinolones
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
COMMON ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS
HORMONE THERAPY
COMMON ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
VITAMINS
SUMMARY OF MEDICAL TREATMENT OF IMPORTANT OCULAR DISEASES
1. CONJUNCTIVAL DISEASES
2. CORNEAL ULCER
3. EPISCLERITIS AND SCLERITIS
4. IRIDOCYCLITIS
5. GLAUCOMA
CHAPTER 21:
The Causes and prevention of Blindness
VISUAL IMPAIRMENT DISABILITY CATEGORIES BASED ON ITS SEVERITY AND PROPOSED DISABILITY PERCENTAGES (GOVT. OF INDIA)
CLASSIFICATION OF BLINDNESS IN INDIA
Prevention of Blindness
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR THE CONTROL OF BLINDNESS (NPCB)
SPECIFIC NATIONAL PROGRAMMES
VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS
GLOBAL INITIATIVE -VISION 2020 (The Right to Sight)
NUTRITIONAL BLINDNESS: VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
REHABILITATION OF THE INCURABLE BLINDS
CHAPTER 22:
Ophthalmic Instruments
KNIVES
FORCEPS
1. STRAIGHT FORCEPS
1. Plane Forceps
2. Corneal or One Tooth Forceps
3. Fixation Forceps
2. SINGLE CURVE FORCEPS
1. Intracapsular Forceps (Arruga's)
2. Extracapsular Forceps
3. MC Pherson Iris Forceps
4. Intraocular Lens Implant Forceps
5. Lens Holding Forceps for Foldable Intraocular Lenses
3. DOUBLE CURVE FORCEPS
1. Superior Rectus Forceps
2. Iris Forceps
3. Utrata Capsulorhexis Forceps
SCISSORS
HOLDERS
CATARACT SURGERY INSTRUMENTS
LID SURGERY INSTRUMENTS
LACRIMAL SAC SURGERY
SQUINT SURGERY INSTRUMENTS
MISCELLANEOUS
DARK ROOM APPLIANCES
STERILIZATION OF INSTRUMENTS
METHODS
1. Heat Sterilization
2. Chemical Sterilization
3. Radiation Sterilization
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear