CATALASE POSITIVE BACTERIA | HEMOLYTIC ORGANISM |
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Transport media | Organism |
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Pike's media | S.pyogenes |
Stuart's | Gonococci |
Cary blair | V. cholera |
Sach's Buffered Glycerol saline - Shigella |
CAPSULATED BACTERIA | TYPES OF MOTILITY | |
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MOTILE BACTERIA | ACID - FAST ORGANISM |
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Peritrichous flagella | |
Polar flagella
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No Longer Separate Booking for RIM Sim Card |
SHAPE OF BACTERIA | PIGMENT PRODUCING BACTERIA | |
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| Corynebacteria |
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| Pneumococi |
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| Meningococci |
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| Gonococci |
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| V. cholera, Campylobacter |
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AEROBIC BACTERIA | ANAEROBES |
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SPORE PRODUCING BACTERIA | BACTERIA IN PAIR |
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PLEOMORPHIC ORGANISM | DEAD END INFECTION |
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BIPOLAR STAINING = SAFETY PIN APPEARANCE | INTRACELLULAR BACTERIA |
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CASTANEDA'S STAINS | GIEMSA STAIN |
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UREASE POSITIVE | ORGANISM NOT GROW IN ARTIFICIAL MEDIA |
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DESCENDING PARALYSIS | TOXINS INHIBITING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS |
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ACUTE PHASE REACTANT (APR) | CAUSES OF TRAVELLER'S DIARRHEA |
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PULMONARY INFILTRATES IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS | |
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Infiltrate | Causative organism |
Localized Nodular Diffuse | Bacteria, Legionella, Mycobacteria Fungi (e.g., Aspergillus or Mucor), Nocardia Viruses (especially CMV), Chlamydia, Pneumocystis, Toxoplasma gondii, mycobacteria |
ONCOGENIC VIRUSES | ||
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RNA VIRUSES | Retroviruses | |
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DNA VIRUSES |
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INFECTIONS AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
Period after transplantation | |||
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Infection site | Early (<1Month) | Middle (1-4 Months) | Late (>6months) |
Disseminated | Bacteria (aerobic gram-negative, gram-positive) | Bacteria (Nocardia, agents of actinomycosis) Fungi (Candida, Aspergillus) | Encapsulated bacteria (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis) |
Skin and mucous membranes | Herpes simplex virus | Human herpesvirus type 6 | Varicella-zoster virus |
Lungs | Herpes simplex virus | Viruses (cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus type 6) Parasites (Toxoplasma gondii) Fungi (Pneumocystis) | |
Kidneys | Viruses (BK) | ||
Brain | Parasites (T. gondii) Viruses (JC) |
INFECTIONS AFTER KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
Period after transplantation | |||
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Infection site | Early (<1month) | Middle (1-4months) | Late (>6months) |
Urinary tract | Bacteria (Escherichia coli, Kleibsella, Enterobacteriacea, Pseudomonas.) associated with bacteremia and pyelonephritis, Candida | Cytomegalovirus (fever alone is common) | Bacteria; late infections usually not associated with bacteremia |
Lungs | Bacteria – Legionella | CMV diffuse interstitial pneumonitis, Pneumocystis, Aspergillus, Legionella | Nocardia, Aspergillus, Mucor |
Central nervous system | Listeria meningitis, CMV encephalitis, Toxoplasma gondii | CMV retinitis, Listeria Cryptococcal meningitis, Aspergillus, Nocardia |
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED MICROORGANISMS
Bacteria | Viruses | Other |
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TRANSMITTED IN ADULTS PREDOMINANTLY BY SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | ||
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Chlamydia trachomatis Treponema pallidum Calymmatobacterium granulomatis Ureaplasma urealyticum | HIV (types 1 and 2) Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Herpes simplex virus type 2 Human papillomavirus Hepatitis B virus Molluscum contagiosum virus | Trichomonas vaginalis Phthirus pubis |
Mycoplasma hominis Mycoplasma genitalium Gardenerella vaginalis and other vaginal bacteria Group B Streptococcus Mobiluncus spp. | Cytomegalovirus Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II Epstein-Barr virus Kaposi's sarcoma - associated herpesvirus Transfusion - transmitted virus | Candida albicans Sarcoptes scabiei |
GASTROINTESTINAL PATHOGENS CAUSING ACUTE DIARRHEA
Mechanism | Location | Illness | Stool findings | Examples of pathogens involved |
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Noninflammatory (enterotoxin) | Proximal small bowel | Watery diarrhea | No fecal leukocytes; mild or no increase in fecal lactoferrin | Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (LT and ST), Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigelloides, Rotavirus, Norwalk-like viruses, Enteric adenoviruses, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp., Microsporidia |
Inflammatory (invasion or cytotoxin) | Colon or distal small bowel | Dysentery or inflammatory diarrhea | Fecal Polymorphonuclear leukocytes; substantial increase in fecal lactoferrin | Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Enteroinvasive E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Clostridium difficile, Entamoeba histolytica |
Penetrating | Distal small bowel | Enteric fever | Fecal mononuclear leukocytes | Salmonella typhi, Y. enterocolitica, Campylobacter fetus |
NORMAL BACTERIAL FLORA
Skin |
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Nasopharynx |
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Gastrointestinal tract and rectum |
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Genitalia | Any amount of the following : Corynebacterium species, Lactobacillus species, α-hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci, nonpathogenic Neisseria species. The following when mixed and not predominant : Enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae and other gram-negative rods, S epidermidis, Candida albicans and other yeasts. Anaerobes especially prevotella, clostridium and peptostreptococcus species. |
TRANSPLACENTAL INFECTION | ||
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ONCOGENIC MICROBES AND PARASITES | |
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Organism | Neoplasm |
Human papilloma virus (papovaviridae) | Cervical, vulvar, penile cancers, squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal carcinoma |
HSV type 2 | Cervical carcinoma, B cell lymphoma |
Hepatitis B virus (Hepadnaviridae) | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Hepatitis C virus (Flaviviridae) | Hepatocellular carcinoma, Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma |
HTLV - I (Retroviridae) | Adult T cell leukemia / lymphoma |
HTLV - II (Retroviridae) | T cell variant of hairy cell leukemia |
HTLV - III (Retroviridae) | AIDS related malignancies, NHL, Kaposi sarcoma, SCC (esp of UG tract), Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma |
Epstein barr virus (Herpesviridae) | Mixed cellularity Hodgkin's, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (anaplastic), African Burkitt's lymphoma, Post organ transplant lymphoma, Primary CNS diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma (nasal type) |
H. Pylori | Gastric Malt lymphoma, Gastric cancer |
Human Herpes virus 8 | Primary effusion lymphoma, Multicentric castleman's disease |
Schistosoma hematobium | Bladder cancer (squamous cell) |
Clonorchis | Cholongiocarcinoma |
Opisthorchis | Cholongiocarcinoma |