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Emerging Technologies in Retinal Diseases
Sandeep Saxena, SriniVas R Sadda
1:
Retinal Imaging With Adaptive Optics
Introduction
BASIC CONCEPTS
Wavefront Sensor
Wavefront Corrector
Technology
FLOOD-ILLUMINATED OPHTHALMOSCOPY
SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPY
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
Imaging of Retinal Structures
PHOTORECEPTORS
RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
RETINAL VASCULATURE
GANGLION CELLS
FUNCTIONAL IMAGING
Clinical Applications
RETINAL DEGENERATIONS
ADAPTIVE OPTICS MICROPERIMETRY
UNEXPLAINED VISUAL LOSS, FOVEAL SPOTS AND MICROHOLES
COLOR BLINDNESS
OTHER
Transition to Clinical Practice
Future Development
2:
Functional Retinal Imaging
Functional Imaging using Optical Coherence Tomography
DOPPLER OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
OPTOPHYSIOLOGY
ORIGIN OF THE OPTICAL SIGNALS IN THE PHOTORECEPTOR LAYER
ORIGIN OF THE OPTICAL SIGNALS IN THE INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER-OUTER PLEXIFORM LAYER
POLARIZATION-SENSITIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY–TISSUE BIREFRINGENCE
Fundus Microperimetry
MACULAR HOLE
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
STARGARDT'S DISEASE
CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY
BEST'S DISEASE
Fundus Autofluorescence
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY
MACULAR HOLE
STARGARDT'S DISEASE
Retinal Oximetry
PHOSPHORESCENCE QUENCHING
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING
Digital Systems
Three-Wavelength Transmittance
Three-Wavelength Reflectance
MULTISPECTRAL CONFOCAL SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPE
3:
Funds Autofluorescence Imaging
Introduction and History
Origin of Fundus Autofluorescence
Recording of Fundus Autofluorescence
Interpretation of Fundus Autofluorescence
Clinical Application
IDENTIFICATION OF EARLY DISEASE STAGES
PHENOTYPING
DISEASE MARKERS
MONITORING OF DISEASE PROGRESSION
Functional Correlation
Perspectives and Future Applications
Simultaneous Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging
4:
Retinal Imaging with Optical Coherence Tomography
Basic Concepts
INTERFEROMETRY
LOW COHERENCE
PENETRATION OF LIGHT
IMAGE RESOLUTION
IMAGE INTERPRETATION
Technology
TRANSITION TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
TIME-DOMAIN OCT
ULTRAHIGH RESOLUTION OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
SPECTRAL-DOMAIN (HIGH SPEED) OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
ULTRAHIGH SPEED (SWEPT SOURCE) OCT
ADAPTIVE OPTICS OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
EXTENSIONS OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY OPHTHALMOSCOPY AND FULL-FIELD OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
Future Directions
IMAGE ANALYSIS
5:
Three-Dimensional Retinal Imaging in Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Introduction
Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and 3-Dimensional Retinal Imaging
Mapping Retinal Thickness
Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Diabetic Macular Edema
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Epiretinal Membrane
Idiopathic Macular Hole
Macular Dystrophy
Choroidal Metastasis
Healed Toxoplasmosis
Clinical Applications of 3-Dimensional Imaging
THREE-DIMENSIONAL RETINAL IMAGING WITH HIGH-SPEED ULTRAHIGH-RESOLUTION OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
6:
Combined High-Resolution Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
Introduction
Normal Eye
Discussion
7:
Microperimetry
Introduction
Role of Microperimetry
The Micro Perimeter 1
COMPARISON OF MICROPERIMETER 1 WITH OTHER INSTRUMENTS
8:
Multifocal Electroretinogram
Introduction
Basic Technology
STIMULUS
RECORDING EQUIPMENT
RECORDING ELECTRODES
REFERENCE ELECTRODES
GROUND ELECTRODES
Clinical Protocol
GOOD FIXATION
REFRACTIVE ERROR
LIGHT ADAPTED IN ORDINARY ROOM
DURATION OF RECORDING
Display options and interpretation of results
TRACEARRAY
GROUP AVERAGES
TOPOGRAPHIC (3-D) RESPONSE DENSITY PLOTS
Multifocal Electroretinogram and Aging
Multifocal Electroretinogram and Refractive Error
Clinical Applications
Multifocal Electroretinogram in Hereditary Disorders
RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
X-LINKED JUVENILE RETINOSCHISIS
BIETTI'S CRYSTALLINE RETINOPATHY
Multifocal Electroretinogram in Macular Disorders
STARGARDT'S MACULOPATHY AND CONE DYSTROPHY
VITELLIFORM MACULAR DYSTROPHY
ACQUIRED RETINAL DISORDERS
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Macular Hole
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Choroidal Neovascular Membrane
Multifocal Electroretinogram in Drug Toxicities
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE AND CHLOROQUINE
Vascular Disorders, Diabetic Retinopathy, and Retinal Inflammations
Other Newer Electrophysiological Techniques
PATTERN ELECTRORETINOGRAM
MULTIFOCAL VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIAL
9:
Automated Retinal Image Analysis in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Introduction
Imaging Modalities
COLOR FUNDUS PHOTOGRAPHY
AUTOFLUORESCENCE, DRUSEN, AND LIPOFUSCIN
Digital Image Analysis: Methods and Mathematical Models
DIGITAL DRUSEN IDENTIFICATION: THE PROBLEM
AUTOMATED DRUSEN MEASUREMENT BY THE MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND MODEL
Concept of Background Leveling
Developing a Mathematical Description of Macular Images
Algorithm for Drusen Segmentation in Color Fundus Images
Image Pre-Processing
Luteal Pigment Correction
Applied Mathematical Model
Background Leveling and Thresholding
Validation of Model
Extension and Refinement of Model
AUTOFLUORESCENCE IMAGE ANALYSIS
Extension of Automated Analysis to Normal Autofluorescence Images
Developing a Mathematical Model of Autofluorescence Images
Digital Image Analysis: Applications to Understanding Age-related Macular Degeneration
THE RELATIONSHIP OF AUTOFLUORESCENCE AND GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY
Semi-Automated Segmentation of Geographic Atrophy
Automated Increased Fundus Autofluorescence Segmentation
Sequential Segmentation of Geographic Atrophy
Image Analysis
Conclusion
THE RELATIONSHIP OF DRUSEN AND AUTOFLUORESCENCE
Reticular Autofluorescence and Pseudodrusen
The Drusen and Autofluorescence Co-localization Image Analysis Study: Subjects
Drusen and Autofluorescence Identification: Methods
Co-localization of Drusen and Autofluorescence: Definitions
Findings
Digital Image Analysis: Tools for Clinical Studies
MAKING AUTOMATED DRUSEN ANALYSIS USER-FRIENDLY
Drusen Segmentation Tools: The Graphical User Interface
The Image Registration Tool
The Geographic Atrophy Segmentation Tool
System Capabilities and Output
The Future of Macular Image Analysis
10:
Emerging Technologies in the Assessment of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Introduction
Fluorescein Angiography
Indocyanine Green Angiography
Optical Coherence Tomography
Multifocal Electroretinography
Fundus Autofluorescence
11:
Artificial Vision
Introduction
Background
Cortical Prosthesis
SURFACE CORTICAL IMPLANTS
INTRACORTICAL STIMULATION
Optic Nerve Prosthesis
Retinal Prosthesis
EPIRETINAL IMPLANTS
SUBRETINAL IMPLANTS
SUPRACHOROIDAL TRANSRETINAL STIMULATION
NEUROTRANSMITTER-BASED RETINAL PROSTHESIS
HYBRID APPROACH
Other Investigating Groups
Sensory Substitution Devices
Ongoing Clinical Trials
Safety of Electrical Stimulation
HEAT DAMAGE
What are the Current Issues?
Why has the field moved so slowly?
What is the Future of Retinal Implants?
12:
The PASCAL® (Pattern Scan Laser) Photocoagulator for Retinal Photocoagulation
Introduction
PASCAL® Laser System
Complications of PASCAL® Laser System
New Design of PASCAL® Laser System
13:
Wide-Angle Viewing Systems for Vitreous Surgery
Introduction
Limitations of Plano Concave Contact Lenses
Wide-Angle Viewing Systems
ADVANTAGES OF WIDE-ANGLE LENSES
TYPES
Contact Wide-Angle Viewing System
Non-Contact Wide-Angle Viewing System
Contact Wide-Angle Viewing System—ROLS
SALIENT FEATURES
LENSES USED IN ROLS
Super Macula Lens 58°
Central Retinal Lens 85°
Mini Quad XL 156°
OPTICS OF CONTACT INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY LENS
TECHNIQUE OF USING THE LENS SYSTEM DURING SURGERY
Cleaning and Disinfection
Sterilization
SELF STABILIZING VITRECTOMY LENS DESIGN
Non-Contact Wide-Angle Viewing Systems
BINOCULAR INDIRECT OPHTHALMOMICROSCOPE
Advantages of BIOM
Lenses for BIOM
Sterilization
ERECT INDIRECT BINOCULAR OPHTHALMIC SYSTEM
PEYMAN-WESSELS-LANDERS INSTRUMENTATION
VOLK OPTIFLEX SURGICAL ASSISTANT
Comparative Evaluation of Contact and Non-Contact Wide-Angle System
CONTACT WIDE-ANGLE VIEWING SYSTEM
NON-CONTACT WIDE-ANGLE VIEWING SYSTEM
Illumination Systems for Wide-Angle Viewing System
14:
An Improved Understanding of Vitrious Cutting
Introduction
Measuring Vitreous Flow Rates: Water versus Vitreous
Vitreous Cutting Efficiency and Duty Cycle
CAN THIS DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON DUTY CYCLE OF PNEUMATIC VITRECTOMY AT HIGH CUTTING RATES BE OVERCOME BY ENGINEERING?
Vitreous Flow Related to Cut Rate
15:
Emerging Techniques in the Management of Intraocular Tumors
Introduction
Focal Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma
PERIOCULAR CHEMOTHERAPY
INTRA-ARTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY
Focal Chemotherapy for Primary Intraocular Lymphoma
Anti-Angiogenesis Agents in Radiation-Induced Retinopathy in Uveal Melanoma
Photodynamic Therapy for Choroidal Hemangioma
16:
Emerging Technologies in the Diagnosis of Posterior Uveitis
Introduction
Toxoplasmosis
Toxocariasis
Tuberculous Uveitis
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
QUANTIFERON TB GOLD TEST
Ocular Syphilis
DIAGNOSIS
Application of Multifocal Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome
HLA Typing
Diagnostic Vitrectomy
INDICATIONS FOR BIOPSY
Microbiological Analysis
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis
PCR IN INFECTIOUS UVEITIS
PCR FOR INTRAOCULAR MALIGNANCY
Cytopathological Analysis of the Vitreous
Flow Cytometry and Immunohistochemistry of the Vitreous
Antibody Determination in the Vitreous
Cytokine Analysis of the Vitreous
Indocyanine Green Angiography
Optical Coherence Tomography
Pathologic Studies
INDEX
TOC
Index
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