JaypeeDigital | eBook Reader

Textbook of Medical and Surgical Nursing Usha Ravindran Nair

1:Introduction to Medical/Surgical Nursing
- HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MEDICINE AND SURGERY
  - Introduction
  - History of Ancient Period
- MEDICINE IN EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
- MIDDLE AGES
  - The Dawn of Scientific Medicine
- MODERN MEDICINE
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SURGERY
- HISTORY OF SURGICAL NURSING
  - Reasons for Lack of Development in Surgery
- ADVANCEMENT IN SURGERY
2:Principles of Psychology and Medical/Surgical Nursing
- INTRODUCTION
- PREPARATION FOR OPERATION
- ANESTHETICS
- PAIN
- AMBULATION
- DEATH
- DIVERSIONAL THERAPY
- CARE OF ELDERLY PATIENTS
- RELATIVES AND VISITORS
3:Issues and Trends in Medical/Surgical Nursing
- MAJOR TRENDS IN MEDICAL/ SURGICAL NURSING
- CONCLUSIONS
4:Cell Injury
- DEFINITION
- CAUSES
- CLASSIFICATION
  - Genetic Causes
  - Acquired Causes
- PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN PATHOGENESIS OF CELL INJURY
- RESPONSES OF BODY TO INJURY (FIG. 4.1)
  - Types of Inflammation
- TYPES AND RESULTS OF WOUND HEALING (FIGS 4.2 AND 4.3)
5:Shock
- SHOCK SYNDROME
- HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
- CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
- ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
- NEUROGENIC SHOCK
- SEPTIC SHOCK
6:Pain
- DEFINITION
  - Types of Pain
  - Signs of Acute Pain (Fig. 6.1)
- PAIN THEORIES
- NURSING ASSESSMENT (TABLE 6.1)
- INTERVENTION
  - Controlling Painful Stimuli in the Patient's Environment
- ALLEVATION OF PAIN: NON-INVASIVE PAIN RELIEF MEASURES
- PAIN MANAGEMENT
  - Relaxation Techniques
- ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT
7:Asepsis
- DEFINITION
- MEDICAL ASEPSIS
  - Definition
    - Purposes of Medical Asepsis
  - General Management of Communicable Diseases
- GOWN, MASK AND GLOVE TECHNIQUE
- COMMON PRACTICES OF MEDICAL ASEPSIS
- SURGICAL ASEPSIS
  - Definition
- PRINCIPLES OF ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE (TABLE 7.4)
- STERILIZATION
8:Nursing Care of Surgical Patients
- INTRODUCTION
- PERIOPERATIVE NURSING CARE
  - Key Terms Used (Table 8.1)
  - Phases of the Perioperative Period
- PURPOSE OF SURGERY
- CLASSIFICATION OF SURGERIES
  - Location
  - Extent
- POSITIVE EFFECTS OF THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO SURGERY (FIG. 8.1)
- EFFECT OF SURGERY ON THE PATIENT
  - Physiological Responses
  - Psychological Responses
- RISK FACTORS FOR SURGERY
  - Age
  - Nutrition
  - Predisposing Factors
    - Preoperative Malnutrition
    - Neuroendocrine Response Ineffectiveness
- CHRONIC DISEASE
  - Pulmonary Disease
  - Cardiovascular Disease
  - Renal Insufficiency
  - Smoking
- MEDICATIONS THAT CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT ANESTHESIA OR SURGERY (TABLE 8.4)
- PROCURING (INFORMED) CONSENT
- APPLICATION OF NURSING PROCESS IN PREOPERATIVE CARE
  - Assessment
    - Nursing History
- PHYSIOLOGICAL NURSING ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT UNDERGOING SURGERY
  - Age
  - Nutritional Status
  - Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
  - Infection
  - Ability to Communicate
  - Elimination
  - Activity
  - Smoking Habits
  - Occupation
  - Alcohol Consumption
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
  - General Observation
  - Head and Neck
  - Integument
  - Thorax Lungs
  - Heart and Vascular System
  - Abdomen
- DIAGNOSTIC SCREENING
  - Normal Laboratory Values of the Investigation (Table 8.6)
- NURSING DIAGNOSIS
- PREOPERATIVE PLANNING
- PREOPERATIVE IMPLEMENTATION
  - Five Dimensions of Preoperative Education (Table 8.7)
  - Preoperative Teaching (Figs 8.2A to E)
    - Instructions before Surgery
- PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
  - Diet
  - Bowel Preparation
  - Skin Preparation
    - Abdominal Incision
- PREOPERATIVE SHAVING (FIG. 8.3)
- PREOPERATIVE TEACHING
  - Effective Deep Breathing Exercises
  - Diaphragmatic Breathing (Fig. 8.4)
  - Coughing
  - Leg Exercises (Fig. 8.7)
  - Turning to the side (Fig. 8.8)
  - Getting out of Bed
  - Using the Urinal (For Male Patient)
  - Promoting Mobility
- ON THE DAY OF SURGERY
  - Prevention of Injury
  - Administration of Premedication
  - Recording
  - Transporting to Operating Room
- INTRAOPERATIVE NURSING CARE
  - Definition
  - Members of the Surgical Team
  - Functions of Operating Room Nurse
- ANESTHESIA IN SURGERY
  - General
    - Stages of General Anesthesia (Table 8.12)
  - Regional
- GENERAL ANESTHESIA (GA)
  - Effects of General Anesthesia
  - Types of General Anesthesia
- REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
  - Types of Regional Anesthesia
- OTHER METHODS OF ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA
  - Acupuncture
    - Advantages of Acupuncture
  - Cryothermia
- NURSING CARE DURING INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD
  - Assessment
  - Intraoperative Nursing Activities
  - Other Nursing Diagnosis
    - Collaborative Problems
    - Planning: Expected Outcomes: Goals
- RECOVERY ROOM
  - Definition
  - Aim of Recovery Room
  - Equipment that are present in the recovery room:
- NURSING PROCEDURES
  - Reception of the Patient
  - Positioning of the Patient
  - Observation of the Patients (Table 8.15)
  - Return of the Patient to the Ward
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Respiratory Complication
    - Causes
    - Management
  - Circulatory Complication
  - Patient Leaving the Recovery Room
- NURSING CARE DURING POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD
  - Nursing Management in the Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU)
    - Objectives
    - Assessment of the Patient
- NURSING MANAGEMENT DURING IMMEDIATE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD (FIG. 8.9)
  - Receiving the Patient in the Surgical Unit
  - Maintaining a Patent Airway
  - Assessing and Managing Pain
  - Causes for Postoperative Nosocomial Infection in the Hospital
  - Nursing Diagnosis (Fig. 8.10)
  - Assessing and Managing the Surgical Site
- POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS, PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND NURSING CARE (TABLE 8.16)
- WOUNDS
  - Definition
  - Types of Wounds
  - Surgical Incision
  - Cosmetic Effect
- TYPES OF INCISION
  - Abdominal Incision
    - Types of Abdominal Incision
  - Thoracic Incision
    - Types of Thoracic Incision
  - Head and Neck Incision
    - Types of Neck Incision
  - Limb Incision
    - Types of Limb Incision
- MECHANISM OF WOUND HEALING
  - Stages of Wound Healing
- ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS OF WOUND HEALING
  - Risk for skin breakdown
  - Nursing Process: Wound Healing
    - Goals
    - Planning
- WOUND MANAGEMENT
  - History of Wound Treatment
  - Methods of Wound Healing (Fig. 8.14)
    - First or Primary Intention
    - Second Intention or Granulation
  - Debridement of Traumatic Wounds
  - Factors Promoting Good Wound Healing (Fig. 8.15)
    - Local
    - General
  - Causes of Delayed Wound Healing
    - Local
    - General
  - Complications of Wound Healing
  - Assessment
- WOUND DRAINAGE (TABLE 8.17)
  - Historical Perspectives of Wound Drainage
  - Indications for Drainage
  - Types of Drain (Figs 8.16A to C)
  - Disadvantages of Drainage
  - Removal of the Drain
  - Materials Used for Drainage Tubes
- SINUS AND FISTULAS (FIGS 8.17A AND B)
- WOUND SINUSES
  - Definition
    - Sinus
    - Wound Sinuses
- FISTULAE
  - Definition
  - Treatment of Fistulae
- WOUND INFECTION
  - Predisposing Factors for Wound Infections (Fig. 8.18)
  - Sources of Infection
  - Common Microorganisms
- PREVENTION OF WOUND INFECTION AND CROSS INFECTION
  - Color Coding Bags for Waste Disposal (Table 8.19)
  - Role of Infection Control Nurse
- GENERAL TERMS USED IN INFECTION CONTROL PRACTICE
  - Standard Precautions
  - Transmission Categories of infection and standard precautions to be taken for blood and body fluids to control infection
9:Emergency and Disaster in Nursing
- INTRODUCTION
- TRAUMA CARE
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF TRAUMA CARE
- MECHANISMS OF INJURY (FLOWCHART 9.1)
  - Major Causes/Classification of Severe Injury
  - Causes of Injury
  - Economic Costs of Injuries
  - Biomechanics and Injury Control
  - Uses of Biochemical/Mechanical Knowledge
  - Organization for Trauma Care
  - Concept of Trauma Center (Fig. 9.1A)
  - Component of Trauma Care System (USA 1966) (Fig. 9.1B)
- TRAUMA CARE SYSTEMS PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1990 (USA)
  - Factors Influencing Trauma Outcome
- GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMA INSTRUMENT
  - Injury Control Interventions
- EMERGENCY CARE
  - Emergency Care Facilities
  - Ethical and Legal Considerations
  - Consent to Treatment
  - Right to Privacy and Confidentiality
  - Role of the Clinical Nurse during Emergency in Critical Care Unit
  - Mandatory Reporting
  - Physical Evidence and Chain of Custody
  - Bullets
  - Specimens
- CHEST TRAUMA (FIGS 9.2 TO 9.4)
  - Chest Trauma Classification
  - Immediate Assessment/Management (Tables 9.2 to 9.5)
- RIB FRACTURES
  - Gunshot and Stab Wounds
  - Pulmonary Contusion
  - Cardiac Tamponade
  - Subcutaneous Emphysema
    - Treatment
- ASSESSMENTS AND INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO SPECIFIC INJURIES
  - Relationship Between Preload and Ventricular or Cardiac Output
  - Contractility and Cardiac Output
  - Intervention Related to Specific Injuries
    - Vessel Injury
    - Cardiac Perforation/Rupture
- ASSESSMENT/ELICITATION OF THE HISTORY
  - Objective Data
  - Survey (Table 9.6)
  - Indications for Mechanical Ventilation (Table 9.7)
  - Classification of Hypovolemic Shock and Estimated Fluid and Blood Requirements (Table 9.8)
  - Calculation Norms of Significance of Physiologic Parameters (Table 9.9)
  - Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions (Table 9.10)
- NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE SURGICAL PATIENT (THORACIC SURGERY) (TABLE 9.10)
  - Preoperative Care
  - Postoperative Management (Table 9.11)
  - Thoracic Surgery (Table 9.12)
- EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE SERVICE
  - Definition
  - Elements of an EMS System
  - Components of an Established EMS Program
- BURNS
  - Classification/Mechanism of Burns (Table 9.13)
  - Causes of Burns (Figs 9.5A to E)
  - Effects of Burns (Fig. 9.6)
  - First Aid Management of Burn Injuries (Figs 9.7A to F)
  - Complications of Burns (Figs 9.8A to E)
  - Risk Factors
    - Depth of Burn
  - Pathophysiologic Response (Fig. 9.6)
  - Zone of Coagulation
    - Zones of Stasis (Fig. 9.9)
    - Zone of Hyperemia
  - Systemic Changes in Burns (Fig. 9.10)
  - Burn Wound Healing
  - Principles of Burn Wound Care
  - Methods Used for Dressing (Table 9.17)
  - Wound Grafting
- NURSING MANAGEMENT OF BURN INJURY
  - Assessment (Table 9.21)
    - Assessment of Burn Wound
  - Requirement of Fluid during Burn Treatment
  - Energy Calculation Formulas (Table 9.19)
  - Therapeutic Management: Burn Patient (Table 9.20A)
  - Fluid Resuscitation with the Parkland (Baxter) Formula (Table 9.20B)
- NURSING CARE DURING EMERGENT PHASE OF BURN INJURY (TABLE 9.21)
- HEAT EMERGENCIES
  - Heat Exhaustion
  - Heat Cramps
  - Heat Stroke
- COLD EMERGENCIES
  - Hypothermia
- NURSING MANAGEMENT
  - Principles
  - Rewarming Techniques
  - Frostbite
- POISON
  - Definition
  - Classification of Poison
  - General Treatment of Poisoning
  - Ingested Poisons
  - Emergency Care for Ingested Poisons
- EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OF SEPTIC SHOCK
  - Prehospital Care
  - Emergency Department Care
  - Consultations
  - Solutions such as Isotonic solution
  - Colloids
- DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN NURSING
  - Definition
  - Types
  - Principles and Concepts of Emergency and Disaster Nursing
  - Levels of Response
    - Hospital Disaster Plan
    - Triage Categories
  - Functions of the Department
    - Hospital Command Post (Fig. 9.12)
  - Role of Nurse in the Disaster Plan
  - Preparing for Disasters by Helping Yourself as You Help Others
  - Your Personal Emergency Plan
  - At Work
  - Employer Planning
  - Update knowledge about situation
    - Psychological Role
- FLOODS
  - Definition
  - Hydrology (UNESCO 1979)
    - Definition
    - Hydrological Analysis
  - Types of Flood
  - River Flood
  - Coastal Flood
    - Hurricane Flood
  - Floods in India
    - Floods in Chennai City
  - Side Effects of Flood
  - Flood Measurements
  - Flood Damage Reduction
    - Steps Taken by the Government
  - Various Agencies involved in Disaster Management
- ROLE OF NURSES IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT
- EARTHQUAKES
  - Definition
  - Focus
  - Isoseismic Line
  - Surface Wave
  - Body Wave
  - Foreshock
  - Tsunami (Fig. 9.13)
  - Seismograph
  - Mercalli Scale (Table 9.23)
    - Mercalli and Richter Compared
  - Richter Scale
10:Nursing Care of Critically Ill Patients (Use of Monitor, Ventilators and Defibrillators in Critical Care Unit)
- INTRODUCTION
- CARE OF PATIENTS IN MECHANICAL VENTILATION
  - General Objective
  - Specific Objective
- MECHANICAL VENTILATION
  - Goals of Mechanical Ventilation
  - Indications for Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation
  - Mechanism
- CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANICAL VENTILATORS
  - Negative-Pressure Ventilators
  - Positive-Pressure Ventilation
  - Mode of Mechanical Ventilation
  - Establishing Initial Ventilatory Setting
  - Setting
  - Causes of Pressure Limit
  - Monitoring the Patient/Ventilator System
  - Patient-related Complications of Intubation and Mechanical Ventilation
  - Nursing Diagnosis
- SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN PATIENTS IN CRITICAL CARE UNIT
  - Active or REM Sleep
  - Quiet or NREM Sleep
  - Sleep Deprivation
  - Factors Affecting Sleep
  - Assessment of the Patient's Sleep Pattern
  - Specification of the Patient's Problem Related to Sleep Deprivation
  - Strategies for the Prevention of Sleep Disturbances
  - Anxiety/Stress Reduction
  - Environmental Control
  - Noise Control
  - Promoting Comfort
  - Relieving Pain
  - Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation
  - Preparation for Weaning
  - Defibrillators
  - Indications for Defibrillation
  - Complications of Defibrillation and Cardioversion
  - Process of Defibrillation
  - Care of Equipment
  - The Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
  - Indication for the ICD
    - Contraindications to the ICD
  - The ICD System
  - Implementation of the ICD
  - Complications of the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
    - System
    - System/Patient Interface
    - Patient
    - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
    - Resuscitation Process
  - ABC: Basic Cardiac Life Support
    - Causes of CPR
    - Clinical Manifestation of CP Arrest
    - General Procedure of CPR
    - Airway
    - Breathing
  - Circulation
- NURSING CARE OF PATIENT ON THE VENTILATOR
- FOR NURSES IN THE CRITICAL CARE UNIT MECHANICAL VENTILATOR
  - The Relation Between Flow, Pressure and Volume
- MECHANISM OF VENTILATORS
  - Step 1
  - Step 2
  - Step 3
- MODES OF VENTILATION
  - Initiation of Inspiration is based on the following:
  - The nurses should know about how far is the inspiration allowed or what is the limit for inspiration? (Limit Variable)
  - Cycle Variable is assessed by:
- DIFFERENT TYPES OF BREATHS DEPENDING UPON LIMIT VARIABLE, CYCLE VARIABLE PRESSURE VARIABLE
- SETTINGS
  - Setting of PEEP Mode
  - Misconceptions about PEEP
    - PEEP should be zero when there is hypotension
    - PEEP should be zero when ventilating a patient with obstructive lung disease
- PEAK FLOW
  - Inspiratory Pause
- FLOW SETTINGS
  - Ventilator Circuits
  - Expiratory Time and Air Trapping
    - Humidification during Mechanical Ventilation
  - Pressure Ventilation
- TROUBLESHOOTING THE VENTILATOR
- GENERAL RULES OF VENTILATOR MANIPULATION
  - To improve oxygenation
  - To improve CO2 Removal
  - Now Finally that Never Ending Argument of Pressure V/s Volume Ventilation
    - Volume Ventilation
- THE IMPORTANCE OF RESPIRATORY GRAPHICS
  - Purpose of Graphics
  - Interpretation of Graphics Monitoring
  - Respiratory Mechanics Monitoring
  - Methods of Partitioning the Respiratory System
  - Supersyringe Technique
  - Flow-interruption Techniques
  - Continuous Flow Method
  - Objectives
- ANALYSIS OF SCALAR GRAPHICS
- FLOW VS TIME CURVE
- BASICS OF FLOW VS TIME CURVE
  - Spontaneous Breath (Fig. 10.13)
  - Mechanical Breath (Fig. 10.14)
  - Typical Flow Patterns (Fig. 10.15)
    - Components of Inspiratory Flow
  - Components of Expiratory Flow Pattern (Fig. 10.17)
  - Recognition of Common Abnormalities
  - Airway Obstruction vs Active Exhalation (Fig. 10.18)
  - Response to Bronchodilator (Fig. 10.19)
  - Air Trapping or Auto-PEEP (Fig. 10.20)
- VOLUME VS. TIME CURVE
- BASICS OF VOLUME VS. TIME CURVE (FIG. 10.23)
- RECOGNITION OF COMMON ABNORMALITIES
  - The Volume vs Time scalar can be used to identify the following common abnormalities:
    - Presence of Air Leak (Fig. 10.24)
    - Active Exhalation (Fig. 10.25)
  - Pressure vs Time Curve
- BASICS OF PRESSURE VS TIME CURVE (FIG. 10.26)
  - Spontaneous Breath
  - Mechanical Breath (Fig. 10.27)
  - Assisted vs Controlled Breath (Fig. 10.28)
  - Components of Inflation Pressure (Fig. 10.29)
- RECOGNITION OF COMMON ABNORMALITIES (FIG. 10.30)
  - PIP vs Pplat
  - Inadequate Flow (Fig. 10.32)
  - LOOPS
- PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOP
- BASICS OF PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOP
  - Type of Breath (Fig. 10.33)
  - FRC and P-V Loop (Fig. 10.34)
  - Components of a P-V Loop (Fig. 10.35)
  - PEEP (Fig. 10.36)
  - Inflection Points (Fig. 10.37)
  - Work of Breathing
- RECOGNITION OF COMMON ABNORMALITIES
  - Volume Targeted Ventilation (Fig. 10.39)
    - Decreased Lung Compliance
  - Pressure Targeted Ventilation (Fig. 10.40)
  - Increased Airway Resistance (A Wide Loop) (Fig. 10.41)
  - Alveolar Overdistension (Fig. 10.42)
  - Increased WOB
    - Inadequate Sensitivity (Fig. 10.44)
    - Inadequate Inspiratory Flow (Fig. 10.45)
  - Air Leak (Fig. 10.46)
- BASICS OF FLOW-VOLUME LOOP
  - Components of a Flow-Volume Loop (Fig. 10.47)
- DETECTION OF COMMON ABNORMALITIES
  - Air Leak (Fig. 10.49)
  - Auto-PEEP (Fig. 10.50)
  - Increased Airway Resistance (Fig. 10.51)
  - Airway Secretions/Accumulation of Condensate (Fig. 10.52)
- THE MODES OF VENTILATION
  - Spontaneous Breath (Fig. 10.53)
  - CPAP (Fig. 10.54)
  - Pressure Support Ventilation (Fig. 10.55)
  - CPAP + PS (Fig. 10.56)
  - Modes of Mechanical Ventilation
    - Volume-Targeted
  - Controlled Mode (Fig. 10.57)
  - Assisted Mode (Fig. 10.58)
  - SIMV (Fig. 10.59)
  - SIMV + PS (Fig. 10.60)
  - SIMV + PS + CPAP (Fig. 10.61)
- PRESSURE-TARGETED
  - Controlled Mode (Fig. 10.62)
  - Assisted Mode (Fig. 10.63)
  - SIMV (Fig. 10.64)
  - SIMV + PS (Fig. 10.65)
  - SIMV + PS + CPAP (Fig. 10.66)
  - How to Differentiate between PC and PS Modes (Fig. 10.67)
- DUAL CONTROL BREATHS
  - Switch Between Breaths (Fig. 10.68)
  - Volume Assured Pressure Support (VAPS) (Fig. 10.69)
  - Switch Either within a Single Breath (Fig. 10.70)
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
  - Purposes of NPPV
  - Mechanism of Action of NPPV
  - Goals of NPPV
    - Shortterm (including acute)
    - Longterm
- INTERFACES
  - Oronasal
  - Mouthpieces
  - Nasal Masks
- TYPES OF VENTILATORS
  - Conventional Ventilators
  - NIPPV Ventilators
- FEATURES OF A VENTILATORS SUITABLE FOR “NIV” IN HOSPITAL
  - Essential
  - Desirable
- MODES FOR VENTILATION IN NIPPV
  - Pressure-limited Ventilation
  - Mechanism
  - Equipment
  - Volume Limited Ventilation
  - Newer Modes
- INDICATIONS FOR NIV
  - Patients
  - Blood Gases
  - Clinical State
  - Contraindications Excluded
    - Premorbid State
    - Indications for NIPPV
- NURSES RESPONSIBILITY ON INITIATE NIV
  - Explanation to the Patient
  - Fit the Mask and Silence Ventilator Alarms
  - Initiate NPPV while Holding the Interface in Place
  - Avoid Excessive Peak Pressures
  - Secure the Mask
  - Reassure Patient
  - Selection of an Appropriate Patient
  - Location for Initiation of Noninvasive Ventilation
    - Acute Applications
  - Selection of a Ventilator and Ventilator Mode
  - Interface Selection
- INDICATIONS FOR INTUBATION
  - Major Criteria
  - Minor Criteria
- TREATMENT FAILURE OF NIV ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
- COMPLICATION AND INTERVENTIONS
- ADJUNCTS TO NONINVASIVE VENTILATION
- WEANING FROM NPPV
- MONITORING
  - Subjective Responses
  - Physiologic Responses
  - Gas Exchange
- TIME DEMANDS ON MEDICAL PERSONNEL
  - Infection and Equipment Safety
11:Metabolic Response to Critical Illness
- METABOLIC RESPONSE TO CRITICAL ILLNESS
- NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT
- NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT
- DISTURBANCE IN FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE (FIG. 11.3)
- HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS OF BODY ORGANS
- GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF FLUIDS
- SALT AND WATER
- ACID-BASE DISTURBANCE
12:Nursing Care of Patients with Communicable Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (FIG. 12.2)
  - Primary Tuberculosis
  - Reinfection
- CLASSIFICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS (TABLE 12.1)
- EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
  - Tuberculosis Lymph Adenitis
- INTRACRANIAL TUBERCULOSIS
  - Tuberculous Meningitis
    - Pathology
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT
  - Tuberculin Test
- MANAGEMENT
- NURSING CARE OF PATIENT WITH TB
  - Assessment
    - Subjective Data
    - Objective Data
  - Nursing Diagnosis (Table 12.6) Interventions
- PROTECTION OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS
  - Expected Patient Outcomes
- TYPHOID
- VIBRIO CHOLERAE
- DYSENTERIES
- TETANUS
- LEPROSY
- GONORRHEA
- CYSTICERCOSIS (CESTODES)
13:Nursing Care of Patients with Skin Disorders
- SKIN
- SKIN INFECTIONS
  - Dermatitis Eczema
    - Definition
  - Classification of Eczema
- EXOGENOUS ECZEMA
- ENDOGENOUS ECZEMA
- JUVENILE PLANTAR DERMATOSIS
- BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
- VIRAL DISEASES
- PARASITIC SKIN DISEASES
  - Scabies
  - Treatment for Complication from Scabies
    - Nursing Management
14:Nursing Care of Patients with Hematologic Disorders
- INTRODUCTION
- HEMATOPOIESIS
  - Formation of Blood Cells
  - Ontogency of Hematopoiesis
- STRUCTURAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL FEATURES OF BONE MARROW
  - Anatomy of Bone Marrow
  - Functions of Bone Marrow
  - Events in Hematopoiesis
  - Causes of Stem Cell Damage
- GRANULOCYTES
  - Roles of Liver and Spleen in Hematopoiesis
  - Function of Spleen
  - Function of Liver
- CONTROL OF HEMATOPOIESIS
  - Nutritional Factors and Metabolites
  - Physiologic Control Cytokine Regulation
  - The noncellular Component
- LEUKEMIA
  - Introduction
  - Leukemia
  - Historical Perspectives of Leukemia
- ACUTE LEUKEMIA
  - Definition
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Pathology Pathophysiology
  - Prognosis is Poor
  - Complications
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Hyperuricemia
  - Current Treatment Modalities
  - Radiation Therapy
- CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
  - Medications
  - Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
  - Chemotherapy
  - Bone Marrow Transplantation
  - RAI's Staging System for CLL
- NURSING CARE OF CLIENT WITH LEUKEMIA
  - Assessment
  - Nursing Diagnosis
- TREATMENT OF LEUKEMIA
  - Chemotherapy
- CELL CYCLE
  - Specific Drugs
- NURSING MANAGEMENT
  - Assessment
- RADIOTHERAPY
  - Types of Radiation Therapy
  - External Radiation Therapy
- INTERNAL RADIATION THERAPY
  - Side Effect of Radiation Therapy
  - Nursing Management
- BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
  - Autologus Bone Marrow Transplantation
- SYNGENEIC BMT
- NURSING MANAGEMENT
  - Pretransplant Care
  - Care During Treatment
  - Pulmonary Complication
  - Post-treatment Care
  - Psychosocial Assessment
- SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
  - Introduction
  - Definition
  - Incidence
  - Pathophysiology
  - Subsets of Lupus
  - Etiology and Risk Factors
- COMMON CLINICAL ABNORMALITIES WITH SLE
  - Abnormality
- DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
  - Dietary Management
- NURSING MANAGEMENT
- MULTIPLE MYELOMA
  - Incidence
  - Etiology/Risk Factor
  - Pathophysiology
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA
  - Complications
  - Diagnostic Tests
  - X-ray
  - Bone Marrow Aspiration
- MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
  - Chemotherapy
- ANTICALCIUM AGENTS
  - Hypercalcemia
- MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS
- HODGKIN'S DISEASE
  - Classification
- STAGING OF HODGKIN'S DISEASE
  - Stage 1
  - State II
  - Stage III
  - Stage IV
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Diagnostic Assessment
  - Medical Management
  - Pharmacologic Management
  - Nursing Management
  - Surgical Management
  - Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas
  - Treatment
15:Nursing Care of Patients with AIDS
- ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) (FIGS 15.1 AND 15.2, TABLES 15.1 AND 15.2)
- LABORATORY TEST
16:Nursing Care of Patients with Neurological Disorders
- THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
- THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM — BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
- THE PERIPHERAL AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMS
- THE REFLEX ACT
- NURSING PROCESS AND TRENDS PERTAINING TO CARE OF PATIENTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
- DEGENERATIVE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
  - Alzheimer's Disease
  - Multiple Sclerosis
- HEAD INJURY
17:Nursing Care of Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
  - The Heart (Fig. 17.1)
- PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
  - Components of the System
  - Circuit Design
  - Distribution
  - Collection
- MONITORING VASCULAR PRESSURES
- MONITORING THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
  - Definitions
    - Interrelationship between these Factors
    - Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
- METHODS OF PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
  - Manometers
  - Transducers
  - Potential Hazards of Invasive Techniques
  - Units of Pressure
    - Arterial Blood Pressure
- NURSING ASSESSMENT OF CARDIAC DISORDERS
  - Health History
  - The Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness
  - Medical History
  - Family History
  - Review of Systems
  - Physical Examination
  - Vital Signs
    - Blood Pressure
    - Pulses
  - Respirations
  - Skin
  - Heart Sounds
  - Heart Murmurs
  - Extremities
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES
  - Electrocardiogram
- AMBULATORY ECG (HOLTER MONITOR)
  - Echocardiogram (Heart Sonogram)
  - Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE)
  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  - Multiple-gated Acquisition Scan
  - Stress Test (Exercise Tolerance Test)
  - Thallium Imaging
  - Cardiac Catheterization (Cardiac Angiography, Coronary Arteriography)
  - Electrophysiology Study (EPS)
  - Laboratory Tests Arterial Blood Gases
  - Pulse Oximetry
  - Cardiac Enzymes
  - Creatine Phosphokinase
  - Lactate Dehydrogenase
  - Complete Blood Count
  - White Blood Cell Count
  - Red Blood Cell Count
  - Hematocrit
  - Hemoglobin
  - Platelet (Thrombocyte) Count
  - Troponin
  - Myoglobin
  - Lipid Profile
- ASSESSMENT OF BLOOD CHOLESTEROL
  - Symptoms of High Blood Cholesterol
  - Total Cholesterol (Table 17.7B)
    - Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)
    - Drug Treatment (Table 17.7C)
  - Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol
    - Cigarette Smoking
- COMMON THERAPEUTIC MEASURES
  - Drug Therapy
  - Cardiac Glycosides
  - Antianginals
  - Diuretics
  - Anticoagulants
  - Heparin
- CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS
  - Introduction
    - Age and Sex
    - Incidence
  - Physiology of Fetal Circulation (Fig. 17.8)
  - Types of Defects
    - Based on Cyanosis
    - Based on Hemodynamic Characteristics
  - Altered Hemodynamics
    - Acyanotic Defects
    - Cyanotic Defects
  - Major Acyanotic Defects
  - Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) (Fig. 17.11)
  - Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
  - Pulmonary Stenosis (PS)
  - Coarctation of the Aorta (Fig. 17.12)
  - Aortic Stenosis
  - Major Cyanotic Heart Disease
    - Introduction
    - Significant Signs and Symptoms
- TETRALOGY OF FALLOT (FIG. 17.13)
  - Transposition of the Arteries
- INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF HEART
  - Infective Endocarditis (IE)
  - Myocarditis
  - Pericarditis
  - Acute Pericarditis
  - Pericardial Effusion
  - Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis
    - Causes
    - Treatment
  - Operative Procedure: Pericardiectomy
    - (Waldhausen and Pierce, 1985)
  - Postoperative Care
  - Cardiac Tamponade
  - Cardiomyopathy
  - Dilated Cardiomyopathy
  - Cardiac Surgeries
    - Introduction
    - Types of Cardiac Surgery
- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
  - Definition (Fig. 17.18)
  - Arteriosclerosis
  - Atherosclerosis
  - Risk Factors
- ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
  - Risk Factor
  - Pathophysiology
  - Complications
  - Signs and Symptoms of Acute Myocardial Infarction
  - Medical Diagnosis
  - Medical Surgical Treatment
    - Drug Therapy
    - Angioplasty
  - Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
- MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
  - Acute MI
  - Pathophysiology
    - Clinical Manifestation
  - Investigation
  - Medication
  - Complication of Myocardial infarction
  - Nursing Care of the Patient with Acute Myocardial Infarction
    - Assessment
  - Interventions
    - Anxiety
    - Cardiac Rehabilitation
  - Health Education
- SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
  - History of Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery
  - Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
  - Nursing Management of Patient with CABG
- CARDIAC REHABILITATION
  - Rehabilitation Team
  - Areas of Rehabilitation
  - Progressive Activity Scheduled
  - Physical Activity Program
  - Education of Patient and His Family
  - Modification of Coronary Risk Factors
  - Diet and Body Weights
  - Dietary Guidelines for patient with MI are:
  - Habits—Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Intake
  - Stress Management
  - Associated Disease Condition-HT and DM
  - Primary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
  - Primary Prevention
  - Secondary Prevention
  - Tertiary Prevention
  - Valvular Disorders of the Heart
    - Introduction
  - Mitral Stenosis
  - Investigation
- MANAGEMENT
  - Medical
  - Surgical Commissurotomy
  - Complications
  - Nursing Assessment
  - Nursing Diagnosis
  - Intervention
- MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
  - Aortic Stenosis
  - Sign and Symptoms
- MEDICAL TREATMENT
  - Valvular Surgery
    - Indications
  - Valve Repair and Replacement
  - Complications
  - Transplantation
  - Indications
    - Criteria for Heart Transplantation
    - Types
  - Surgical Management of Cardiac Tumor and Trauma
  - Trauma Repair
    - Indications
  - Perioperative Nursing Management
    - Assessment
    - Psychosocial Assessment
  - Nursing Diagnosis
    - Intervention
  - Intraoperative Period
- CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (FIG. 17.27)
  - Mechanism of Failure
  - Clinical Features
  - Left Ventricular Failure (LVF)
  - Right Ventricular Failure (RVF)
  - Increased Cardiac Output
    - General Causes
    - Specific Causes
  - Treatment of Heart Failure
  - Digitalis Therapy (Fig. 17.29)
  - Vasodilator Therapy
    - Reduction in Preload
    - Results of Treatment
- SURGERY
  - Complications
  - Nursing Care of Patient with Heart Failure
    - Assessment
- INTERVENTIONS
  - Fluid Volume Excess
- HEALTH EDUCATION
  - Congestive Heart Failure
  - Hypertension
- TYPES OF HYPERTENSION
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION
- CARDIAC OUTPUT
- PERIPHERAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE
- AGE-RELATED CHANGES
- VASCULAR WALL RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
- PRIMARY OR ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
  - Risk Factors
- SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- COMPLICATIONS
  - Eyes
  - Heart
  - Kidneys
  - Brain
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES
- MEDICAL TREATMENT
  - Lifestyle Modifications
  - Pharmacologic Therapy
    - Stages of Treatment
  - Monotherapy
  - Specific Antihypertensive Drugs
    - Beta-adrenergic Receptor Blockers
    - Other Antihypertensive Drugs
- SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
- NURSING CARE OF THE PATIENT WITH HYPERTENSION
  - Assessment
  - Health History
  - Physical Examination
  - Interventions
  - Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management
  - Risk for Injury
    - Orthostatic Hypotension
    - Sedation
  - Ineffective Coping
  - Sexual Dysfunction
- PATIENT TEACHING
  - Hypertension
- OLDER PATIENTS
- HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
  - Hypertensive Crisis
  - Introduction
  - Anatomy and Physiology of Peripheral Vessels
    - Structure of Blood Vessels
  - Arteries
    - Conductive Arteries
    - Muscular Arteries
  - Structure of the Arterioles
  - Structure of the Capillaries
  - Structure of the Venules and the Vein
  - Functions of the Blood Vessels
  - Functions of the Lymphatic System
  - Coagulation and Thrombosis (Figs 17.35 to 17.37)
    - Coagulation Mechanism
  - Stages of Coagulation
    - Factors Involved in Thrombosis
  - Etiology
  - Classification of Vascular Disease
  - Definition of Vascular Disease
  - Physiology of Peripheral Vascular System
  - Peripheral Vascular Regulatory Mechanisms
  - Alteration in Physiology of Peripheral Vascular Disease
- ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISORDERS
  - History
  - Symptoms of Arterial Disorders
  - Symptoms of Venous Disorders
  - Hallmarks of Arterial Insufficiency
  - Clinical Manifestations (Table 17.17)
  - Past Health History
  - Family Health History
  - Psychosocial History
  - Physical Examination
    - Inspection
  - Palpation (Normal)
  - Auscultation
  - Diagnostic Tests
    - Noninvasive Technique
    - Invasive Techniques
  - Nursing Care After Angiography
  - Complication
- NURSING CARE OF PATIENTS WITH VENOUS DISORDERS
  - Acute Venous Disorders
  - Superficial Thrombophlebitis
  - Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) (Fig. 17.40)
  - Clinical Manifestations of Diagnostic Findings
  - Nursing Management of the Patient with Deep Vein Thrombosis (Table 17.19)
    - Assessment
  - Assessment for Development of Pulmonary Embolism (Fig. 17.43)
    - Surgical Management
  - Chronic Venous Insufficiency
  - Comparison of Superficial and Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis (Table 17.20)
  - Venous Stasis Ulceration
  - Advantages of Unna's Boot
  - Disadvantages of Unna's Boot
- NURSING MANAGEMENT OF VENOUS STASIS ULCER (TABLE 17.21)
  - Assessment (Venous ulcer)
  - Varicose Veins
- LYMPHATIC DISORDERS
  - Lymphedema
  - Filariasis
  - Nursing Management (Table 17.23)
    - Assessment
  - Lymphadenitis
  - Arterial Disease
    - Etiology and Pathophysiology
- BUERGER'S DISEASE (THROMBO ANGIITIS OBLITERANS-TAO)
  - History of of the Disease
  - Definition
  - Etiology
  - Risk Factors
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Diagnostic Investigation
  - Doppler Ultrasonic Flow Studies
- NURSING MANAGEMENT OF TAO (THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS)
  - Nursing Diagnosis
    - Goals
    - Promotion of Vasodilation and Prevention of Vascular
  - Assessment and Diagnosis
  - Medical Management
  - Surgical Management of Arterial and Venous Disorders
  - Embolectomy
  - Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty
  - Endarterectomy
  - Vein Ligation and Stripping
  - Sclerotherapy
  - Preoperative Nursing Care
  - Postoperative Nursing Care
  - Drugs
  - Anticoagulants
  - Health Education: Anticoagulant Therapy
- NURSING CARE OF THE PATIENT WITH CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY (TABLE 17.24)
  - Assessment
  - Interventions Ineffective Tissue Perfusion
  - Disturbed Body Image
  - Risk for Infection
  - Impaired Skin Integrity
  - Lymphangitis
    - Pathophysiology
  - Signs and Symptoms
- DIAGNOSIS: LYMPHANGITIS IS CONFIRMED BY DOING LYMPH ANGIOGRAPHY
  - Medical and Surgical Management
  - Nursing Care of the Patient with Lymphangitis Assessment
  - Raynaud's Disease
    - Historical View on Raynaud's Disease
  - General Classification
  - Risk Factors/Induced Factors
    - Pathophysiology
  - Vascular Wall Renin Angiotensin System
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Management
18:Nursing Care of Patients with Respiratory Disorders
- DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  - Introduction
    - Historic Prospectives of Oxygen
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (FIG. 18.1)
  - Organs of Respiration
- MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION
  - Inhalation
  - Exhalation
- CONTROL OF RESPIRATION (FIG. 18.3)
- DIFFUSION AND TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES
  - Diffusion
  - Pulmonary Perfusion
- TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES BY THE BLOOD
- PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE CHEST
- LABORATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
- ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OR NURSING HISTORY
- MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- OBSTRUCTIVE DISORDERS OF THE AIRWAYS
- ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
- NURSING INTERVENTIONS COMMON TO RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
- OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASE (TABLE 18.14)
- CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (FIG. 18.17)
19:Nursing Care of Patients with Urinary Disorders
- URINARY SYSTEM
  - Introduction
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (FIG. 19.1)
  - Kidneys
    - Structure of the Kidney (Fig. 19.2)
  - Ureters
  - Bladder
  - Urethra
  - Formation of Urine (Fig. 19.3)
  - Composition of Urine
  - Normal Constituents of Urine
  - Abnormal Constituents of Urine
  - Micturition: Act of Passing Urine
- RENAL DISORDERS
  - Introduction
- CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE MALE URINARY SYSTEM
  - Anomalies of the Kidneys
- RETRACTILE TESTES
- ECTOPIC TESTES
- TRULY UNDESCENDED TESTES
  - Therapeutic Management
  - Medical Therapy
  - Hypospadias
    - Types
  - Diagnostic Assessment
  - Therapeutic Management
  - Reasons
  - Postoperative Care
  - Nursing Care
  - Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
- ANOMALIES OF THE RENAL PELVIS AND URETER
- ABIFID RENAL PELVIS
  - Ureterial Duplication
    - Ureteral Ectopia
  - Abnormal Dilation of the Ureter
    - Types
- ANOMALIES OF THE BLADDER
  - Exstrophy
  - Epispadias
    - It is seen rarely
  - Etiology- Not known
    - Pathophysiology
  - Therapeutic Management
    - Major Goals
    - Treatment
- NURSING DIAGNOSIS
  - Altered Family Process
  - Prolonged Hospitalization for Surgical Procedures
- POTENTIAL IMPAIRED TISSUE INTEGRITY AND BLADDER MUCOSA RELATED TO IRRITATION AND TRAUMA
- URINARY TRACT INFECTION
  - Definition
  - Contributing Factors
  - Classification of Urinary Tract Infections
  - Ureterovesical Reflux
  - Fecal Contamination
  - Stasis of Urine
  - Bacterial
- NURSING CARE OF PATIENT WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTION
- PYELONEPHRITIS
  - Definition
  - Etiology
  - Pathophysiology
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Management
- CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Diagnostic
  - Management
  - Complications
- PERINEPHRIC ABSCESS
  - Definition
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Management
- RENAL CARBUNCLE (RENAL ABSCESS)
  - Definition
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Management
- CYSTITTIS (LOWER URINARY TRACT INFECTION)
  - Definition
  - Etiology
  - Contributing Factors
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Management
    - Assessment
- INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS
  - Risk Factors
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Diagnosis
  - Surgical Management
  - Medical Management
  - Nursing Management
- URETHRITIS
  - Causes
    - In Men
    - In Women
  - Pathophysiology
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
  - Management
  - Ureteritis
  - Urinary Calculi
  - Etiology
  - Risk Factors
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestation
  - Diagnostic Examination
  - Medical Management
    - Fluids and Ambulation
    - Stone Prevention Diet
  - Levels of Prevention
- BLADDER TRAUMA
  - Definition
  - Incidence
  - Etiology
  - Risk Factors
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Diagnostic Assessment
  - Medical Management
  - Surgical Management
    - Complication
  - Nursing Management
    - Posthospital Care
- RENAL FAILURE
  - Types
  - Acute Renal Failure
    - Stages of Acute Renal Failure
  - Causes of Acute Renal Failure
- CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (OR) ENDSTAGE RENAL DISEASE
  - Definition
  - Uremia
  - Incidence
  - Etiology
  - Risk Factors
    - Systemic Disease
  - Stages of Chronic Renal Failure
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Musculoskeletal System
- INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
  - Preoperative Management
  - Nursing Intervention
  - Postoperative Management
    - Immunosuppressive Therapy
    - Graft Rejection (Figs 19.8A and B)
- NURSING ASSESSMENT IN RENAL DISORDERS (TABLE 19.6)
  - Postoperative Nursing Intervention
- DIALYSIS
  - Definition
  - Purposes of Dialysis
  - Principles of Dialysis (Fig. 19.9)
- PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (FIG. 19.10, TABLE 19.5)
  - Definition
  - Purpose
  - Classification
  - Principles
  - Procedure
  - Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis
  - Classification
    - Acute Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis
    - Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)
20:Nursing Care of Patients with Endocrine Disorders
- HORMONES
- DISORDERS OF ADRENAL GLANDS
- DISORDERS OF ADNERAL GLAND
- HYPERFUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
- DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
- NURSING CARE OF PATIENT WITH HYPERTHYROIDISM, AND THYROTOXICOSIS
- NURSING CARE OF PATIENT UNDERGOING THYROIDECTOMY
- PARATHYROID GLANDS
- DISORDERS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
- DIABETES MELLITUS
- INSULIN THERAPY
- PREPARING THE INJECTION
- LATE SYSTEMIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
- BRITTLE DIABETES
  - Incidence: Heterogeneous Causes
- PANCREAS
  - Anatomy and Physiology (Fig. 20.29)
  - Pancreatitis
21:Nursing Care of Patients with Orthopedic Conditions
- OSTEOARTHRITIS
- INFLAMMATORY JOINT DISEASES
- METABOLIC JOINT DISEASE
  - Gout
- COMMON MUSCULOSKELETAL PROBLEMS
- TUMORS OF BONE
  - Neoplasms
  - Sarcoma (Malignant Tumors)
- CLASSIFICATION OF MALIGNANT TUMORS: PRIMARY BONE TUMORS (TABLE 21.3)
  - Secondary (Metastatic) Tumors of Bone
  - Nursing Care of Patient with the Bone Tumor
    - Assessment
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF RECONSTRUCTIVE JOINT SURGERY
- NURSING CARE OF THE PATIENT UNDERGOING WITH AMPUTATION (TABLE 21.6)
  - Preparing for a Prosthesis
    - Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications
- CARE OF PATIENTS WITH TRAUMA TO BONES, JOINTS, LIGAMENTS AND FRACTURES
- FRACTURES
- COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURE
- SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
- RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
  - Environmental Factors
  - Signs and Symptoms:
- DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
- DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUGS (DMARDs)
- ANTITUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR α ANTIBODY THERAPY
- CORTICOSTEROIDS (TABLE 21.10)
- NURSING CARE OF THE PATIENT WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (TABLE 21.11)
22:Nursing Care of Patients with Gastrointestinal Disorders
- DISTURBANCES OF MOUTH AND ESOPHAGUS
  - Anatomy and Physiology of the Mouth
  - Esophagus
  - Digestion in the Stomach
  - The Small Intestines
    - The Duodenum
    - The Jejunum and Ileum
  - Digestion in the Small Intestines
    - In the Duodenum
    - In the Jejunum and Ileum
  - The Large Intestines
- DEFECATION
  - Assessment of Clients with Gastrointestinal Disorders
    - History: Biographical and Demographic Data
    - Chief Complaint
  - Normal (Gastrointestinal System) Physical Assessment Findings
    - Inspection of Mouth
  - Assessing the Abdomen
    - Inspection: Assess the Skin and the Contour of the Abdomen
  - Rectal Examination
  - Assessing the Anus and Rectum
    - Inspection
    - Palpation
  - Past Health History
  - Nutrition and Cultural Pattern
    - Health-related Dietary Beliefs and Practices
  - Major Illness and Hospitalization
  - Laboratory Tests (Table 22.1)
  - Laboratory Investigation
    - Carcinoembryonic Antigen
    - D-xylose Absorption Test
  - Fecal Analysis
  - Noninvasive Diagnostic Tests
- DENTAL DISORDERS
  - Reasons
  - Dental Plaque
  - Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
  - Periodontal Disease
  - Dental Emergencies
    - Treatment
- ABNORMALITIES OF THE MOUTH
  - Stomatitis
    - Causes
    - Classification
  - Aphthous Stomatitis (Canker Sores)
    - Pathophysiology
    - Management
  - Herpes Simplex (Cold Sore or Fever Blister)
  - Etiology
  - Nicotine Stomatitis (Smoker's Patch)
    - Cause
    - Signs and Symptoms
- DISORDERS OF THE GUMS
  - Gingivitis
    - Signs and Symptoms
    - Nursing care
  - Vincent's Angina (Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis, Trench, Mouth)
  - Candidiasis (Moniliasis, Thrush)
- DISORDERS OF THE LIPS
  - Actinic Cheilitis
  - Chancre
  - Contact Dermatitis
- TUMORS OF THE ORAL CAVITY (FIGS 22.9 TO 22.20)
  - Benign Tumors of the Oral Cavity
  - Malignant Tumors of the Oral Cavity
    - Age
    - Associated Factors
  - Types of Malignant Tumors of the Oral Cavity
    - Basal Cell Carcinoma
    - Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  - Kaposi's Sarcoma
    - Signs and Symptoms
  - TNM Staging of Cancers of the Lip and Oral Cavity (Table 22.3)
    - Stage Grouping (Table 22.4)
  - Nursing Care of Patient with Mouth Ulcers
- INFLAMMATION
  - Gastritis
    - Types
  - Causes of Acute Gastritis
    - Pathophysiology
  - Chronic Gastritis
  - Peptic Ulcer
  - Gastric Mucosal Barrier
    - Factors Influencing Mucosal Resistance
  - Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome (Gastrinoma)
  - Stress Ulcer
    - Definition
    - Pathophysiology
  - Cushing's Ulcers and Curling's Ulcers
  - Comparison of Duodenal Ulcer and Gastric Ulcer (Table 22.7)
  - Drug Therapy (Table 22.8)
  - Surgical Intervention
    - Indications (Figs 22.23A to C)
    - Surgeries
  - Nursing Care of Patient with Peptic Ulcer (Table 22.10)
  - Gastric Cancer
  - Surgical Management
  - Nursing Care of Patient with Gastric Cancer (Table 22.11)
  - Nursing Care of Patient Undergoing Gastric Surgery
- MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS
  - Hemorrhage
  - Shock
  - Pulmonary Complication
  - Dumping Syndrome
  - Steatorrhea
  - Malabsorption
    - Signs and Symptoms
    - Management
  - Vitamin B12 Deficiency
    - Treatment
  - Gastritis and Esophagitis
  - Lactose Deficiency
- INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
  - Definition
  - Causes
  - Incidence
  - Types
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
- SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
    - X-ray Studies
    - Laboratory Studies
  - Management
    - Tubes to be Used
    - Procedure
  - Surgical Treatment
  - Nonsurgical Treatment
- LARGE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
  - Medical Management
  - Surgical Management
  - Nursing Interventions
- ABNORMALITIES OF FECAL ELIMINATION
  - Constipation
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Diarrhea
  - Food Poisoning
  - Dysentery
  - Assessment
- FECAL INCONTINENCE
  - Etiology
  - Pathophysiology
  - Medical Management
  - Nursing Management
- MALABSORPTION
  - Definition
  - Causes
  - Pathophysiology
    - Adult Celiac Disease
    - Lactose Intolerance
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Management
- ACUTE INFLAMMATORY INTESTINAL DISORDERS: APPENDICITIS
  - Anatomy and Physiology of Appendix
  - Definition
  - Incidence
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
    - Radiological Examination
  - Management
  - Complications of Appendicitis
  - Nursing Interventions
    - Preoperative Care
    - Postoperative Care
- DIVERTICULITIS
  - Definition
  - Incidence
  - Pathophysiology
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
  - Management
  - Surgical Management
    - One Stage
    - Multiple Staged
  - Therapeutic Management (Table 22.18)
  - Complications
- CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
  - Incidence
  - Causes
    - Psychologic Factors
  - Regional Enteritis (Crohn's Disease)
  - Ulcerative Colitis
  - Nursing Care of Patient with ulcerative Colitis (Table 22.19)
- ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTION
  - Liver and Gallbladder (Figs 22.26 A to D)
    - Functions of the Liver and Gallbladder
- DISORDER OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM
  - Jaundice
  - Hemolytic Jaundice (Fig. 22.27)
  - Nursing Care of the Patient with Abnormal Liver Function (Table 22.21)
- HEPATIC DISORDERS
  - Viral Hepatitis
  - Hepatitis A
  - Hepatitis B
  - Hepatitis B Immunogloblulin
  - Hepatitis C
  - Hepatitis D
  - Hepatitis E
  - Toxic and Drug-induced Hepatitis
  - Fulminant Hepatic Failure
  - Alcoholic Hepatitis
    - Signs and Symptoms
    - Diagnosis
  - Hepatic Cirrhosis
- BILIARY CONDITIONS (FIG. 22.32)
  - Cholecystitis
  - Cholelithiasis (Fig. 22.33)
- DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN CHOLELITHIASIS AND CHOLECYSTITIS (FIG. 22.34)
  - Types of Cholecystitis
    - Acute Cholecystitis
    - Chronic Cholecystitis
  - Pain and Biliary Colic
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
  - Medical Management
  - Pathophysiology of Gallbladder Diseases
    - Pigmented Stones
  - Carcinoma of the Biliary System
  - Nonsurgical Stone Removal
  - Surgical Management (Fig. 22.37)
    - Cholecystectomy
  - Nursing Care of patient with Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (Table 22.28)
  - Nursing Care of Patient with Gallbladder Surgery
23:Nursing Care of Patients with Disorders of Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Nose and Ear
- PHARYNX (FIG. 23.1)
- TONSILS
- LARYNX
- TRACHEOSTOMY
- DISORDERS OF NOSE
- EPISTAXIS
- NASAL OBSTRUCTION
  - Management
  - Nursing Care
- NASAL ALLERGY
- NASAL POLYP
- DEFLECTED NASAL SEPTUM (DNS)
- RHINITIS
- NURSING PROCESS
  - Assessment
    - Inspection
- DISORDERS OF THE EAR
- DISORDERS OF THE EAR
- RISK FACTORS AND LEVELS OF PREVENTION OF HEARING LOSS
  - Levels of Prevention
  - Medical Management
- DISORDERS OF THE EXTERNAL EAR
- DISORDERS OF THE MIDDLE EAR
- CONDITIONS OF THE INNER EAR MÉNIÈRE'S DISEASE
24:Nursing Care of Patients with Breast Disorders
- DISORDERS OF BREAST
- COMMON DISORDERS OF BREAST
25:Nursing Care of Patients with Eye Disorders
- EYE
  - Anatomy and Physiology
- EXAMINATION OF THE EYE
  - Assessment of the eye
  - Abnormal Appearance
    - Redness of the Eye
  - Abnormal Growth
  - Abnormal Sensation
  - Past Health History
  - Physical Examination of Eye
  - Dark Room Procedures
  - Postmydriatic Test (PMT)
    - Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
- COMMON OPHTHALMIC DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES
  - Fluorescein Angiography
  - Ultrasonography
  - Instillation of Medications
  - Irrigation of the Eye
  - Application of Dressing or Patch
    - Procedure
  - Eye Shield (Plastic or Metal)
    - Pressuring Dressing
    - Point to Remember
  - Removal of Foreign Body
    - Procedure
- REMOVING CONTACT LENSES
  - Points to remember
    - Procedure
  - Swabbing the Eye
    - Purpose
    - Procedure
  - Hot or Cold Compresses
    - Indications
  - Cold Compresses
    - Technique
  - Physiology of Lacrimal Secretion Fig. 25.17
    - Inner Mucin Layer Secreted by Goblet Cells of Conjunctiva
- WATERING OF THE EYE (EPIPHORA)
  - Types
    - Causes of Lacrimation
    - Causes of Epiphora
  - Investigation/Diagnostic Examination
    - Malposition of the Puncta
  - Dacryocystitis
  - Dacryocystorhinostomy
    - Indication for DCR
  - Dacryocystectomy (DCT)
    - Indication for DCT
  - Dacryocystectomy
    - Steps of Operation
  - Dry Eyes (Keratoconjunctivitis)
  - Sign and Symptoms
- DISEASES OF THE EYELIDS
  - Causes
  - Inflammation of the Lids
    - Types and Etiology
  - Symptoms
    - Complications
    - Treatment
  - Inflammation of the Lids
  - Pathology
  - Blepharospasm
    - Causes
  - Spastic Entropian
- DISEASES OF CONJUNCTIVA
  - Conjunctivitis
    - I. Classification
    - II. Based on Etiology
  - Types of Conjunctivitis
    - Lab Investigation
  - Bacterial Conjunctivitis
    - Signs and Symptoms
  - Gonococcal Conjunctivitis
    - Cause
    - Sign and Symptoms
  - Lab Investigation:
    - Treatment
  - Chronic Bacterial Conjunctivitis
  - Viral Conjunctivitis
  - Signs and Symptoms
    - Management
  - Chlamydial Conjunctivitis
  - Trachoma
  - Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis
    - Causes
  - Signs and Symptoms
    - Treatment and Management of Ophthalmia Neonatorum
  - Allergic Conjunctivitis
    - Types
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Atopic Conjunctivitis
    - Treatment
  - Toxic Conjunctivitis
    - Management
  - General Nursing Management
  - Diseases of Uvea
- DISORDERS OF CORNEA
  - Anatomy
  - Keratitis (Corneal Ulcer)
  - Classification
    - Causes
    - Complications
  - Investigation of Corneal Ulcer
  - Treatment of Corneal Ulcer
  - Corneal Opacity
  - Methods of Storage
  - Complications
- DISEASE OF THE LENS
  - Cataract
  - Classification of Cataract
  - Based on Stage of Development
  - Causes of the Opacity
  - Acute Juvenile Diabetic Cataract
    - Sign and Symptoms
    - Pathophysiology
  - Management of Cataract
  - Bilateral Cataract
  - Unilateral Cataract
  - Surgical Management
  - Indications of Surgery
  - Preoperative Assessment
  - Surgical Procedures and Techniques
- EXTRACAPSULAR METHOD
  - Phacoemulsification
  - Preparation for Surgery
  - Operation Postoperative
  - Postoperation
  - Discharge
  - Point on Care to be Taken After Surgery
    - General care
    - Specific Care of the Operated Eye
  - Instructions to the Attendant
    - Review
  - Intracapsular Cataract Extraction
  - Complications of Cataract Surgery
- INTRAOCULAR LENS (PSEUDOPHAKOSE)
  - Indications of IOL
  - Contraindications
  - Classification of IOL
    - Each IOL Consists of Two Parts
  - Posterior Chamber IOLs
  - Anterior Chamber IOLs
    - Rarely Used
  - Primary IOL Implantation
  - Secondary IOL Implantation
    - Calculation of Intraocular Lens Power
- CONTACT LENSES
  - Medical Indications
  - Contraindication
  - Education
  - Types of Lenses
  - Soft Contact Lens
  - Clinical Features
  - Treatment
    - A. Prophylaxis
    - B. General Management
  - Scleritis
  - Causes and Associations
  - Anterior non-necrotizing Scleritis
    - Clinical Features
    - Treatment
  - Anterior Necrotizing with Inflammation
  - Clinical Features
  - Complications
  - Treatment
  - Scleral Discoloration
    - Focal Discoloration
  - Disorders of Ocular Motility
    - Anatomy of the Eye Muscle
  - Squint (Strabismus)
  - Classification
- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONCOMITANT AND PARALYTIC SQUINT
  - Treatment
  - Nystagmus
  - Causes:
    - Symptoms
    - Treatment
- GLAUCOMA (DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE)
  - Aqueous Production
  - The Aqueous Humour Circulations
  - Flowchart of Drainage of aqueous humour
    - The Intraocular Pressure
    - Factors Influencing Intraocular Pressure
- CLASSIFICATION OF GLAUCOMAS
  - Classification
  - Congenital/developmental Glaucoma
    - Etiology and Types
  - Sign and Symptoms
    - Treatment
  - Classification of Aquired Glaucoma
    - Primary
    - Secondary
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Treatment
    - Surgical
- PRIMARY GLAUCOMAS
  - Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
  - Pathology
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
  - Surgical Therapy: Indications:
  - Types of Surgery
  - Primary Angle-closure Glaucoma
  - Pathophysiology
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Diagnostic Evaluation
    - Management
  - Signs and Symptoms
    - Treatment
  - Surgical Management: Filtering Operation
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Complications
  - Common Diagnostic Procedure Done For Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma
  - Nursing Care of Patients with Glaucoma
- RETINAL DETACHMENT
  - Definition
  - Causes
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Investigation
    - Treatment
  - Complication
  - Nursing Care
  - Other Nursing Diagnosis
  - Injuries of the Eye
    - Ocular Trauma
  - Signs and Symptoms
    - Treatment
  - Anterior Segment Trauma
    - Treatment
  - Surgical Evacuation
    - Treatment
- ORBITAL TRAUMA
  - Burns
    - Treatment
  - Thermal
- REFRACTION
  - Emmetropia
  - Ametropia (Eye With Abnormal Refraction)
  - Causes of Refractive Errors
  - Axial Ametropia
  - Curvature Ametropia
  - Index Ametropia
  - Myopia
  - Etiology and Varieties
    - Axial Myopia
    - Causes of Lengthening of the Eyeball
    - II. Curvature Myopia
    - III. Index Myopia
  - Congenital Myopia Is Present Since Birth
    - Stationary or Simple Myopia
  - Symptoms
  - Signs
  - Complications
    - Treatment
  - Hypermetropia
  - Etiology
  - Varieties
  - Symptoms
  - Signs
  - Complications
    - Treatment
  - Astigmatism
  - Types
  - Etiology of Irregular Astigmatism
    - Symptoms
    - Treatment
  - Diagnosis
  - Presbyopia
  - Symptoms
  - Treatment
  - Aphakia
  - Causes
  - Symptoms
  - Signs
  - Changes Occurring in an Aphakic Eye
    - Treatment
- CONTACT LENSES
  - Types
  - Indications
  - Visual Hygiene
    - Eye Strain
    - Reading Distance
  - Illumination
  - Nursing Care of the Patient having Eye Surgery
    - Preoperative Care
    - Postoperative Care
  - Blindness in Different age-groups
- BLINDNESS AND ITS PREVENTION
  - Definition (WHO)
  - Type 1
  - Type 2
  - Causes of Blindness in India
- NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE CONTROL OF BLINDNESS (NPCB)
  - Overall Objectives of NPCB (launched in 1976)
  - Methods of Intervention by NPCB
  - Voluntary Organizations
  - Introduction
    - Ocular Manifestation
  - (WHO) Major Signs and Symptoms of Xerophthalmia XN-Night Blindness
    - Earliest Manifestation
  - Rehabilitation of Blind
  - Nursing Management of Patients with Blindness
    - Nursing Diagnosis
26:Nursing Care of Patients with Plastic Surgery
- RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERIES
  - Cleft Lip Surgery
- DAB (Scar)
- COSMETIC PROCEDURES
  - Laser Surgery
  - Non-Laser Cosmetic Procedures
Appendices
- 1. NANDA APPROVED NURSING DIAGNOSES
- 2. LABORATORY NORMAL VALUES
- 3. CARE STUDY FORMAT
  - Comprehensive History: Adult Patients
- 4. INSTRUMENTS USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGIC PROCEDURE
  - 1. Eye Speculum (Universal)
  - Eye Speculum (Guarded)
  - 2. Fixation Forceps
  - 3. Cataract Knife
  - 4. Intracapsular Forceps
  - 5. Cystitome
  - 6. Capsule Forceps
  - 7. McNamara Spoon
  - 8. Lens Expressor
  - 9. Iris Forceps
  - 10. Iris Scissors (Angular)
  - 11. Iris Repositor
  - 12. Discission Needle (Bowman's)
  - 13. Ordinary Discission Needle
  - 14. Keratome
  - 15. Zeigler's Knife
  - 16. Vectis
  - 17. Tooke's Knife (Corneal Splitter)
  - 18. Elliot's Sclero-corneal Trephine Handle with Blade
  - 19. Disk Holding Forceps
  - 20. Thermo-cautery
  - 21. Epilation Forceps (Removal of hair by the roots)
  - 22. Desmarre's Upper Lid Retractor
  - 23. Enucleation Scissors
  - 24. Punctum Dilator (Nettleship's)
  - 25. Lacrimal Canula
  - 26. Chalazion Forceps
  - 27. Beer's Knife
  - 28. Chalazion Scoop
  - 29. Squint Hook
  - 30. Strabismus Scissors
  - 31. Foreign Body Spud and Needle
  - 32. Cyclodialysis spatula
- 5. VENTILATOR SETTINGS
  - Patients Under Ventilator Settings
  - Initial Ventilator Settings
- ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS USED IN RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
- 6. OXYGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS
- 7. CCU PROTOCOLS FOR MANAGING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
  - Activities in CCU
  - Diet
  - Investigations in CCU
  - Monitor
  - In Ward
    - Treatment
  - Activities in Ward
  - Diet
  - Investigations
  - Monitor
  - Discharge
  - OPD Follow-up
  - Treatment
- 8. SPECIAL DIETS
  - Non-vegetarian
  - N.B
  - Non-vegetarian
    - Foods to Avoid
    - Foods to Restrict
  - Foods to Avoid
    - Non-vegetarian
  - Foods to be Avoided
  - Avoid
  - Non-vegetarians
    - Foods to Avoid
    - Foods to Restrict
  - Include These Foods Daily
  - Foods to Avoid
- 9. NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT NERVOUS SYSTEM—HISTORY
- NERVOUS SYSTEM—EXAMIN ATION
- EXAMINATION-CONSCIOUS LEVEL ASSESSMENT
  - Eye Opening
  - Verbal Response
  - Motor Response
  - Localizing to Pain
  - Flexing to Pain
  - Extending to Pain
  - None
- EXAMINATION-HIGHER CEREBRAL FUNCTION
  - Cognitive Skill
  - Memory Test
  - Reasoning and Problem Solving
  - Emotional State
- CRANIAL NERVE EXAMINATION
  - Olfactory Nerve (I)
  - Optic Nerve (II)
  - Trigeminal Nerve (V)
  - Facial Nerve (VII)
  - Auditory Nerve (VIII)
    - Cochlear Component
  - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX): Vagus Nerve (X)
  - Gag Reflex
  - Accessory Nerve (XI)
    - Sternomastoid
  - Trapezius
  - Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
- EXAMINATION OF UPPER LIMBS
  - Motor System
  - Power
  - Test for Serratus Anterior
  - Thumb extension—terminal Phalanx
  - Finger flexion—terminal phalanx
- SENSATION
  - Pain
  - Light touch
  - Temperature
  - Joint Position Sense
  - Limb Weakness
  - Vibration
- REFLEXES
  - Biceps Jerk: C5, C6 roots. Musculocutaneous nerve
  - Supinatory Jerk: C6, C7 roots Radial nerve
  - Triceps jerk: C6, C7 roots Radial nerve
  - Hoffman reflex C7, C8
  - Reflex enhancement
- COORDINATION
  - Incoordination
    - Finger-nose testing
    - Rebound Phenomenon
  - Sensation
  - Sphincters
- EXAMINATION—LOWER LIMBS
- MOTOR SYSTEM
  - Tone
  - Clonus
  - Power
  - Hip Flexion
  - Hip Extension
  - Hip Abduction
  - Hip Adduction
  - Knee Flexion
  - Knee Extension
  - Dorsiflexion
  - Plantar Flexion
  - Toe extension
  - Inversion
  - Eversion
  - Sensation
  - Test
  - Joint Position Sense
  - Vibration
  - Reflexes
    - Ankle jerk: S1, S2 roots
    - Reflex Enhancement
    - Plantar Response
  - Coordination
- EXAMINATION POSTURE AND GAIT
  - Romberg's Test
  - Gait
    - Note
- EXAMINATION OF THE UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT HISTORY
- GENERAL EXAMINATION
- NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION
  - Pupil response
  - Eye Movements
  - Visual Fields
  - Facial Weakness
- ASSISTING WITH PROCEDURES
  - Visual Fields
  - Optic Fundus (Ophthalmoscopy)
  - Pupils
  - Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV) and Abducens (VI) Nerves
  - Ocular Movement
- NEUROLOGICAL OBSERVATION CHART
- 10A. BIOPSY
  - Liver Biopsy
  - Renal Biopsy
- 10B. DRAINAGE
  - Abdominal Paracentesis
  - Thoracentesis
  - Chest Drainage
- 11. LUMBAR PUNCTURE
  - Definition
  - Indication
    - Diagnostic
    - Therapeutic
  - Contraindications
  - Site
  - Equipment
- PROCEDURE
  - Preprocedure Care
  - Procedure
  - Postprocedure Care
  - Complications
- 12. CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE
  - Definition
  - Factors Influencing and Altering CVP
    - Influencing Factors
    - Altering Factors
  - Uses of CVP for Monitoring Hydration
  - Procedure
  - Recording CVP
  - Complications
- 13. MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE
  - Sphygmomanometer
    - Procedure
  - Advantages
  - Direct Measurement
    - Procedure
- 14. TUBE FEEDING
  - Types of Feeding Solutions
    - Prepackaged Enteral Diets
  - Types of Feeding Tubes
  - Procedure
  - Bolus Feeding
  - Continuous or Intermittent “Drip” Feeding
  - Feeding Problems and Solutions during Home Management
  - Periodic Nutritional Assessment
  - Personal Hygiene
- 15. METHODS OF PHYSIOTHERAPY
  - Chest Physiotherapy
    - Aims of Physiotherapy
  - Team Work
    - Nurse's Role
    - Patient Assessment
  - Observation
  - Investigations
  - Equipment
  - Physiotherapy Techniques
  - Postural Drainage
  - Techniques Used with Deep Breathing Exercises
  - Suction Technique for the Non-intubated Patient
  - Sputum Collection and Assessment
    - Sputum Trap
  - Chest Physiotherapy Related to Pre- and Postoperative Period
    - Preoperative Period
    - Postoperative Period
  - Discharge
- 16. CALCULATION OF INTRAVENOUS DRUG
- 17. CALCULATION OF NITRADE DRIP
- 18. CALCULATION OF DOBUTAMINE/DOPAMINE DRIP, µG/KG/MIN
- 19A. BODY MASS INDEX CALCULATION
- 19B. BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION PATTERN CHARACTERISTICS
- 19C. BODY MASS INDEX CHART
- 20. WEIGHT CONVERSION TABLE
  - Desirable Weight
- POUND AND KILOGRAM CONVERSION
- 21. COMMON ANTIDOTES
- 22. PERCEIVED EXERTION SCALE
  - Measuring Activity tolerance with the Perceived Exertion Scale
- 23. ADVANCE CARDIAC LIFE SUPPORT DRUGS
- DRUGS USED IN CARDIAC ARREST BY ROUTE
- UNIT COMPOSITION OF DRUG MIXTURES FOR CONTINUOUS INFUSIONS AND USUAL DOSES

INDEX

TOC
Index

×

Chapter Notes