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Tuberculosis Surendra K Sharma, Alladi Mohan

CHAPTER 1:Introduction
- INTRODUCTION
- TUBERCULOSIS EPIDEMIC
- TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSTICS
- NEWER ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUG DISCOVERY
- VACCINE
- CORRELATES OF IMMUNOPROTECTION FROM TUBERCULOSIS
  - Response to the Challenge of Multidrug-resistant and Extensively Drug-resistant Tuberculosis
  - Other Innovations
CHAPTER 2:History
- INTRODUCTION
- TUBERCULOSIS IN ANCIENT TIMES
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- TUBERCULOSIS IN ARTS AND LITERATURE
- HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION
- INDIA AND TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL
- EPILOGUE
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 3:Epidemiology
- INTRODUCTION
- INFECTION AND ITS PROGRESS IN INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITY: THE BACKGROUND BEHIND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL LOAD
- INDICES USED AND DEFINITIONS
- SETTING THE GOAL OF INTERVENTION IN INDIA: THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONTEXT
- TUBERCULOSIS PROBLEM: STUDIES ON INDIAN SITUATION
- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TREND OF TUBERCULOSIS IN INDIA
- REVIEW OF RECENT FACTORS THREATENING ESCALATION
  - Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS
  - Tuberculosis and Multidrug-resistant and Extensively Drug-resistant Tuberculosis
- ASSESSING TUBERCULOSIS SITUATION THROUGH MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
  - Tuberculosis Across the Globe
  - Tuberculosis Modelling in the Indian Context
- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVALUATION: FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 4:Epidemiology: Global Perspective
- INTRODUCTION
- ISSUES IN MEASUREMENT
- THE GLOBAL SCENARIO
  - Historical Trajectory
- GLOBAL TUBERCULOSIS EPIDEMIC: CURRENT STATUS
- GLOBAL TARGETS
CHAPTER 5:Pathology
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- HISTOPATHOLOGICAL APPEARANCE
  - Granuloma
  - Granulomatous Inflammation in Tuberculosis
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- PATHOGENESIS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS
- GENERALIZED [DISSEMINATED] TUBERCULOSIS
- PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS
- GENITOURINARY TUBERCULOSIS
- NEUROTUBERCULOSIS
  - Macroscopic Features
  - Microscopic Features
- SKELETAL TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
- NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF LUNG
  - Pathology
CHAPTER 6:The Mycobacteria
- INTRODUCTION
- CLASSIFICATION
- MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
- NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA
- MYCOBACTERIA PRODUCING SKIN ULCERS
  - Mycobacterium ulcerans
  - Mycobacterium marinum
- SAPROPHYTIC MYCOBACTERIA
CHAPTER 7:Immunology of Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- CHRONOLOGY OF IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- INITIAL ENCOUNTER AND INNATE IMMUNITY
- IMMUNE EFFECTOR MECHANISMS AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
- ACQUIRED T-CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE MECHANISM
- CD4+ AND CD8+ T-CELLS IN TUBERCULOSIS
- CYTOKINES, CHEMOKINES AND GRANULOMA FORMATION
- FINE T-CELL SUBSETS WITH AN IMMUNOREGULATORY ROLE
- IMMUNE EVASION BY MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
- IMMUNOMODULATORS IN TUBERCULOSIS
CHAPTER 8:Genetic Susceptibility Parameters in Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
- NON-GENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INCIDENCE OF TUBERCULOSIS
- GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO TUBERCULOSIS
- IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES
- MOLECULAR GENETICS AND ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX GENES
- BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN LEUCOCYTE ANTIGEN
- HUMAN LEUCOCYTE ANTIGEN AND DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS
- IMMUNOGENETICS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- NON-HUMAN LEUCOCYTE ANTIGEN GENES IN MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS
  - Genome-wide Linkage Analysis
- CANDIDATE GENES IN TUBERCULOSIS
  - Cytokine Genes and Receptors
- INNATE IMMUNITY TO TUBERCULOSIS: ROLE OF TOLL–LIKE RECEPTORS
- THE FUTURE
CHAPTER 9:Genetics of Susceptibility to Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS IN THE GENETIC DISSECTION OF COMPLEX INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- MOUSE MODELS
- GENETIC STUDIES IN HUMAN POPULATIONS
  - Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease [OMIM 209950]
- CANDIDATE GENES
CHAPTER 10:Laboratory Diagnosis
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SPECIMENS: COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION
  - Sputum
    - Collection Procedure
  - Collection of Specimens Other Than Sputum
- DIRECT DEMONSTRATION OF MYCOBACTERIA BY STAINING TECHNIQUES
  - Other Staining Methods Using Carbol Fuchsin
    - Fluorescent Staining
    - Petroff's Method
  - Value of Smear Examination in Extra-pulmonary Specimens
- ISOLATION OF MYCOBACTERIA BY CULTURE
- TESTS FOR CONFIRMATION OF IDENTITY
- ANIMAL INOCULATION
- IMMUNODIAGNOSIS
- DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING
- BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS
  - Adenosine deaminase and Interferon-γ
- TUBERCULOSIS LABORATORY RELATED SAFETY ISSUES
CHAPTER 11:The Tuberculin Skin Test
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- THE TUBERCULINS
- IMMUNOLOGICAL BASIS OF TUBERCULIN TEST
- SKIN CHANGES IN TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST
- THE STANDARD TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST
- SKIN SENSITIVITY TO TUBERCULIN
- SEPARATION OF REACTIONS DUE TO INFECTION WITH TUBERCLE BACILLI FROM REACTIONS DUE TO OTHER CAUSES
- FALSE-POSITIVE AND FALSE-NEGATIVE REACTIONS
- INTERPRETATION OF TUBERCULIN TEST
  - Interpretation of Tuberculin Skin Test Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Persons
- REVERSION, BOOSTER PHENOMENON AND CONVERSION
- DETECTION OF NEWLY INFECTED PERSONS
- HEALTH CARE WORKERS AND TUBERCULIN TEST
- BACILLE CALMETTE GUERIN TEST
- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL USES OF TUBERCULIN TEST
  - Tuberculin Skin Test, Tuberculosis and Sarcoidosis
- NEWER TUBERCULINS
- THE FUTURE
CHAPTER 12:Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Recent Advances and Future Directions
- INTRODUCTION
- CURRENT APPROACH TO DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION: THE TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST
- INTERFERON-GAMMA RELEASE ASSAYS: BIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT
- COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE INTERFERONGAMMA RELEASE ASSAYS TESTS AND THEIR LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS
- WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT INTERFERON-GAMMA RELEASE ASSAYS TEST PERFORMANCE?
- CURRENT INTERNATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND GUIDELINES
- AREAS OF CONTROVERSY AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
- IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE-LIMITED HIGH BURDEN COUNTRIES
CHAPTER 13:Roentgenographic Manifestations of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- IMAGING MODALITIES
- IMAGING IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS
- POST-PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS
- SEQUELAE AND COMPLICATIONS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION
- FAMILY SURVEY
- RADIOGRAPHIC FOLLOW-UP SCHEDULE
CHAPTER 14:Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- NATURAL HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS
  - Primary Tuberculosis
  - Post-primary Tuberculosis
- SYMPTOMS
- PHYSICAL SIGNS
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACTIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 15:Lower Lung Field Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- TERMINOLOGY OF LOWER LUNG FIELD TUBERCULOSIS
- PREVALENCE
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- INVESTIGATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 16:Endobronchial Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- CLINICAL COURSE
- LABORATORY AND RADIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 17:Tuberculosis Pleural Effusion
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNOLOGY
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- RADIOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
- NATURAL HISTORY
- TREATMENT AND ITS RESPONSE
- HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS CO-INFECTION
- PLEURAL EFFUSION DUE TO NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA
- TUBERCULOSIS EMPYEMA
- PSEUDOCHYLOTHORAX AND CHYLOTHORAX
CHAPTER 18:Silicotuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- SILICOSIS
- SILICOTUBERCULOSIS
CHAPTER 19:Abdominal Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- PERITONEAL TUBERCULOSIS
- GASTROINTESTINAL TUBERCULOSIS
- HEPATOBILIARY TUBERCULOSIS
- PANCREATIC TUBERCULOSIS
- SPLENIC TUBERCULOSIS
- ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
- ABDOMINAL INVOLVEMENT IN NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTION
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Medical Treatment
    - Corticosteroids
  - Surgery
    - Surgical Options
CHAPTER 20:Granulomatous Hepatitis
- INTRODUCTION
- AETIOLOGY
- PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- LABORATORY ABNORMALITIES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 21:Neurological Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- TUBERCULOSIS MENINGITIS
- CHRONIC MENINGITIS
- INTRACRANIAL TUBERCULOMAS
- SINGLE, SMALL, ENHANCING BRAIN LESION ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND SEIZURES
- PROGNOSIS AND OUTCOME OF INTRACRANIAL TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS RADICULOMYELITIS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 22:Tuberculosis and Heart
- INTRODUCTION
- TUBERCULOSIS PERICARDITIS
- MYOCARDIAL TUBERCULOSIS
- TAKAYASU'S ARTERITIS
CHAPTER 23:Skeletal Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- SKELETAL TUBERCULOSIS
  - Types
  - Prognosis
- SPINAL TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS OF HIP JOINT
- TUBERCULOSIS OF KNEE JOINT
- TUBERCULOSIS OF ANKLE AND FOOT
- TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SHOULDER JOINT
- TUBERCULOSIS OF ELBOW JOINT
- TUBERCULOSIS OF WRIST JOINT
- TUBERCULOSIS OF SACROILIAC JOINT
- TUBERCULOSIS AT RARE SITES
- TUBERCULOSIS TENOSYNOVITIS AND BURSITIS
  - Tuberculosis Tenosynovitis
  - Tuberculosis Bursitis
- TUBERCULOSIS OSTEOMYELITIS
- TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION OF PROSTHETIC JOINT
CHAPTER 24:Musculoskeletal Manifestations of Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- AETIOPATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY
- CLINICAL SETTING FOR SUSPECTING TUBERCULOSIS ARTHRITIS
- CHANGING CLINICAL PATTERN OF TUBERCULOSIS ARTHRITIS
- REACTIVE [PARA-INFECTIOUS] ARTHRITIS [PONCET'S DISEASE]
  - Pathogenesis
- ARTHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH ADJUVANT MYCOBACTERIAL TREATMENT OF URINARY BLADDER CANCER
- PANNICULITIS ASSOCIATED WITH TUBERCULOSIS
- UNUSUAL PRESENTATIONS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL TUBERCULOSIS
- MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA
- ANTITUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT INDUCED ARTHRALGIAS
- IMAGING OF MUSCULOSKELETAL TUBERCULOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Indications for Synovial Biopsy
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 25:Cutaneous Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - World Scenario
  - Indian Scene
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- CUTANEOUS TUBERCULOSIS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS
- LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
- BACILLE CALMETTE-GUÉRIN AND CUTANEOUS LESIONS
- CUTANEOUS LESIONS DUE TO NONTUBER-CULOUS MYCOBACTERIA
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 26:Lymph Node Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 27:Tuberculosis in Otorhinolaryngology
- INTRODUCTION
- TUBERCULOSIS IN HEAD AND NECK REGION
- TUBERCULOSIS OF CERVICAL LYMPH NODES
- TUBERCULOSIS OF SPINE
- TUBERCULOSIS OF ORAL CAVITY
- TUBERCULOSIS OF LARYNX
- TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS
- TUBERCULOSIS OF PHARYNX
- TUBERCULOSIS OF THE EAR
  - Pathogenesis
  - Clinical Manifestations
- TUBERCULOSIS OF THE NASOPHARYNX
- TUBERCULOSIS OF THE PARANASAL SINUSES
- NASAL TUBERCULOSIS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- IMAGING IN HEAD AND NECK TUBERCULOSIS
- IMPACT OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION
- TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE HEAD AND NECK
CHAPTER 28:Ocular Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OCULAR TUBERCULOSIS
- EYELID TUBERCULOSIS
- CONJUNCTIVAL TUBERCULOSIS
- CORNEAL TUBERCULOSIS
- SCLERAL TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS OF LACRIMAL SYSTEM
- ORBITAL TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS OF THE UVEAL TRACT
- CHOROIDAL TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS IRITIS AND IRIDOCYCLITIS
  - Tuberculosis Endophthalmitis and Panophthalmitis
  - Presumed Intraocular Tuberculosis
- OCULAR TUBERCULOSIS IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED INDIVIDUALS
- PATHOLOGY
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Tuberculin Skin Test
  - Serological and Molecular Methods
- TREATMENT
  - Antituberculosis Treatment Induced Ocular Toxicity
CHAPTER 29:Breast Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- MODE OF INFECTION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Age and Sex
  - Clinical Presentation
- CLASSIFICATION OF BREAST TUBERCULOSIS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIATION FROM CARCINOMA BREAST
- TREATMENT
  - Antituberculosis Treatment
  - Surgical Treatment
CHAPTER 30:Tuberculosis in Pregnancy
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF TUBERCULOSIS DURING PREGNANCY
- EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON TUBERCULOSIS
- EFFECT OF TUBERCULOSIS ON PREGNANCY
  - Abortions
  - Preterm Delivery
- PLACENTAL TRANSMISSION OF TUBERCULOSIS
- CONGENITAL TUBERCULOSIS
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT OF ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS DURING PREGNANCY
- TREATMENT OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION
- MANAGEMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN INFANTS BORN TO MOTHERS WITH TUBERCULOSIS
  - Breast Feeding
- ANTITUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT AND CONTRACEPTION
CHAPTER 31:Female Genital Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Symptoms
  - Physical Signs
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 32:Genitourinary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
  - Antituberculosis Treatment
  - Surgery
CHAPTER 33:Tuberculosis in Chronic Renal Failure
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Clinical Presentation of Tuberculosis during Maintenance Haemodialysis
  - Clinical Presentation of Tuberculosis following Renal Transplantation
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTION IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
CHAPTER 34:Disseminated and Miliary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Age and Gender Distribution
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Rare Manifestations
  - Disseminated and Miliary Tuberculosis in the Immunosuppressed Patients
- LABORATORY FINDINGS
- DIAGNOSIS
  - Serodiagnostic and Molecular Methods
  - Differential Diagnosis
- TREATMENT
  - Corticosteroids
  - Antiretroviral Drugs
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 35:Complications of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- HAEMOPTYSIS
- ASPERGILLOMA [MYCETOMA; “FUNGUS BALL”]
- POST-TUBERCULOSIS BRONCHIECTASIS
- TUBERCULOSIS ENDOBRONCHITIS AND TRACHEITIS
- SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX
- CALCIFICATION
- TUBERCULOSIS LARYNGITIS
- TUBERCULOSIS ENTERITIS
- “OPEN-NEGATIVE” SYNDROME
- SCAR CARCINOMA
- PULMONARY FUNCTION CHANGES
- CHRONIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE
- PULMONARY ARTERY HYPERTENSION AND CHRONIC COR-PULMONALE
- AMYLOIDOSIS
CHAPTER 36:Tuberculosis and Acute Lung Injury
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- PATHOGENESIS
- INCIDENCE
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- CLINICAL SYNDROMES
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 37:Haematological Manifestations of Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- ANAEMIA
- LEUCOCYTE CHANGES
- PLATELET ABNORMALITIES
- PANCYTOPENIA
- COAGULATION ABNORMALITIES
- BONE MARROW CHANGES IN TUBERCULOSIS
- NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTION
- DRUG-INDUCED HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES
- ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
CHAPTER 38:Adrenocortical Reserve in Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- TUBERCULOSIS ADDISON'S DISEASE
  - Clinical Manifestations
  - Imaging Appearances
- ESTIMATION OF ADRENOCORTICAL RESERVE
CHAPTER 39:Endocrine Implications of Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- TUBERCULOSIS AND HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY INVOLVEMENT
- ALTERED WATER AND ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS AND THE THYROID GLAND
- HYPERCALCAEMIA AND TUBERCULOSIS
- VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY AND TUBERCULOSIS
- DIABETES MELLITUS AND TUBERCULOSIS
- TUBERCULOSIS AND DIABETES MELLITUS
CHAPTER 40:Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
  - Paediatric Tuberculosis
- DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS CO-INFECTION
- IMMUNE RECONSTITUTION SYNDROME IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS–TUBERCULOSIS CO-INFECTED PATIENTS
  - Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
  - Extensively Drug-resistant Tuberculosis [XDR-TB]
- CONTROLLING TUBERCULOSIS TRANSMISSION IN SETTINGS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PERSONS
- ROLE OF BACILLE CALMETTE-GUERIN VACCINATION IN PREVENTING TUBERCULOSIS IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED INDIVIDUALS
- PREVENTION
CHAPTER 41:Tuberculosis in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- TRANSMISSION
- NATURAL HISTORY
  - Outcome of Bronchial Obstruction
- CLINICAL FEATURES
  - Intrathoracic Tuberculosis
  - Extra-thoracic Tuberculosis
- DIAGNOSIS
- DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHM FOR PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 42:Diagnosis of Childhood Tuberculosis: Recent Advances and Applicability of New Tools
- INTRODUCTION
- CHILDHOOD TUBERCULOSIS: A DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMA
- ADVANCES IN SYMPTOM-BASED DIAGNOSIS
  - Screening for Disease
  - Diagnosing Disease
- ADVANCES IN IMMUNE-BASED DIAGNOSIS
  - Serological Tests
  - Interferon-gamma Release Assays
- ADVANCES IN BACTERIOLOGY-BASED AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS
CHAPTER 43:Surgical Aspects of Childhood Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- GENITOURINARY TUBERCULOSIS
  - Clinical Presentation
  - Role of Surgery
- ABDOMINAL TUBERCULOSIS
  - Role of Surgery
- PERIPHERAL LYMPH NODE TUBERCULOSIS
  - Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis in Children
  - Role of Surgery
- PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
  - Role of Surgery
- NEUROLOGICAL TUBERCULOSIS
  - Surgical Therapy
CHAPTER 44:Tuberculosis in Elderly
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- REACTIVATION AND REINFECTION
- LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN ELDERLY
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
CHAPTER 45:Tuberculosis in Health Care Workers
- INTRODUCTION
- TUBERCULOSIS CARE AS AN OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD
- RECOGNITION OF TRANSMISSION OF TUBERCULOSIS
  - Tuberculin Skin Test
  - Interferon-gamma Release Assays
- RISK OF INFECTION
- FACTORS INFLUENCING NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION OF TUBERCULOSIS
- RISK ASSESSMENT
- CONTROLLING OCCUPATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS
  - Early Diagnosis and Treatment
  - Preventive Strategies
    - Infection Control Measures
    - Individual Protection
CHAPTER 46:Nutrition and Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPACT OF NUTRITION ON THE RISK OF ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION AND ITS NATURAL HISTORY
  - Evidence from Animal Models
  - Clinical Evidence
- THE IMPACT OF TUBERCULOSIS ON NUTRITION
- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS AND INTERVENTIONS
- CONFRONTING THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF HUNGER AND DISEASE
CHAPTER 47:Reactivation and Reinfection Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- NATURAL HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION
- CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- PATHOGENESIS
- MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DISTINGUISHING TREATMENT FAILURE AND EXOGENOUS REINFECTION
CHAPTER 48:Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
- INTRODUCTION
- DISTRIBUTION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- CLINICALLY IMPORTANT MYCOBACTERIA
  - Mycobacterium avium intracellulare Complex
- EMERGING NEW MYCOBACTERIAL PATHOGENS
- CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
- MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 49:Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
  - Molecular Epidemiology of Multiple Drug-Resistant Strains
    - Tools for Studying Molecular Epidemiology
- MECHANISMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE
- MOLECULAR BASIS OF MULTIPLE DRUG-RESISTANCE
- POTENTIAL CAUSES OF DRUG RESISTANCE
- MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS IN THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
  - Extensively Drug-resistant Tuberculosis
- MANAGEMENT
- POST-GENOMICS EFFORTS TO UNRAVEL THE MYSTERIES OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
- TREATMENT OF LATENT MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION
- PREVENTION OF TRANSMISSION OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS
CHAPTER 50:Antituberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance
- INTRODUCTION
- GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS
  - Extensively Drug-resistant Tuberculosis
- PREVALENCE OF DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS IN INDIA
- DOTS-PLUS
  - The World Health Organization Working Group on DOTS-Plus for Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis
- PREVENTION OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS IN INDIA'S REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME
  - DOTS-Plus in India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
  - Indian Efforts at Antituberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance
- GLOBAL EFFORTS TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO BETTER DIAGNOSTICS IN HIGH BURDEN COUNTRIES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 51:Evolution of Chemotherapeutic Regimens in the Treatment of Tuberculosis and Their Scientific Rationale
- INTRODUCTION
- SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT
- CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STANDARD REGIMENS
- THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF INTERMITTENT TREATMENT
- SMEAR-NEGATIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- EXTRA-PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
  - Challenges in Diagnosis
- SURGERY
- TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS IN PERSONS WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
- RESEARCH AGENDA AND FUTURE FOR TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT
  - Newer Antituberculosis Drugs
- OTHER INTERVENTIONS TO IMPROVE THE EFFICACY OF TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT PROGRAMMES
- METHODS TO IDENTIFY AND MANAGE HIGH- AND LOW-RISK PATIENTS
- DOTS
- HEALTH EDUCATION
CHAPTER 52:Treatment of Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY OF CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS
  - Biological Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Basis of Short-course Chemotherapy
- AIMS OF TREATMENT
  - Treatment of Smear-positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- DOTS
- DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS
- DOSAGES AND ADVERSE REACTIONS OF ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS
- TREATMENT OF EXTRA-PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS AND OTHER SPECIFIC SETTINGS
- SURGICAL TREATMENT OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- IMMUNOTHERAPY OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- CORTICOSTEROIDS AS ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT IN TUBERCULOSIS
- THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING IN ANTITUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT
CHAPTER 53:Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
  - Performance Characteristics of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Diagnostic Tests
    - Tuberculin Skin Test
    - Interferon-gamma Release Assays
- TREATMENT REGIMENS
- PROGRAMMATIC ISSUES IN LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION TREATMENT: THE CASE OF INDIA
- DECIDING WHEN TO TREAT LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION IN HIGH-PREVALENCE SETTINGS
CHAPTER 54:Antituberculosis Treatment Induced Hepatotoxicity
- INTRODUCTION
- EFFECT OF ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS ON THE LIVER
  - Isoniazid
    - Pathogenesis
  - Rifampicin
    - Pathogenesis
- HEPATOTOXICITY DUE TO COMBINATION TREATMENT OF ACTIVE TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE WITH ISONIAZID, RIFAMPICIN AND PYRAZINAMIDE
  - Isoniazid and Rifampicin
    - Pathogenesis
  - Rifampicin, Isoniazid and Pyrazinamide
    - Pathogenesis
- HEPATOTOXICITY DUE TO TREATMENT OF LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION
- FACTORS IMPLICATED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTITUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY
- ANTITUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY AND TYPE OF TUBERCULOSIS
- CLINICAL COURSE OF ANTITUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY
- MANAGEMENT OF ANTITUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY
- ISSUES TO BE RESOLVED
CHAPTER 55:Surgery for Pleuropulmonary Tuberculosis
- INTRODUCTION
- SURGERY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS
  - Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
- SURGERY IN THE TREATMENT OF ACTIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
- SURGERY FOR THE COMPLICATIONS OF TUBERCULOSIS
- SURGERY FOR TUBERCULOSIS: INDIAN EXPERIENCE
CHAPTER 56:DOTS: The Strategy that Ensures Cure of Tuberculosis Patients
- INTRODUCTION
- POLITICAL WILL
- DIAGNOSIS BY SPUTUM MICROSCOPY OF PATIENTS ATTENDING HEALTH FACILITIES
- SHORT-COURSE CHEMOTHERAPY GIVEN IN A PROGRAMME OF DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT
- ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF GOOD QUALITY DRUGS
- SYSTEMATIC MONITORING AND ACCOUNTABILITY
- RESULTS OF DOTS
- MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT AND EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS
- HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
- PREVENTION OF NOSOCOMIAL SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG HUMAN IMMUNODEFICENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENTS
- MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY
- GLOBAL EXPANSION OF DOTS: CURRENT STATUS
- LESSONS LEARNT
CHAPTER 57:Directly Observed Therapy
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT IS DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY?
- COMPLIANCE, ADHERENCE OR CONCORDANCE?
- IS DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY THE ONLY STRATEGY FOR IMPROVING TREATMENT CONCORDANCE?
- HISTORY OF DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY
- HOW DOES DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY WORK?
- WHO OBSERVES TREATMENT?
- IS DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY ESSENTIAL?
- CHOOSING A DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY METHOD
- CONTROVERSIES SURROUNDING DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY
- WHAT IS THE FUTURE OF DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY?
CHAPTER 58:The Role of Medical Colleges in Tuberculosis Control
- INTRODUCTION
- ROLE OF MEDICAL COLLEGES
  - Advocacy
  - Medical Education
- EDUCATIONAL STRATEGY
- SERVICE DELIVERY
- RESEARCH
- MANAGING MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE
CHAPTER 59:Public-Private Mix for Tuberculosis Control
- THE DIVERSE MIX OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
- PUBLIC-PRIVATE MIX
- THE PUBLIC-PRIVATE MIX EVIDENCE BASE
- IMPLEMENTING PUBLIC-PRIVATE MIX
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CHAPTER 60:Building Partnerships for Tuberculosis Control
- INTRODUCTION
- A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL
- TUBERCULOSIS IN THE SOUTH-EAST ASIA REGION
- NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL
  - The Bangladesh Rural Advancement Corporation, Bangladesh
- THE PRIVATE HEALTH SECTOR AND TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL
  - Examples of ongoing Public-Private Initiatives in Tuberculosis Control in the Region
    - Mahavir Trust Hospital, Hyderabad, India
    - Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
- MEDICAL COLLEGES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE FUTURE OF TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL
- DOTS AT WORKPLACES
  - DOTS at Workplaces – An Example From Bangladesh
    - Bangladesh: Tuberculosis Control in the Chittagong Export Processing Zone
- THE MEDIA AND TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL
- COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTION TO TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL
CHAPTER 61:Non-governmental Organizations and Tuberculosis Control
- INTRODUCTION
- WHY SHOULD NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS BE CONCERNED ABOUT TUBERCULOSIS?
- HOW CAN NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS BE INVOLVED IN TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL?
- EXAMPLES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION APPROACHES TO TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL
- SUCCESSFUL PARTNERSHIPS
CHAPTER 62:Global Tuberculosis Control: The Future Prospects
- INTRODUCTION
  - Pre-1992
- THE RESPONSE: THE DOTS STRATEGY
- PROGRESS SINCE 1992
  - Mission of the Stop TB Initiative
- CURRENT SITUATION
  - Priorities for Action
CHAPTER 63:The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme [RNTCP]
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- BRIEF HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL IN INDIA
- TECHNICAL FOUNDATION
- DRUG PROCUREMENT AND MANAGEMENT
- DOTS EXPANSION
- PROGRAMME PERFORMANCE
- LABORATORY NETWORK AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
  - Laboratory Quality Assurance
- INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
- TUBERCULOSIS AND HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
- MANAGEMENT OF PAEDIATRIC TUBERCULOSIS
- PRIVATE SECTOR
- ACADEMIC SECTOR
- RESEARCH
- THRUST AREAS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 64:Tuberculosis Vaccine Development: Current Status and Future Expectations
- INTRODUCTION
- THE BACILLE CALMETTE-GUERIN VACCINE HISTORY: SCIENTIFIC FABLE AND THE LESSONS LEARNED
- UNIQUE FEATURES OF THE PATHOGEN
- IMMUNOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
- COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
- CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS ANIMAL MODELS IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF TUBERCULOSIS IMMUNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES
- IDENTIFICATION OF VACCINE TARGETS IN THE POST-GENOMIC ERA
- VARIOUS STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS VACCINES
- IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO COMBAT TUBERCULOSIS
- ROLE OF DIAGNOSTICS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF NEW VACCINES
- KEY ISSUES SURROUNDING NEW TUBERCULOSIS VACCINES
- VACCINES IN PHASE I CLINICAL TRIAL
- IMPACT OF ZOONOSIS ON TUBERCULOSIS VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 65:Ethical and Legal Issues in Tuberculosis Control
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND
  - Public Health and Tuberculosis
  - Infectious Disease Control and Tuberculosis
- ETHICS
- THE LAW
- TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL - ETHICAL ISSUES
  - Relationship of a Tuberculosis Patient with the Health Care Provider
    - Compliance and Adherence
    - Direct Observation of Treatment
  - Interaction and Relationship of a Tuberculosis Patient with the Health Care Structure [Official and Unofficial]
- TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL - LEGAL ISSUES
CHAPTER 66:Tuberculosis: Some Web-based Resources on the Internet
- INTRODUCTION
67:International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC)
- Acknowledgements
- List of Abbreviations
- Summary
- Introduction
- Standards for Diagnosis
- Standards for Treatment
- Standards for Public Health Responsibilities
- Research Needs
- References
- Photo Credits

INDEX

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Index

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Chapter Notes