- Neonatal tetanus is considered eliminated when its incidence is:
- < 0.1/1000 LB
- < 1/1000 LB
- > 1/1000 LB
- > 1/100 LB.
KD Tripathi
Ch-5
Neonatal tetanus elimination
NT high risk | Rate > 1/1000 LB Or TT2 coverage < 70% Or Attended deliveries <50% |
NT control | Rate < 1/1000 LB and TT2 coverage >70% and Attended deliveries > 50% |
NT elimination | Rate < 0.1 /1000 LB and TT2 coverage >90 % and Attended deliveries >75% |
- Natural mosquito control agent is
- Pyrethrum
- BHC
- DDT
- Propoxur
KD Tripathi
Ch-12
Pyrethrum | : | Is an extract from pyrethrum flowers |
: | Use as space spray | |
: | Nerve poison | |
: | No residual action |
- Rotenone
- Derris
- Nicotine
- Mineral oil
- Sulvian index is for
- Life free of disability
- Time of life with disability
- Premature death
- Number of years in full health
KD Tripathi
Ch-2
Sullivaris index | – | Life free of disability |
HALE | – | Health Adjusted life expediency number of years in full health |
DALY | – | Disability Adjusted life year lost year of healthy life |
- Time from entry of pathogen to maximum infectivity is
- Serial interval
- Incubation period
- Generation time
- Latent period
Serial interval: Time gap between onset of primary case and secondary case.
Generation time: Interval of time between receipt of infection by a host and maximal infectivity of that host.
Communicable period: The time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person.
Latent period: Period from disease initiation to disease detection.
Incubation period: The time interval between invasion by an agent and appearance of the first sign and symptom.170
- Rat flea transmits:
- Endemic typhus
- Epidemic typhus
- Chagas disease
- Sleeping sickness
K Park
Ch-12
Rat flea | – | Bubonic plague Endemic typhus Chiggerosis Hymenolepsis diminuta. |
Black fly | – | Onchocerciasis |
Reduviid bug | – | Chagas disease |
Tsetse fly | – | Sleeping sickness |
Louse | – | Epidemic typhus Relapsing fever Trench fever Pediculosis |
Hard tick | – | Tick typhus Viral encephalitis Tularemia, KFD Tick paralysis Human babesiosis |
- Not transmitted by mosquito:
- Malaria
- Dengue
- Yellow fever
- Kala azar
K Park
Ch-12
Disease by mosquito
Anopheles: | – | Malaria, filarial (not in India) |
Culex | – | Bancroftian filariasis Japanese encephalitis West Nile fever Viral arthritis |
Aedes | – | Yellow fever Dengue Chikungunya fever Rift valley fever Filaria (not in India) |
Mansonoides | – | Filaria Chikungunya Kala azar is by sand fly |
- Chandler's index is for:
- Ascariasis
- Ankylostoma
- Sistosomiasis
- Taeniasis
K Park
Ch – 5
Chandler's index
Average number of hookworm per gram of faces.
Below 200 | – | Not of much significance |
200 – 250 | – | Potential danger |
250 – 300 | – | Minor public health problem |
>300 | – | Important public health problem |
- Antigenic shift is seen in:
- Plague
- Influenza
- Rabies
- HIV
K Park
Ch-5
Influenza
Shift | – | Sudden complete or major change in antigenic composition |
Drift | – | Gradual, over a period of time |
IP | – | 18 to 72 hrs. |
- Dracunculiasis is transmitted by:
- Contaminated milk
- Water
- Eggs in soil
- Insects
K Park
Ch-5
Guinea worm disease (Dracunculiasis)
Agent | : | Dracunculus medinensis man acquires infection by drinking water containing infected Cyclops. |
Reservoir | : | An infected person harboring the gravid female. |
- Shortest incubation period in food poisoning is seen with:
- C. botulinum
- Bacillus
- E. coli
- Staph aureus
K Park
Ch-5
Food poisoning | I.P |
Salmonella | 12-24 hrs |
Staphylococcal | 1-6 hrs |
Botulism | 12-36 hrs |
C. perfringens | 6-24 hrs |
B. cereus–emetic | 1-6 hrs |
diarrhoeal | 12-24 hrs |
- Follow up in multi bacillary leprosy is for:
- 2 years
- 5 years
- 1 years
- 3 years
K Park
Treatment of Leprosy
Paucibacillary:
- Rifampicin 600 mg – once a month
- Dapsone 100 mg – daily for 6 month
- Follow up for 2 years.
Multi bacillary:
Rifampicin | – | 600 mg - once a month |
Dapsone | – | 100 mg – daily |
Clofazimine | – | 300 mg – once a month |
For 12 month | ||
Follow up for 5 years |
- Contribution of employees (centre/ state) in employee state insurance scheme is
- 3.75%
- 4.75%
- 5.75%
- 1.75%
K Park
Ch-15
Employees state insurance Act 1948
Contribution
Employer | – | 4.75% |
Employee | – | 1.75% |
Govt. share | – | 1/8 |
ESI share | – | 7/8 |
Benefits
- Medical benefit
- Sickness benefit
- Maternity benefit
- Disablement benefit
- Dependant's benefit
- Funeral expenses
- Rehabilitation allowance
- Criteria for chlorination of water is
- 15 min contact period
- Clear water
- Chlorine concentration- 1 mg/dl
- All of above
K Park
Ch – 12
Principles of chlorination
- Water should be clear and free from turbidity
- Chlorine demand should be estimated
- Contact period −60 min.
- Free chlorine −0.5 mg/l
- Correct dose of chlorine
- Chlorine demant + free residual chlorine
- Most common cause of blindness in India is:
- Cataract
- Trachoma
- Vit A deficiency
- Glaucoma
K Park
Ch- 6
Cause of Blindness in India
Cataract | – | 62.6% |
Refractive error | – | 19.7% |
Glaucoma | – | 5.8% |
Posterior segment pathology | – | 4.7% |
Corneal opacity | – | 0.9% |
Other causes | – | 6.2% |
- Triage is used for:
- Sorting of cases in disaster
- Trying a new drug
- Disaster preparedness
- Normal basis in hospitals
K Park
Ch-14
Triage consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of the severity of their injuries and the 175likelihood of their survival with prompt medical intervention.
Red | – | High priority treatment |
Yellow | – | medium priority |
Green | – | ambulatory patients |
Black | – | dead or moribund |
- Socratic method is for all except:
- Group discussion
- Symposium
- Panel discussion
- Demonstration
K Park
Ch – 19
Group approach in communication
- Lecture- one way (didactic method)
- Demonstration- two way (Socratic method)
- Group discussion-two way
- Panel discussion-two way
- Symposium-one way
- workshop-two way
- Epidemiological test for Kala azar is:
- ELISA
- Mantoux test
- Aldehyde test
- Parasitological diagnosis
K Park
Ch-5
Lab test for kala azar
- Parasitological diagnosis–
- Demonstration of parasite in tissue
- Diagnostic
- Aldehyde test-(Napier)Formalin + serum from infected personJellification – positive test good for surveillance not diagnostic
- Serological – ELISA, IFATBoth for diagnosis and epidemiological purpose
- Hematological findings: eg. Anemia, leucopenia
- Leishmanin (Montenegro) test:-Intradermal injection 0.1 mlRead after 48-72 hrsIndurations of 5 mm or more is positive
- Different populations are best compared by using:
- Age standardized death rate
- Survival rate
- Specific death rate
- Case fatality rate
If we want to compare the death rates of two population with different age-composition the crude death rate is not a yard stick.
We use age adjusted or age standardized death rate.
- Street dog licked on abraded skin and ran away
- No need to do anything
- Give vaccines and immunoglobulin both
- Start vaccination immediately
- Start treatment if dog dies
K Park
Ch-5
Class I | : | Licks on healthy unbroken skin Consumption of unboiled milk of suspected animal Scratches without oozing of blood – No treatment needed if reliable history is available |
Class II | : | Licks on fresh cuts Scratches with oozing of blood All bites except those on head, neck face, palms and fingers Minor wounds < 5 in number – Administer, vaccine immediately |
Class III | : | All bites with oozing of blood on neck head face palms and fingers Lacerated wound on any part Multiple wounds >5 in number Bites from wild animals – Rabies immunoglobulin and vaccine |
- Dietary source of vit D with maximum content is
- Shark liver oil
- Butter
- Egg
- Halibut liver oil
K Park
Ch-10
Vit D (mg / 100 gm.)
Butter | 0.5 – 1.5 |
Eggs | 1.25 – 1.5 |
Milk | 0.1 |
Fish fat | 5 – 30 |
Shark liver oil | 30 – 100 |
Cod liver oil | 200 – 750 |
Halibut liver oil | 500 – 10,000 |