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Fundamentals of Operative Surgery Rajendra Singh Sewta

1:Sterile Precautions and Operation Theater Safety
- ENVIRONMENT OF OPERATION THEATER
- FUMIGATION OF OPERATION THEATER
- OPERATION THEATER SET UP
- PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION OF PATIENT
- THE PATIENT IN THE OT
- TRANSFER OF THE PATIENT TO RECOVERY ROOM
  - Management of Patients in Recovery Room
- TRANSFER OF THE PATIENT TO THE WARD
2:Consent
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF CONSENT
- VALID CONSENT
- MEDICOLEGAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - Negligence
- CONCLUSION
3:Position of Patient for Surgery and Examination
4:Antiseptic Solutions
- ANTISEPTIC AGENT
  - Asepsis
- POVIDONE-IODINE
  - Properties
  - Uses
- WEAK IODINE SOLUTION
  - Precautions
  - Properties and Uses
- HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)
  - Properties and Uses
- SAVLON (HOSPITAL CONCENTRATE)
  - Uses
- SURGICAL SPIRIT
  - Uses
- ACRIFLAVINE
  - Properties and Uses
- MERCUROCHROME
- GENTION VIOLET
  - Properties and Uses
  - Disadvantage
- SILVER NITRATE (AgNO3)
  - Properties and Uses
- POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE (KMnO4)
  - Properties and Uses
- CETRIMIDE
  - Precautions
- TURPENTINE
  - Properties and Uses
- TINCTURE BENZOIN
- LYSOL
  - Properties
  - Use
- EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY SOLUTION (EUSOL)
  - Properties and Uses
  - Precautions
- GLYCERINE MAGSULF SOLUTION
  - Properties and Uses
5:Dressing Material and Bandage
- COTTON
- GAUZE
- SURGICAL PADS
- LAPAROTOMY PADS
- PACKING ROLL
- SWABS
- PEANUT
- BANDAGING TECHNIQUES (FIGS 5.1 TO 5.4)
- ELASTOCREPE BANDAGE (FIG. 5.5)
  - How it is Applied?
- MULTITAILED ABDOMINAL BANDAGE (ABDOMINAL BINDER) (FIGS 5.6 TO 5.10)
- ESMARCH'S BANDAGE
  - How it is Applied?
  - Precaution
- HEAD OR SCALP BANDAGE (FIG. 5.11)
  - How it is Applied?
- EYE BANDAGE (FIG. 5.12)
  - How it is Applied?
- EAR BANDAGE (FIG. 5.13)
  - How it is Applied?
- BARREL BANDAGE (FIG. 5.14)
- SCROTAL BANDAGE (FIG. 5.15)
  - How it is Applied?
- T-BANDAGE (FIG. 5.16)
  - How it is Applied?
- STUMP DRESSING (FIG. 5.17)
- OTHER TYPES OF BANDAGES
  - Precautions
- TRANSPARENT DRESSING (TEGADERM)
- STERI-STRIP
6:Wound Care, Suturing and Topical Agents
- DEFINITIONS
- TYPES OF WOUND
  - Open Wounds
  - Closed Wounds
    - Bruise/Contusion
    - Hematoma
- TREATMENT OF WOUND
- CARE OF INFECTED WOUND
- SUTURING
- METHOD OF STITCH REMOVAL
- TOPICAL AGENTS
- COMMON TOPICAL AGENTS
- MEDICATED DRESSINGS
7:Electrosurgery (Diathermy)
- PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY
- TISSUE EFFECTS BY ELECTROSURGERY
- TYPES OF CIRCUIT
- CAUSES OF DIATHERMY INJURY
- ARGON BEAM COAGULATION
- ULTRASONIC DEVICES
  - Ultrasonic Scalpels and Clamps
    - Advantages
    - Disadvantages
- CAVITATIONAL ULTRASONIC SURGICAL ASPIRATION (CUSA)
  - Uses
  - Limitations CUSA
- LASER
8:Sterilization
- DEFINITIONS
- METHODS OF STERILIZATION
9:Anesthesia
- INTRODUCTION
  - Local Anesthesia
  - General Anesthesia
    - Anesthetic
- LOCAL ANESTHESIA
- REGIONAL ANESTHESIA
- CAUDAL ANESTHESIA
- SPINAL ANESTHESIA
- EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA
  - Different Positions for Performing Spinal Block
  - Lateral Decubitus Position
    - Sitting Position
    - Prone Position
- DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF LUMBAR PUNCTURE
- GENERAL ANESTHESIA
- PRE-ANESTHETIC MEDICATION (PRE-MEDICATION)
  - General Anesthesia
  - The Anesthetic Plan includes
    - Pre-medication
10:Intravenous Cannulation
- PERIPHERAL VEINS
- CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERIZATION
- CUT DOWN OR VENESECTION OR CANNULATION BY EXPOSURE OF SUPERFICIAL VEIN
  - Techniques or Steps of Cutdown
- PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WHILE CANNULATION
11:Nasogastric Tube Insertion and Catheterization
- RYLE'S TUBE (NASOGASTRIC TUBE)
  - Features
- LEVINE'S TUBE
- FOLEY'S CATHETER (FOLEY-AMERICAN UROLOGIST)
12:Operative Notes
13:Care of Instruments
- CAUSES OF DAMAGE OF INSTRUMENTS
14:Drains
- TYPES OF DRAIN
  - Corrugated Drainage Sheet
  - Indications
- CORRUGATED DRAIN
  - Disadvantage
- CLOSED DRAIN
  - Advantages
- SUMP DRAIN
  - Advantages
- CAUTIONS WHEN YOU PUT A DRAIN
15:Preoperative Management of Specific Problem in Surgical Patients
- THROMBOPROPHYLAXIS
  - Bleeding Diathesis
  - Preoperative Hemostatic Evaluation
- THROMBOCYTOPENIA
  - Dose of Platelet
  - Management
- MALNUTRITION
- JAUNDICE AND THE SURGICAL PATIENT
- RESPIRATORY DISEASE
- HEART DISEASE AND THE SURGICAL PATIENT
- ENDOCRINE ABNORMALITIES
  - Thyroid Disease
  - Adrenal Insufficiency
- RENAL DISEASE AND SURGICAL PATIENT
  - Renal Failure
  - Electrolytes and Fluids
- DIABETES AND SURGICAL PATIENT
- MANAGEMENT OF OLDER SURGICAL PATIENT
- AGE-RELATED CHANGES
  - CNS Function
- CVS
16:Intestinal Stomas
- PREOPERATIVE PREOPERATION OF THE COLON
  - Complications of Stomas
- ILEOSTOMY
- COLOSTOMY
- CECOSTOMY
- CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS FOODS
17:Preoperative Care
- INTRODUCTION
- INVESTIGATION
- BLOOD GROUPING AND CROSS-MATCHING
- PREGNANCY TEST
- PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION
18:Incisions
- INCISIONS
- MIDLINE INCISION
- PARAMEDIAN INCISION
  - Steps
  - Closure
- SUBCOSTAL INCISION (RIGHT OR LEFT)
  - Advantages
  - Steps
- TRANSVERSE INCISION
  - Steps
- PFANNENSTIEL INCISION
- GRID IRON INCISION
- RUTHERFORD MORRISON INCISION
- LANZ INCISION
  - Advantage
- INGUINAL INCISION
- CURVED SUBUMBILICAL OR SUPRAUMBILICAL INCISION
- MIDLINE SUPRAUMBILICAL INCISION
- LUMBAR SUBCOSTAL INCISION
- INSTRUMENTS FOR INCISION
  - Scalpel
- DIFFERENT METHODS OF HOLDING A SCALPEL
19:Assisting at Operations
- PRECAUTIONS IN OPERATION THEATER
  - Check List
- PREPARATIONS FOR THE OPERATION
- PREPARATION OF INSTRUMENT TROLLEY
  - First Trolley
  - Second Trolley
- TROLLEY FOR LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY
  - First Trolley
  - Second Trolley
- INSTRUCTIONS FOR ASSISTANT OR SCRUB NURSE
- PAINTING AND DRAPING THE OPERATIVE FIELD
- FUNCTIONS OF ASSISTANTS DURING OPERATION
20:Postoperative Care
- POSTOPERATIVE CARE OF GIT
  - Gastrostomy and Jejunostomy Tube Care
  - Stoma Care
    - Ileostomy
    - Colostomy
21:Postoperative Fluid Therapy
- EXTRAVASCULAR (INTERSTITIAL) COMPARTMENT
- INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT
22:Postoperative Complications
- SHOCK
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Treatment
- HEMORRHAGE
  - Signs and Symptoms
  - Treatment
- VOMITING
- IN NUTSHELL
23:Cryosurgery
- INTRODUCTION
- INFRARED COAGULATION (IRC)
24:Application of Plaster and Splints
- PLASTER TECHNIQUE
- HOW TO APPLY A POP
- TECHNIQUE OF PLASTER REMOVAL
  - Equipment
  - Technique
- SPLINTS
  - Types of Splints
  - Technique/Method
25:Oxygen Therapy
- INDICATION OF OXYGEN THERAPY
- METHODS OF OXYGENATION OR OXYGEN THERAPY
- OTHER OXYGEN THERAPY DEVICE WHICH ARE USEFUL IN PEDIATRIC PATIENT
- HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION
26:Emergency Drugs
- ADRENALINE
  - Uses
  - Adverse Effects
  - Contraindications
  - Accidental Overdose
- ATROPINE
  - Uses
  - Side Effects
  - Contraindications
- DOPAMINE
  - Uses
  - Caution
  - Overdose Treatment
  - Contraindications
- SODIUM BICARBONATE
  - Uses
  - Adverse Effects
- CALCIUM GLUCONATE
  - Uses
- POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
  - Uses
  - Adverse Effects
- AMINOPHYLLINE
  - Uses
  - Adverse Effect
  - Caution
- THEOPHYLLINE (DERIPHYLLINE)
  - Uses
  - Adverse Effects
  - Cautions
- PROPRANOLOL (PPNL)
  - Uses
  - Adverse Effects
  - Caution
  - LIGNOCAINE
  - Use
  - Contraindication
  - Caution
- MEPHENTERMINE (MEPHENTINE)
  - Uses
  - Precautions
- FRUSEMIDE
  - Uses
  - Side Effects
- MANNITOL
  - Uses
  - Side Effects
  - Contraindications
  - Precautions
- HYDROCORTISONE
  - Uses
  - Caution
  - Contraindications
- DEXAMETHANSONE
  - Uses
- DIAZEPAM
  - Uses
  - Adverse Effects
- FLUMAZENIL
- MORPHINE
  - Uses
  - Adverse Effects
- PETHIDINE (MEPERIDINE)
  - Uses
  - Side Effects
- BUPRENORPHINE
  - Uses
  - Side Effects
- NALOXONE
  - Uses
- PENTAZOCINE
  - Uses
  - Cautions
  - Side Effects
- BUTORPHANOL
  - Uses
  - Side Effects
  - Contraindication
- TRAMODOL
  - Indications
  - Side Effects
- PROMETHAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE
  - Uses
- ONDANSETRON
  - Indication
  - Side Effects
- GRANISETRON
  - Indications
- PHENIRAMINE
  - Indication
  - Side Effects
- PHENYTOIN (DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN)
  - Uses
  - Side Effects
  - Precaution
- FOSPHENYTOIN (FOSOLIN)
- VITAMIN K (VITAMIN K, KAPLIN)
  - Uses
  - Precaution
  - Contraindication
- GELATIN FOAM (GELFOAM, SURGICEL)
- ADRENOCHROME
  - Uses
- HEPARIN
  - Uses
  - Side Effects
  - Contraindications
- NADROPARIN (FRAXIPARINE)
  - Indication
- PLASMA EXPANDERS
  - Indications
  - Adverse Reaction
    - Human Albumin
- DEXTRAN (DEXTRAN 70, LOMODEX 70, LOMODEX 10%)
  - Precautions
- DEXTRAN 40
  - Indications
  - Side Effects
- DEGRADED GELATIN POLYMER (POLYGELINE, HEMACCEL, SERACEL 500 ML VAC 3.5% SOLN)
  - Side Effects
- HYDROXYETHYL STARCH (HES, EXPAN 6% HAES-STERIL, 100, 500 ML VAC)
  - Side Effects
- METOCLOPRAMIDE
  - Uses
  - Side Effects
- PROCHLORPERAZINE (STEMETIL)
  - Side Effects
- INSULIN
  - Highly Purified Insulin Preparations
    - Single Peak Insulin
    - Monocomponent (MC) Insulin
- HUMAN INSULIN
  - Reactions to Insulin
  - Treatment
  - Uses
  - Caution
27:Blood Transfusion
- INDICATIONS FOR TRANSFUSION
- BLOOD STORAGE AND PRESERVATION OF BLOOD
- BLOOD TRANSFUSION SERVICES
  - Methods of Taking Blood from Donor
- DONATION INTERVAL
  - Instructions to Donor
- ADVERSE REACTIONS IN DONOR AND TREATMENT
- BLOOD GROUPING AND CROSS-MATCHING (COMPATIBILITY TESTING)
- OTHER BLOOD GROUPS
  - Adverse Effects of Blood Transfusion
- IMMEDIATE REACTIONS
- DELAYED REACTIONS
- MASSIVE TRANSFUSION
  - Complications Associated with Massive Transfusion
  - Management
- AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION
- INTRAOPERATIVE BLOOD SALVAGE
  - Contraindications
  - Hazards
- EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION
  - Indications
- FRESH FROZEN PLASMA (FFP)
28:Plasma Volume Expanders
- PLASMA PROTEIN SOLUTION AND PLASMA SUBSTITUTES
- HYDROXYETHYL STARCH
- PERFLUOR COMPOUND
29:Intravenous Fluids
- INTRODUCTION
  - Purpose of Infusion
  - Different Types of IV Fluids
- INTRAVENOUS SOLUTION
- RINGER LACTATE SOLUTIONS (RINGER- SIDNEY ENGLISH PHYSIOLOGIST)
- POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
  - Uses
  - Contraindications
- CALCIUM GLUCONATE, CALCIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
  - Precaution
- PROTEIN SOLUTION
  - Protein Hydrolysates
- AMINO ACIDS SOLUTION
- FAT EMULSION SOLUTION (INTRALIPID)
- ISOLYTE-P SOLUTION
- ISOLYTE-M SOLUTION
  - Uses
  - Precautions of Infusing Electrolytes Solutions
- PLASMA VOLUME EXPENDERS OR BLOOD SUBSTITUTES
- DEGRADED GELATIN (HAEMACCEL)
30:Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- NATURAL HISTORY OF HIV DISEASE
  - The Centers for Disease Control (CDC)Classification of HIV Disease
- TRANSMISSION
- SEROLOGIC EVENTS
  - Risks of Transmission of HIV Disease/Presentation to the Surgeon
  - Precautions
- ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONS FOR INVASIVE PROCEDURES
31:Anaphylactic Shock
- INTRODUCTION
- TOXIC EFFECTS OF LIGNOCAINE
  - Treatment of Lignocaine Toxicity
32:Endoscopy
- INTRODUCTION
  - Fiberoptic Endoscopes
  - Video Endoscopy
- EQUIPMENT SETUP
- TROUBLE SHOOTING
- EQUIPMENT CARE
- ROOM SETUP
- MANIPULATION OF ENDOSCOPE
- DOCUMENTATION OF FINDINGS
- MONITORING
- CONSCIOUS SEDATION
- RECOVERY
- INDICATIONS
- PATIENT PREPARATION
- ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY (ERCP)
  - Indications
  - ERCP Requires following Equipments
- PATIENT PREPARATION
- FLEXIBLE SIGMOIDOSCOPY
  - Instrumentation
  - Patient Preparation
- COLONOSCOPY
33:Bibliography

INDEX

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