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Diagnostic Procedures in Ophthalmology HV Nema, Nitin Nema

1:Visual Acuity
- Definition and Terminology of Visual Acuity
- Charts and Scales to Record Visual Acuity
- Factors Affecting Visual Acuity
  - Pupil Size
  - Accommodation
- Visual Acuity Testing in Young Children
- Contrast Sensitivity
- Visual Acuity in Low Vision Patients
- Summary
2:Color Vision and Color Blindness
- Color Vision
- Color Vision Testing
- Color Vision Deficiencies and Everyday Life
  - Enhancing Performance with Filters
- Summary
3:Slit-lamp Examination
- History
- Optics of Slit-lamp
  - Illumination System
  - Observation System
- Clinical Procedure
- Examination Techniques
- Clinical Application
  - Slit-lamp Attachments
4:Corneal Topography
- History of Corneal Measurement
- Shape of the Normal Cornea
- Fundamentals and Technological Approaches to Corneal Topography
  - Specular Reflection Techniques
  - Diffuse Reflection Techniques
    - Techniques using Scattered Light-slit-based Systems
- How to Interpret a Corneal Topography Map?
- A Good Topography Examination
- Quantitative Descriptors of Corneal Topography: Corneal Indexes
  - Basic Topographic Indexes
  - Screening Tools and Artificial Intelligence Programs (Neural Networks) for Classification and Auto Diagnosis
- Corneal Aberrometry: Fundamentals and Clinical Applications
  - Fundamentals
  - Clinical Applications
- Clinical Uses of Corneal Topography
5:Confocal Microscopy
- Optics
- Confocal Microscopy of Normal Cornea
- Confocal Microscopy in Corneal Pathologies
- Conclusion
  - Acknowledgement
6:Tonometry
- Types of Tonometers
- Types of Tonometry
- Other Variable Force Applanation Tonometers
- Comparison, Calibration and Sterilization of Different Tonometers
  - Comparison
  - Sterilization
7:Gonioscopy
- Optical Principles
- Types of Gonioscopy
  - Direct Gonioscopy
  - Indirect Gonioscopy
- Protocol for a Routine Gonioscopy
- Gonioscopic Anatomy and Interpretation
- Conclusion
8:Optic Disk Assessment in Glaucoma
- Methods of Optic Disk Examination
- Features of Glaucomatous Disk Damage
- Differential Diagnosis
- Summary
9:Basic Perimetry
- Types of Perimetry
  - Kinetic Perimetry
  - Static Perimetry
- Components of Automated Visual Field
  - Humphrey Single Field Printout
- Octopus Single Field Printout
  - Analysis of Single Field Printout
- Conclusion
10:Ophthalmoscopy
- Principles of Ophthalmoscopy
- Indirect Ophthalmoscopy
11:Ophthalmic Photography
- 35-mm Camera
- Fundus Camera
- Photography in Operating Theatre
- Optical System of Fundus Camera
12:Fluorescein Angiography
- History
- Basic Principles
- Properties of Sodium Fluorescein
- Technique and Equipment
  - Equipment
- Digital Angiography
- Abnormal Fluorescence Angiography1,5–7
- Iris Fluorescein Angiography
- Iris Neovascularization
13:Indocyanine Green Angiography
- Indocyanine Green Angiography vs Fluorescein Angiography
- Recent Advances in Indocyanine Green Angiography
- The Future Applications of Indocyanine Green Angiography
14:A-scan Ultrasonography
- History
- Physics of Ultrasound
- Instrumentation
  - A-mode (Amplitude Modulation)
  - B-Mode (Brightness Modulation)
    - Vector A-scan Display
- Procedure
- Indications of A-scan
- Interpretation of Normal A-scan
- A-scan in Common Ocular Pathologies
- Biometry
  - Method
    - Immersion Technique
    - Contact Technique
  - Biometry in Ocular Pathologies
- Limitations and Pitfalls of A-scan
- Errors in the Axial Length Measurement by Biometry
- Importance of Clinical Correlation in Making a Diagnosis
  - A-scan versus B-scan
15:B-scan Ultrasonography
- Physics and Basic Technology
- Ultrasound Unit
- Screening Techniques
- Immersion B-scan
- References
16:Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in Ophthalmology
- Basic Physics and Instrumentation
- Procedure
- Ultrasound Biomicroscopic Anatomy of the Normal Eye and Adnexa
- Quantitative Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
- Clinical Applications of UBM
- Conclusion
17:Optical Coherence Tomography
- Instruments and Principle of OCT3 System
- Difficulties and Limitations
- Pattern of OCT in Macular Diseases
- Conclusion
18:Electrophysiological Tests for Visual Function Assessment
- Visual Electrophysiology Tests
- Electrooculogram
- Electroretinogram (ERG)
- Clinical Uses of Visual Electrophysiological Tests
- Recent Advances in Multifocal ERG and Multifocal VEP
- Conclusion
19:Diagnostic Procedures in Infectious Keratitis
- Protocol for Non-viral Keratitis: Bacterial, Fungal and Acanthamoeba
- Protocol for Viral Keratitis
20:Diagnostic Procedures in Uveitis
- Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Uveitis
- Diagnostic Biopsies
  - Indications for Diagnostic Biopsies
- Anterior Chamber Paracentesis
  - Vitreous Tap or Diagnostic Vitrectomy
    - Technique of Vitreous Tap
- Tests and Handling of Aqueous and Vitreous Specimen
  - Microbiology
  - Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Biopsy
- Test and Handling of Biopsy Material
- Ancillary Tests
21:Retinopathy of Prematurity: Diagnostic Procedures and Management
- Etiology
  - Arrested Vasculogenesis
  - Risk Factors
- Classification and Staging
  - Zones
- Documentation
  - International Classification of ROP
    - Stage 1: Demarcation line
  - Plus Disease and Rush Disease
    - Threshold ROP (Figs 21.7A and B)
    - Prethreshold ROP
- Screening for ROP
  - Screening Procedure
- Retcam
- Intervention for ROP
- Conclusion
22:Localization of Intraocular Foreign Body
- Types of Intraocular Foreign Bodies
- History of Injury
- Slit-lamp Examination
- Fundus Examination
- Electrical Induction Methods for Localization of IOFB
- Ultrasonography
  - Features
  - Caveats
- Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
- Radiological Methods
23:Comitant Strabismus: Diagnostic Methods
- Introduction
- Examination of a Case of Strabismus
- Examination of the Sensory Status
  - Binocularity and Diplopia
- Retinal Correspondence
- Amblyopia
  - Classification of Amblyopia
  - Diagnosis of Amblyopia
24:Incomitant Strabismus
- Paralytic Strabismus
- Restrictive Strabismus
25:Diagnostic Procedures in Dry Eyes Syndrome
- Clinical Features
- Clinical Diagnostic Tests for Dry Eyes
- Laboratory Tests
26:Evaluation of Epiphora
- Applied Anatomy and Physiology of the Lacrimal Apparatus
  - Lacrimal Gland
    - Nerve Supply
    - Lacrimal Excretory Apparatus
  - Orbicularis Oculi
    - Tear Secretion and Elimination4–6
- Evaluation of Epiphora
- History
  - Examination
27:Diagnostic Techniques in Proptosis
- Introduction
- Diagnostic Techniques
- Additional Investigations
- Conclusion
28:Neurological Disorders of Pupil
- Introduction
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Examination of Pupil
- Pupillary Abnormalities
- Conclusion

INDEX

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Index

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Chapter Notes