Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Oculoplasty and Reconstructive Surgery Made Easy
Ashok Garg, Essam El Toukhy, Belquiz A Nassaralla
SECTION ONE: EXTERNAL EYE DISEASES
1:
Congenital Eyelid Anomalies
INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT OF EYELIDS
CRYPTOPHTHALMOS
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Management
LID COLOBOMAS
Etiology
Signs and Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Management
Goldenhar Syndrome
MICROBLEPHARON AND ABLEPHARON
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Investigation
Differential Diagnosis
Management
ANKYLOBLEPHARON
Ankyloblepharon Filiforme Adnatum
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Congenital Ankyloblepharon
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
MEDIAL CANTHAL ECTOPIA
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Treatment
EPICANTHUS
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
CENTURION SYNDROME
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Treatment
DISTICHIASIS
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Treatment
EPIBLEPHARON
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Treatment
CONGENITAL ENTROPION
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Management
TARSAL KINK SYNDROME
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Management
CONGENITAL ECTROPION
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Management
EURYBLEPHARON
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Management
CONGENITAL LID RETRACTION
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Management
CONGENITAL PTOSIS
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Investigation
Management
BLEPHAROPHIMOSIS SYNDROME
Introduction and Signs & Symptoms
Differential Diagnosis
Management
OTHER SYNDROMES
Prader Willi Syndrome
Noonan Syndrome
Rubinstein Taybi Syndrome
Fraser Syndrome
Apert Syndrome
Crouzon Syndrome and Related Syndromes (Pfeiffer and Jackson Weis syndrome)
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
Waardenburg Syndrome
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Coffin Lowry Syndrome
Stickler
2:
Pediatric Eyelid Abnormalities
INTRODUCTION
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE EYELID
CONGENITAL DISORDERS
Cryptophthalmos
Management
Coloboma
Management
Ankyloblepharon
Management
Congenital Ectropion
Management
Congenital Entropion
Management
Epiblepharon
Management
Euryblepharon
Management
Epicanthus
Management
Telecanthus
Management
Congenital Ptosis
Management
Choice of Surgical Procedure
Commonly Performed Surgeries
Congenital Tumors
Pigmented Lesions
Angiomatous Tumors
Portwine Stain (Nevus Flammeus)
Strawberry (Capillary) Hemangioma (Figure 14)
Dermoid and Epidermoid Cyst
Management
Plexiform Neurofibroma
Management
ACQUIRED DISORDERS
Eyelid Trauma in Children
Management
Inflammatomy Disorders
Blepharitis
Stye
Chalazion
Internal Hordeolum
Molluscum Contagiosum
3:
Eyelid Disorders
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL PICTRURE
CLASSIFICATION
CONGENITAL ENTROPION
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Differential Diagnosis
SPASTIC ENTROPION
Causes
Pathophysiology
Treatment
Prognosis
CICATRICIAL ENTROPION
Pathophysiology
Causes
Clinical Picture
Treatment of Cicatrizing Entropion
INVOLUTIONAL ENTROPION
Pathophysiology
Medical Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Three Suture Technique
Direct Anatomic—Surgical Approach
Weis Procedure
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
History
Examination
TREATMENT OF ECTROPION
PROGNOSIS
4:
Diseases of the Lids
STYE (HORDEOLUM EXTERNUM)
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms (Figures 1 and 2)
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
CHALAZION (MEIBOMIAN CYST)
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms (Figures 3 to 6)
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
BLEPHARITIS
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms (Figures 7 to 11)
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
DERMATITIS
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms (Figures 12 to 15)
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
WARTS (VERRUCA VULGARIS)
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms (Figure 16)
Investigation
Treatment
MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms (Figure 17)
Investigation
Treatment
Prognosis
TRICHIASIS
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms (Figures 18 and 19)
Investigation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
5:
Eyelid Retraction
INTRODUCTION
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EYELID CHANGES IN TED
Upper Eyelid Retraction
Lower Eyelid Retraction Causes
GRADING
Measuring of Upper Lid Retraction
Measuring of Lower Lid Retraction
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
Medical
Topical Sympatholytics (Adrenergic Blocker) (Guanethidine)
Botulinum A Toxin (Local Injection)
Lubricants, Patching, Moist Chamber
Surgical
Tarsorrhaphy
Levator Marginal Myotomy
Levator Recession and Mullerectomy
Blepharotomy
Correction of Lower Lid Retraction
PROGNOSIS
6:
Eyelid Injuries and Reconstruction—An Update
INTRODUCTION
EYELID INJURIES
Classification
ANATOMY REVIEW
EXAMINATION
Assessment of Adnexal Injuries
Evaluation of the Orbit
MANAGEMENT
Anesthesia
Surgical Tips
Lid Margin Repair
Levator Muscle Dehiscence
Canalicular Lacerations
CONCLUSION
7:
Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FREQUENCY
CAUSES
PRESENTATION
Amniotocele
Dacryocystitis (Acute Mucocele or Pyocele)
Tearing
INVESTIGATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Medical Care
Surgical Care
Probing
Nasolacrimal Intubation
Balloon Catheter Dilatation
Dacryocystorhinostomy with or without Intubation
Conjunctival Dacryocystorhinostomy
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
Bleeding
Surgical Failures
Silicone or Polyethylene Tubing Complications
Bypass Tube Complications
Anesthesia Complications
8:
Acquired Lacrimal Obstructions
INTRODUCTION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL EVALUATION
History
Clinical Evaluation
Radiological Evaluation
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Surgery in Special Situations
PROGNOSIS
9:
Lacrimal Injures
INTRODUCTION
EVALUATION OF LACRIMAL INJURIES
History
Examination
PROPER LACRIMAL SYSTEM
Wounds Associated with Canalicular Injuries
Lacrimal Sac and Nasolacrimal Duct Injuries
Old Traumatic Lacrimal Passage Injuries
10:
Congenital Ptosis: Evaluation and Management
INTRODUCTION
SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE UPPER EYELID AND EYEBROW
CLASSIFICATION OF CONGENITAL PTOSIS
CLINICAL EVALUATION
History
OCULAR EXAMINATION
Visual Acuity
Palpebral Aperture
Margin Reflex Distance (Figure 2)
Levator Function
Berke's Method (Lid Excursion)
Putterman's Method
Assessment in Children
Iliff Test
Margin Crease Distance (MCD)
Bell's Phenomenon
Corneal Sensation
Ocular Motility
Tensilon Test
Phenylephrine Test
Associations
SURGICAL APPROACH
Commonly Performed Surgeries (Table 1)
Surgery for Bilateral Ptosis
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
Modified Fasanella Servat Surgery
Surgical Steps (Figures 9A to E)
Complications of Fasanella Servat Surgery
Levator Resection
Surgical Steps
Complications of Levator Surgery
Brow Suspension Repair
Temporary Sling
Fascia Lata Sling
Harvesting of Fascia Lata
Fascia Lata Sling Suspension
Complications of Frontalis Sling
Unavoidable Complications
Avoidable Complications
MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATED PTOSIS
Ptosis with Oculomotor Abnormalities
Congenital Ptosis with Superior Rectus Weakness
Ptosis Associated with Double Elevator Palsy
Blepharophimosis Syndrome
Double Z Plasty or Y to V Plasty with Transnasal Wiring
Lateral Canthoplasty
Stage II
Marcus Gunn Ptosis
Misdirected Third Nerve Ptosis
11:
Frontalis Muscle Flap Advancement for Correction of Blepharoptosis with Poor Levator Function
INTRODUCTION
THE MECHANISM OF LID ELEVATION AFTER BROW SUSPENSION
ANATOMY OF THE OCCIPITOFRONTALIS
EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
COMPLICATIONS
12:
Upper Lid Blepharoplasty
INTRODUCTION
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION
SURGICAL PROCEDURE
POSTOPERATIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
13:
Pterygium Excision
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOGENESIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
PTERYGIUM SURGERY
Bare Sclera
Simple Closure
Sliding Flap
Rotational Flap
Conjunctival Graft
ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY
Corticosteroids
Thiotepa
Interferon Alpha-2b
Mitomycin C
5-fluorouracil
Beta Radiation
Amniotic Membrane
SURGERY COMPLICATIONS
CLINICAL PEARLS
14:
Pediatric Epiphora
INTRODUCTION
EMBRYOLOGY OF THE LACRIMAL SYSTEM
Secretory System
Excretory System
DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES
Punctal and Canalicular Abnormalities
Anatomy of Excretory System
Important Points to Remember in Infants
Physiology
Evaluation
History
Examination
Investigations
Management
Punctal and Canalicular Abnormalities
Lacrimal Sac Abnormalities
Congenital Nasolacrimal Obstruction (CNLDO)
Conservative Management
Criggler Massage
Syringing and Probing
Inferior Turbinate Infracture
Silicone Intubation
Ballon Dacryoplasty
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
Endonasal DCR
SUMMARY
15:
Congenital Tumors
PIGMENTED LESIONS
Nevi (Figure 1)
Management
Nevus of Ota (Oculodermal Melanocytosis)
Management
ANGIOMATOUS TUMORS
Portwine Stain (Nevus Flammeus)
Strawberry (Capillary) Hemangioma (Figure 2)
Symptoms and Signs
Prognosis
Management
Dermoid and Epidermoid Cyst
Signs
Investigation
Management
Plexiform Neurofibroma
Management
Prognosis
SECTION TWO: ORBITAL DISEASES
16:
Imaging of the Orbit
INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON OF THE THREE MODALITIES
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Orbital Ultrasound
EVALUATION OF CT SCAN ORBIT
THE ORBITAL BONES
Osteoma
Ossifying Fibroma
Orbital Fracture
EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
Thyroid Eye Disease
Myositis
Investigation
Orbital Cysticercosis
EXTRACONAL LESIONS OF THE ORBIT
Dermoid Cyst
Sphenoid Wing Meningioma
Lymphoproliferative Disease of the Orbit
Lacrimal Fossa Tumors: Pleomorphic Adenoma
Orbital Invasion of Paranasal Sinus Disease
COMBINED INTRACONAL AND EXTRACONAL PATHOLOGY
Orbital Hemorrhage
Lymphangioma
Orbital Varix
INTRACONAL LESIONS OF THE ORBIT
Vascular Lesions of the Orbit
Orbital Hemangioma
NEUROGENIC LESIONS OF THE ORBIT
Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma
Optic Nerve Glioma
Extraocular Extension of Intraocular Tumor
Optic Neuritis
17:
Orbital Neoplasms
INTRODUCTION
PRIMARY TUMORS OF THE ORBIT
Orbital Lymphoma of the Orbit
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Investigation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Inference
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Investigation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Inference
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Investigation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Inference
Melanoma
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Investigation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Inference
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Introduction
Clinical Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Inference
CONCLUSION
18:
Orbital Disorders — Vascular Abnormalities
INTRODUCTION
CAPILLARY HEMANGIOMA
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
LYMPHANGIOMA
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
ORBITAL VARICES
Symptoms and Signs
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
19:
Infections of the Orbit
ORBITAL CELLULITIS
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Investigation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ORBITAL ABSCESS
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Investigation
Treatment
Complications
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
ORBITAL TUBERCULOSIS
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Investigation
Management
Inference
ORBITAL FUNGAL INFECTION
ORBITAL MUCORMYCOSIS
Introduction
Sign and Symptoms
Investigations
Treatment
ORBITAL ASPERGILLOSIS
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Investigation
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
ORBITAL CYSTICERCOSIS
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Investigation
Management
Inference
ORBITAL HYDATID CYST
Introduction
Signs and Symptoms
Investigation
Treatment
20:
Orbital Implants
INTRODUCTION
Types of Implants
NEWER GENERATION ORBITAL IMPLANTS (Figures 1 to 19)
Hydroxyapatite
Polyethylene (Medpor)
Alumina (Bioceramic) Implant
Dermis Fat Graft
Expandable Orbital Implant
21:
Management of Orbital Trauma and Fractures
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
EVALUATION OF ACUTE ORBITAL AND PERIORBITAL INJURIES
RADIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Problems Associated with Orbital Trauma
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH ORBITAL TRAUMA
Orbital Hemorrhages
Surgical Emphysema
TRAUMATIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
Carotid Cavernous Fistula
Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Orbital Foreign Bodies
FRACTURES
Orbital Floor and Blow-out Fractures
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Management
Timing
Procedure
Implants
Surgical Procedures
Exposure of the Orbital Floor
Complications
Naso-orbital and Medial Orbital Wall Fractures
Transnasal Wiring: Surgical Technique
Role of Endoscopy in Management of Orbital Fractures
Management of Old Standing Orbital Trauma
Orbital Contour Deformity
Late Hypophthalmos or Enophthalmos
Late Persistent Handicapping Diplopia
Telecanthus
SUMMARY
22:
Preseptal Cellulitis and Orbital Cellulitis
PRESEPTAL CELLULITIS
Definition
Causes
Pathogenesis1,3,4
Clinical Features
Management
Diagnosis1,3
Treatment
Complication1,3
Prognosis
ORBITAL CELLULITIS
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Causes1,2,4
Complication1,4
Diagnosis:1,4
Treatment4
23:
Miscellaneous Disorders
CARBUNCLE
Introduction
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
CARUNCULAR ABSCESS
Introduction
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
CONCRETIONS (LITHIASIS)
Introduction
Clinical Features (Figure 5)
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
ECTROPION OF LOWER PUNCTA
Introduction
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
EYELASH IN THE CANALICULUS
Introduction
Etiology
Treatment
FOREIGN BODY IN SULCUS SUBTARSALIS
Introduction
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
GRAVES’ OPHTHALMOPATHY (THYROTOXICOSIS)
Clinical Features (Figures 12 to 14)
Symptoms
Signs
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
Prognosis
TRACHOMA
Introduction
Etiology
Clinical Features
Symptoms
Signs
Grading of Trachoma
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS
Introduction
Symptoms
Signs (Figures 18)
Pathophysiology
Treatment
24:
Update on Lasers in Oculoplasty
INTRODUCTION
ADVANCES IN PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS AND APPLICATION OF THE LASER IN PLASTIC SURGERY
TYPES OF LASERS
WORD OF CAUTION
CONDITIONS
ADVANCES IN OCULOPLASTY8
FUNDAMENTAL RISKS
AVOIDING POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
EVIDENCE OF TREATMENTS
Treatment of Port-wine Stain with KTP 532 nm Laser
Use of the KTP Laser in the Treatment of Rosacea and Solar Lentigines
Comparison of Lasers
CONCLUSION
SECTION THREE: RECENT ADVANCES
25:
Aesthetic Ophthalmoplastic with CO2 Laser
INTRODUCTION
TECHNIQUE OF LASER BLEPHAROPLASTY
Laser Safety
Preoperative Marking
Anesthesia
Upper Lid Laser Blepharoplasty
Lower Lid Laser Blepharoplasty
Postoperative Recovery
Laser Blepharoplasty of the Lower Lid with Skin-muscle Flap
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABLATIVE LASERS SKIN RESURFACING
Introduction
Principles of Laser Skin Resurfacing
Preoperative Evaluation
Wound Healing
Anesthesia
Laser Safety
Laser Treatment Strategy
Laser Treatment Technique
CO2 Laser Skin Resurfacing of Crow's Feet and Lower Lid Cheek Junction Area
Erbium Laser Skin Resurfacing of Crow's Feet and Lower Lid Cheek Junction Area
Postoperative Wound Care
Postoperative Complications
BIBLIOGRAPHY
26:
Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy — Recent Advances
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY1
EVALUATION OF EPIPHORA
Causes of the Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
EXAMINATION
Punctum
Sac Syringing
The Jones Test
Dacryocystogram
Indications for DCG
Dacryoscintigraphy with Radiolabeled Materials
Lacrimal Dacryoscintigraphy (LDS)
Indications for LDS
Extrinsic Tumors
ENDOSCOPIC DCR
Advantages of the Endoscopic DCR
Disadvantages
Complications
Comparison of External and Endo-DCR
Lasers in DCR5–8
Adjuvants in DCR
RECENT MODIFICATIONS
27:
Special Oculoplasty Surgical Procedures
PLICATION OF ORBICULARIS OCULI FOR PTOSIS
Steps of Operation
Exposure of the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
Plication of the Orbicularis Muscle
Managing the Palpebral Skin Flap
Bandaging the Eye
SUTURELESS CONJUNCTIVAL ROUTE PLICATION OF LEVATOR MUSCLE FOR PTOSIS
Introduction
Anesthesia
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
28:
Guided Sling Surgery: Jacob-Agarwal Technique of Frontalis Suspension with Single Stab Incision
INTRODUCTION
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
DISCUSSION
29:
Modified Corrugated Intracystic Implant for Chronic Dacryo-cystitis: A Journey to Innovation
INTRODUCTION
DCR SURGERY
Intracystic Implant
Endonasal Surgery
Laser DCR
A Thought
Physics Principal (Figure 1)
Theoretical Consideration
Functioning of Nasolacrimal Duct
Functioning of DCR
Drawbacks of Conventional Implant
PREPARATION OF MODIFIED CORRUGATED IMPLANT
Advantages of Dr Anil Shah's Modified Corrugated Implant
Surgical Procedure
Available
Material
Procedure
Complications
Sincere Effort
30:
Management of Dysfunction of Meibomian Glands with Fugo Blade
INTRODUCTION
MEDICAL TREATMENT
31:
Fornix Reconstruction
INTRODUCTION
SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
Preoperative Evaluation
Partial Reconstruction
Technique
Lower Fornix Reconstruction
Technique
32:
Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma and Muir - Torre's Syndrome
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY2
GENETICS
Second Hit Theory
Duplication
Immunohistopathologic Correlation
GENETICOPATHOLOGICO-CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION
Moreker-Kataria-Lala Classification of Sebaceous Gland Carcinomas
PRESENTATIONS
ROLE OF FNAC
Sentinal Node Biopsy20
TREATMENT
Treatment According to Type23
ADJUVANTS
Neoadjuvant Treatment26,27
Radiotherapy31–33
Reconstruction
MORTALITY
Metastasis
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH POOR PROGNOSIS34
Screening for MTS
FOLLOW UP GUIDELINES13
RECENT ADVANCES
33:
Pediatric Oculoplasty—An Evidence-based Update
INTRODUCTION
CONGENITAL DACRYOCYSTITIS UPDATE
Syndromes
Lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital Syndrome (LADD)1
Microbiological Spectrum and Sensitivities
Treatment
Probing
Endonasal Probing and Retrograde Irrigation of Lacrimal Ducts
Balloon Dilatation of Nasolacrimal Duct
Monocanalicular Stenting
Stepwise Approach
CONGENITAL PTOSIS
Diagnosis Differentiating Congenital from Aponeurotic Ptosis
Upgaze Eyelid Position13
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Unconventional Ptosis
Childhood Myasthenia
WARG Syndrome and Ptosis
Partial Trisomy and Ptosis
Management
Recent Concepts from Evidences in Terms of Management
ORBITAL IMPLANTATION IN CHILDREN
Size of Implant30
Primary Orbital Implants in Children–Hydroxyapatite
Porous Polyethylene Implant in a Child
Autogenous Dermis-fat Graft Orbital Implant
Moreker's Expandable Balloon Implants
ORBITAL FRACTURES IN CHILDREN
Endoscopic Fracture Reduction and Mesh Implantation with Tissue Glue
LID AND ORBITAL TUMORS
Shields Classification of Orbital Cysts40
Endoscopic Management of Orbital Diseases
Nd: YAG Laser and Corticosteroids
Orbital Lymphangioma and AV Malformations
CONGENITAL EYELID RETRACTION AND CHILDHOOD THYROID
EYELID MALPOSITIONS
Congenital Entropion
Surgical Correction of Entropion in Congenital Cutis Laxa50
Congenital Ectropion
CRYPTOPHTHALMOS
Parental Age
Known Risk Factors
Pathogenesis
Classification
Treatment
Complete Cryptophthalmos
Incomplete Cryptophthalmos
Role of Amniotic Membrane
Prenatal Diagnosis57,58,59
34:
Periocular Applications of Botulinum Toxin
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY
WHAT IS BOTULINUM TOXIN?
MECHANISM OF ACTION
COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS
RECONSTITUTION AND STORAGE
THERAPEUTIC USES OF BOTULINUM TOXIN
Botulinum Toxin Use in Blepharospasm and Hemifacial Spasm
Botulinum Toxin Use in Apraxia of Eyelid Opening
Botulinum Toxin Use for Dysthroid and Upper Eyelid Retraction Management
Botulinum Toxin Use for Entropion Treatment
Botulinum Toxin Use for Lacrimal Gland Blockage
Botulinum Toxin Use for Cornea Protection in Facial Paralysis
Control of Synkinetic Eyelid Movements
COSMETIC ADMINISTRATION OF BOTULINUM TOXIN ON EYELIDS AND PERIOCULAR AREA
Glabellar Area
Forehead
Crowsfeet and Palpebrae
Botulinum Toxin, Botulismus and Antibody Development, and Non-responder Cases
QUESTIONABLE ISSUES ABOUT DILUTION AND STORAGE?
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear
