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Strabismus Ashok Garg, Emanuel Rosen, Eric R Crouch, Ewa Oleszczynska Prost

SECTION 1: CLINICAL STRABISMUS
1:Binocular Vision
- DEFINITION
- INTRODUCTION
- DIAGNOSIS OF BINOCULAR DISORDERS
- ACCOMMODATIVE PERFORMANCE
  - COVER TEST
- SUBJECTIVE TESTS TO ESTIMATE THE PRESENCE, DIRECTION AND MAGNITUDE OF PHORIAS
- FIXATION DISPARITY TEST
- EVALUATION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FUSIONAL VERGENCE
- MEASUREMENT OF THE NEAR POINT OF CONVERGENCE
  - CONVERGENCE JUMP TEST
- EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
- RETINOSCOPY AND REFRACTION
- MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF DEVIATION
- SENSORY STATE
  - WORTH'S FOUR DOT TEST
  - ESTIMATION OF THE LEVEL OF SUPPRESSION
- STEREOPSIS
  - EVALUATION OF STEREOPSIS
- ACCOMMODATION
- PUPILLARY REFLEXES
- EYE MOVEMENTS
- BINOCULAR VISION ANOMALIES
  - BINOCULAR ANOMALIES
  - ACCOMMODATIVE ANOMALIES
  - OCULOMOTOR ANOMALIES
- BINOCULAR ANOMALIES
  - CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY
    - Treatment
  - FALSE CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY
  - DIVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY
    - Diagnosis
    - Treatment
  - CONVERGENCE EXCESS
  - DIVERGENCE EXCESS
    - Treatment
  - BASIC EXOPHORIA
  - BASIC ESOPHORIA
  - HYPERPHORIAS
- ACCOMMODATIVE ANOMALIES
  - ACCOMMODATIVE INSUFFICIENCY
  - ACCOMMODATIVE EXCESS
  - ACCOMMODATIVE INFLEXIBILITY
- OCULOMOTOR ANOMALIES
2:Pediatric Strabismus Examination
- INTRODUCTION
- HISTORY
- VISUAL ACUITY AND REFRACTION
- EXAMINATION OF THE EYE
- CHECK FOR PSEUDOSTRABISMUS
- OCULAR MOVEMENTS
  - UNIOCULAR MOVEMENTS
  - BINOCULAR MOVEMENTS
  - VERSIONS
  - VERGENCES
  - HERING'S LAW
  - SHERRINGTON'S LAW
- HEAD POSTURES
  - INTRODUCTION
  - BASICS
  - INDIVIDUAL MUSCLES INVOLVED
  - RIGHT LR PALSY
  - RIGHT MR PALSY
  - RIGHT SR PALSY
- HIRSCHBERG'S CORNEAL REFLECTION TEST
  - TEST
- COVER TEST
  - PARTS
  - PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DEVIATION
  - FALLACIES OF THE COVER TEST
- PRISM BAR COVER TEST
  - TEST
  - KRIMSKY'S TEST
- SYNAPTOPHORE (MAJOR AMBLYOSCOPE)
  - BASICS
  - USAGE OF THE INSTRUMENT
- MADDOX ROD
  - PRINCIPLE
  - APPARATUS
  - DISTANCE
  - RESULTS
- MADDOX WING TEST
  - INSTRUMENT
  - CLINICALLY IMPORTANT POINTS
- DIPLOPIA
  - DIPLOPIA DEFINITION
  - TYPES OF DIPLOPIA
  - SWAN'S SYNDROME
- DIPLOPIA TESTING
  - INTRODUCTION
  - PROCEDURE
- HESS CHARTING
  - INSTRUMENT
  - TEST
  - RESULTS
- WORTH'S 4 DOT TEST
- BAGOLINI'S STRIATED GLASSES TEST
- TESTS FOR STEREOPSIS
  - DEFINITION OF STEREOPSIS
  - DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STEREOPSIS AND FUSION
  - TESTS
- AFTER IMAGES TEST
3:Signs, Symptoms and Adaptations in Strabismus
- INTRODUCTION
- CONFUSION
- DIPLOPIA
- SUPPRESSION
- AMBLYOPIA
- ECCENTRIC FIXATION
- ABNORMAL RETINAL CORRESPONDENCE
4:Sensory Adaptations in Strabismus
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF SENSORY ADAPTATIONS
- SUPPRESSION
- MECHANISM
- ANOMALOUS RETINAL CORRESPONDENCE
- AMBLYOPIA
5:Esodeviations
- PSEUDOESOTROPIA
- ESOPHORIA
- CONGENITAL ESOTROPIA
- NYSTAGMUS BLOCKADE SYNDROME
- ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA
- CYCLIC ESOTROPIA
- ACUTE ACQUIRED ESOTROPIA
- DIVERGENS INSUFFICIENCY ESOTROPIA
- SPASM OF THE NEAR REFLEX
- DEPRIVATION (SENSORY) ESOTROPIA
- CONSECUTIVE ESOTROPIA
6:Exodeviations
- PSEUDOEXOTROPIA
- EXOPHORIA
- CONGENITAL EXOTROPIA
- INTERMITTENT EXOTROPIA
- CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY
- CONVERGENCE PARALYSIS
- DEPRIVATION (SENSORY) EXOTROPIA
- CONSECUTIVE EXOTROPIA
7:Amblyopia
- INTRODUCTION
- STRABISMIC AMBLYOPIA
- ANISOMETROPIC AMBLYOPIA
- AMETROPIC AMBLYOPIA
- DEPRIVATION AMBLYOPIA
- ORGANIC AMBLYOPIA
- AMBLYOPIA FROM NYSTAGMUS
8:Cranial Nerve Palsies
- CRANIAL NERVE III PALSY
- CRANIAL NERVE IV PALSY
- CRANIAL NERVE VI PALSY
9:Cyclovertical Deviations
- INTRODUCTION
- DIFFERENCE FROM HORIZONTAL DEVIATIONS
- CLASSIFICATION
- COMITANT VERTICAL DEVIATIONS (Associated Vertical Deviation)
- PARETIC VERTICAL DEVIATIONS
  - THIRD NERVE PARESIS
  - FOURTH NERVE PARALYSIS
- STRABISMUS SURSOADDUCTORIUS (SYN: OVERACTION OF THE INFERIOR OBLIQUE)
- DISSOCIATED VERTICAL DEVIATION (DVD) (Syn: Alternating Hypertropia, Double Hypertropia, Alternating Sursumduction)
- COMBINATIONS
- FADEN'S OPERATION (Syn: Posterior Fixation Suture Operation. Retroequatorial Myopexy)
  - INDICATIONS
10:Concomitant Strabismus
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
- LAWS OF THE EYEBALLS MOTILITY
- BINOCULAR VISION PHYSIOLOGY
- STRABISMUS EXAMINATION
- TYPES OF STRABISMUS
- MANAGEMENT OF STRABISMUS
11:Diagnostic Methods in Concomitant Squint
- INTRODUCTION
- EXAMINATION OF A CASE OF SQUINT
- EXAMINATION OF MOTOR STATUS
12:A and V Patterns in Strabismus
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE
- ETIOLOGY
  - HORIZONTAL FACTORS
    - Vertical School
    - Oblique School
- STRUCTURAL FACTORS (ORBITAL / CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES)
- TREATMENT
- CONCLUSION
13:Nystagmus
- DEFINITION
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- TERMINOLOGY
- GRADES
- EXAMINATION OF A CASE OF NYSTAGMUS
- CLASSIFICATION
- OCULAR NYSTAGMUS
- VESTIBULAR NYSTAGMUS
- CEREBELLAR NYSTAGMUS
- CENTRAL NYSTAGMUS
- MISCELLANEOUS
- SYMPTOMS
- TREATMENT
14:Cranial Nerve Palsies and their Management
- CLASSIFICATION OF INCOMITANT STRABISMUS
- CLASSIFICATION OF PARALYTIC SQUINT
- THIRD NERVE PALSY
- FOURTH NERVE PALSY
- SIXTH NERVE PALSY
15:Strabismus Syndromes
- A. STRABISMUS SYNDROME
- BROWN'S SYNDROME
- MOEBIUS SYNDROME
- MARCUS GUNN'S SYNDROME
- DOUBLE ELEVATOR PALSY
- B. STRABISMUS SYNDROMES
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- PROGNOSIS
16:Special Forms of Strabismus
- INTRODUCTION
- DUANE'S RETRACTION SYNDROME
- BROWN'S SYNDROME
- CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE EXTERNAL OPHTHALMOPLEGIA
- CONGENITAL FIBROSIS OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES (CFEOM)
  - DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
  - TREATMENT
- THYROID OPHTHALMOPATHY
17:Nonsurgical Treatment of Squint
- INTRODUCTION
- OPTICAL TREATMENT
- PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
- ORTHOPTICS
18:Botulinum Toxin in Strabismus
- INTRODUCTION
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
- INVESTIGATIONS
- TREATMENT
- PRECAUTIONS
- PROGNOSIS
SECTION 2: STRABISMUS SURGERY AND RECENT ADVANCES
19:Video-Oculography: A New Perspective of Ocular Motility for Strabismology
- INTRODUCTION
- ANATOMOPHYSIOLOGICAL BASES
- EXPLORATORY TECHNIQUES: 3D VIDEO-OCULOGRAPHY (VOG-3D) SENSOMOTORIC INSTRUMENT®
- TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 3D-VOG
- PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF VIDEO-OCULOGRAPHY TO STRABISMUS
- NYSTAGMOGRAPHY
  - CLASSIFICATION
20:Managing Amblyopia with Corneal Wavefront Guided Lasik in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUSES OF AMBLYOPIA
- PROBLEMS FOR EXCIMER LASER REFRACTIVE SURGERY WITH CHILDREN
- CONCLUSION
21:Update on Strabismus Surgery in Children
- INFANTILE ESOTROPIA
  - CONGENITAL ESOTROPIA
  - INFANTILE ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA
- LATE ONSET STRABISMUS
  - NORMO-SENSORY STRABISMUS
  - NON-ACCOMMODATIVE ACQUIRED ESOTROPIA
22:Hyperopic Lasik for Accommodative Esotropia
- INTRODUCTION
- TREATMENTS FOR ACCOMMODATIVE ESOTROPIA
- PREOPERATIVE EXAMINATION
- SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
- RESULTS
- DISCUSSION
- CONCLUSION
23:Strabismus Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- SURGICAL ANATOMY OF THE MUSCLES
- BASIC PRINCIPLES OF STRABISMUS SURGERY
- COMPLICATIONS OF STRABISMUS SURGERY
  - COMPLICATIONS DUE TO GENERAL ANESTHESIA AND LOCAL ANESTHESIA
    - Bradycardia
    - Toxicity of Local Anesthetic Agents
  - INTRAOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
24:Strategies for Amblyopia: Rehabilitation Orthoptics and Refractive Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
  - HOW DOES AMBLYOPIA ARISE?
- CLASSIFICATION OF AMBLYOPIAS
- ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
- PROGNOSIS OF AMBLYOPIA
- DIAGNOSIS
- EXAMINATION OF THE CHILD
- HOW TO TREAT AMBLYOPIA?
- TREATMENT FROM A SURGICAL VIEWPOINT
25:Adjustable Sutures in Pediatric Strabismus Surgery
- INTRODUCTION
- INTRAOPERATIVE ADJUSTMENTS
- POSTOPERATIVE ADJUSTMENTS
- SUMMARY

INDEX

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Chapter Notes