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Optics for Optometry Students PC Mukherjee

1:Fermat's Principles
- 1.1 GEOMETRICAL AND OPTICAL PATH LENGTHS
- 1.2 FERMAT'S PRINCIPLE (STATEMENT)
- 1.3 FERMAT'S PRINCIPLE FROM THE LAWS OF REFLECTION AND VICE VERSA
- 1.4 FERMAT'S PRINCIPLE FROM THE LAWS OF REFRACTION AND VICE VERSA
- 1.5 REFLECTION AT A SPHERICAL SURFACE (FROM FERMAT'S PRINCIPLE)
  - i. For the Concave Surface (Fig. 1.5A)
  - ii. For Convex Surface (Fig. 1.5B)
- 1.6 REFRACTION AT A SPHERICAL SURFACE (FROM FERMAT'S PRINCIPLE)
  - i. For the Concave Surface (Fig. 1.6A)
  - ii. For Convex Surface (Fig. 1.6B)
- 1.7 FERMAT'S PRINCIPLE FROM THE STANDPOINT OF WAVE THEORY
2:Refraction at a Plane Surface (Snell's Law)
- 2.1 LAWS OF REFRACTION
  - First Law
  - Second Law
- 2.2 RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDICES
- 2.3 GENERALISED SNELL'S LAW
- 2.4 REFRACTIVE INDEX FROM WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT
- 2.5 CRITICAL ANGLE AND TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
- 2.6. REFRACTION BY A PLANE PARALLEL SLAB OF GLASS
3:Refraction at a Spherical Surface
- 3.1a REFRACTION AT A CONCAVE SPHERICAL SURFACE
- b. REFRACTION AT A CONVEX SPHERICAL SURFACE
- c. POWER OF A SPHERICAL SURFACE
- 3.2 MAGNIFICATION
- a. LATERAL OR LINEAR MAGNIFICATION (m)
- b. LONGITUDINAL MAGNIFICATION (l)
- c. ANGULAR MAGNIFICATION (M)
- 3.3 SINE CONDITION FOR A SINGLE SPHERICAL SURFACE
- 3.4 LAGRANGE'S LAW AND HELMHOLTZ'S RELATION
4:Lenses
- 4.1 SPHERICAL LENS
  - a. Convex or Converging Lenses
  - b. Concave or Diverging Lenses
- 4.2 REFRACTION THROUGH TWO SPHERICAL SURFACES—REFRACTION THROUGH A LENS
  - Power of a Lens
- 4.3 OPTICAL CENTRE OF A LENS
- 4.4 THE MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN AN OBJECT AND ITS REAL IMAGE FORMED BY A LENS
- 4.5 THEORY OF FORMATION OF REAL IMAGES
- 4.6 LATERAL MAGNIFICATION BY A LENS
- 4.7 COMBINATION OF LENSES. EQUIVALENT LENS AND EQUIVALENT FOCAL LENGTH
- 4.8 EQUIVALENT FOCAL LENGTH FOR TWOLENSES IN CONTACT
- 4.9 EQUIVALENT LENS FOR A COMBINATION OF TWO LENSES SEPARATED BY A DISTANCE
- 4.10 EQUIVALENT FOCAL LENGTH FOR A COMBINATION OF TWO THIN LENSES PLACED COAXIALLY SEPARATED BY A DISTANCE
5:Prism
- 5.1 REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM
- 5.2 ANGLE OF MINIMUM DEVIATION
- 5.3 CONDITION OF MINIMUM DEVIATION IN A PRISM
- 5.4 EXPRESSION FOR THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE MATERIAL OF A PRISM
- 5.5 CONDITION FOR NO EMERGENT RAY FROM A PRISM
- 5.6 THIN PRISM
- 5.7 REFLECTING PRISMS
- 5.8 ADVANTAGE OF A REFLECTING PRISMOVER A PLANE MIRROR
- 5.9 DISPERSION AND DISPERSIVE POWER
- 5.10 DISPERSION
- 5.11 DISPERSIVE POWER
- 5.12 COMBINATION OF PRISMS
- 5.13 COMBINATION OF PRISMS TO PRODUCE DISPERSION WITHOUT DEVIATION
- 5.14 COMBINATION OF PRISMS TO PRODUCE DEVIATION WITHOUT DISPERSION (ACHROMATIC COMBINATION OF PRISMS)
6:Chromatic Aberration
- 6.1 CHROMATIC ABERRATION DUE TO A LENS
- 6.2 ACHROMATIC COMBINATION OF LENSES
- 6.3 CONDITION OF ACHROMATISM FOR TWO THIN LENSES IN CONTACT
- 6.4 CONDITION OF ACHROMATISM FOR TWO THIN LENSES SEPARATED BY A DISTANCE
7:Monochromatic or Seidel Aberration
- 7.1 SPHERICAL ABERRATION
- REMEDY
- 7.2 COMA
- REMEDY
- 7.3 ASTIGMATISM AND CURVATURE
- 7.4 DISTORTION
8:Optical Instruments (Visual and Nonvisual)
- 8.1 OPTICAL INSTRUMENT (VISUAL)
- 8.2 EYEPIECE
- 8.3 HUYGENS' EYEPIECE
- 8.4 RAMSDEN'S EYEPIECE
- 8.5 VISUAL ANGLE
- 8.6 SIMPLE MICROSCOPE OR MAGNIFYING GLASS
  - Magnification
- 8.7 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
- 8.8 REFRACTION THROUGH A TRANSPARENT SOLID SPHERE (APLANATIC FOCI RELATION)
- 8.9 AMICI'S PRINCIPLE
- 8.10 HIGH POWER MICROSCOPE
- 8.11 TELESCOPES
- 8.12 ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE
- 8.13 GALILEAN TELESCOPE
- 8.14 REFLECTING TELESCOPE
- 8.15 NEWTONIAN TELESCOPE
- 8.16 COMPARISON OF REFRACTING AND REFLECTING TELESCOPES
9:Optical Fibre
- 9.1 STEP-INDEX OPTICAL FIBRE
- 9.2 THE NECESSITY OF THE CLADDING
- 9.3 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH AN OPTICAL FIBRE
- 9.4 NUMERICAL APERTURE (NA)
- 9.5 BAND WIDTH (νβ)
- 9.6 CHANNEL CAPACITY (N)
- 9.7 COHERENT BUNDLE
- 9.8 USES OF OPTICAL FIBRES
10:Thick Lens
- 10.1 CARDINAL POINTS OF A THICK LENS
- 10.2 RULES FOR RAY TRACING IN CASE OF A THICK LENS
- 10.3 IMAGE OF AN EXTENDED OBJECT DUE TO A THICK LENS (GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTION)
- 10.4 CONJUGATE FOCI RELATION FOR A THICK LENS
- 10.5 CARDINAL POINTS OF A SYSTEM OF TWO THIN LENSES SEPARATED BY A DISTANCE
- 10.6 CARDINAL POINTS OF RAMSDEN'S EYEPIECE
- 10.7 CARDINAL POINTS OF HUYGENS' EYEPIECE
- 10.8 TELESCOPIC SYSTEM
11:Light—Its Theories and Dual Nature
- 11.1 THEORIES OF LIGHT
- 11.2 DUAL NATURE OF LIGHT
- 11.3 WAVE VELOCITY AND GROUP VELOCITY
  - Wave or Phase Velocity
  - Group Velocity
12:Huygens' Wave Theory of Light
- 12.1 LAWS OF REFLECTION AT A PLANE SURFACE
- 12.2 LAWS OF REFRACTION AT A PLANE SURFACE
- 12.3 REFLECTION AT A SPHERICAL SURFACE
- 12.4 REFRACTION AT A SPHERICAL SURFACE
13:Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
- 13.1 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF SHM
- 13.2 COMPOSITION OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTIONS
- 13.3 COMPOSITION OF TWO COLLINEAR SHMs
- 13.4 COMPOSITION OF TWO SHMS AT RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH OTHER
- 13.5 SIMPLE HARMONIC WAVE
- 13.6 MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF SIMPLE HARMONIC WAVE
- 13.7 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF SIMPLE HARMONIC PROGRESSIVE WAVE
- 13.8 SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
  - Case I
  - Case II
- 13.9 YOUNG'S EXPERIMENT
- 13.10 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES
14:Interference
- 14.1 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT
- 14.2 CONDITIONS OF SUSTAINED INTERFERENCE
- 14.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERFERENCE
  - a. Methods Involving Division of Wavefront
  - b. Methods Involving Division of Amplitude
- 14.4 CONDITIONS OF INTERFERENCE—GRAPHICAL METHOD
- 14.5 CONDITIONS OF INTERFERENCE—ANALYTICAL METHOD
- 14.6 METHODS FOR PRODUCTION OF COHERENT SOURCES
- 14.7 THEORY OF FORMATION OF INTERFERENCE FRINGES BY A PAIR OF COHERENT SOURCES
- 14.8 NATURE OF THE INTERFERENCE FRINGES
- 14.9 EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT FOR DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT WITH A BI-PRISM
- 14.10 LLOYD'S MIRROR
- 14.11 CHANGE OF PHASE OF A WAVE DUE TO REFLECTION
- 14.12 INTERFERENCE DUE TO MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS IN A THIN TRANSPARENT FILMS
- 14.13 THEORY OF INTERFERENCE DUE TO MULTIPLE REFLECTION
- 14.14 NEWTON'S RING
- 14.15 THEORY OF FORMATION OF NEWTON'S RINGS
- 14.16 EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT
- 14.17 A NARROW SOURCE IS NECESSARY FOR BI-PRISM EXPERIMENT, WHILE AN EXTENDED SOURCE IS NECESSARY FOR NEWTON'S RING EXPERIMENT
15:Holography (Photography and Holography)
- 15.1 HOLOGRAPHIC RECORDING OF AN IMAGE
- 15.2 RECONSTRUCTION OF IMAGE FROM A HOLOGRAM
- 15.3 THEORY OF HOLOGRAPHY
- 15.4 SOME APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY
  - a. Study of Transient Microscopic Events
  - b. Double Exposure Holographic Interferometry
16:Diffraction of Light
- 16.1 INTENSITY AT A POINT DUE TO A PLANE WAVEFRONT OF LIGHT (FRESNEL'S HALF PERIOD ZONE METHOD) AND HENCE TO EXPLAIN THE RECTILINEAR PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
- 16.2 FRESNEL'S EXPLANATION OF DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT
- 16.3 CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFRACTION
  - Fraunhofer Diffraction
  - Fresnel Diffraction
- 16.4 FRAUNHOFER DIFFRACTION AT A SINGLE SLIT
- 16.5 DIFFRACTION GRATING
- 16.6 DIFFRACTION BY A PLANE TRANSMISSION GRATING
- 16.7 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ORDERS OF SPECTRA WITH A DIFFRACTION GRATING
- 16.8 ABSENT SPECTRA OR MISSING ORDER SPECTRA
- 16.9 MEASUREMENT OF WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT BY A DIFFRACTION GRATING
  - Action
- 16.10 DISPERSIVE POWER OF A DIFFRACTION GRATING
- 16.11 COMPARISON BETWEEN GRATING SPECTRUM AND PRISM SPECTRUM
- 16.12 RESOLUTION AND LIMIT OF RESOLUTION OF HUMAN EYE
- 16.13 RESOLVING POWER
  - a. Instruments which Resolve the Separation between Two Wavelengths
  - b. Instruments which Resolve the Separation between Two Object Points
- 16.14 RESOLVING POWER OF A DIFFRACTION GRATING
- 16.15 RESOLVING POWER OF A TELESCOPE
- 16.16 RESOLVING POWER OF A MICROSCOPE
- 16.17 ZONE PLATE
  - Construction
  - Theory
- 16.18 COMPARISON BETWEEN A ZONE PLATE AND A CONVEX LENS
17:Polarisation of Light
- 17.1 TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT THROUGH A PAIR OF CRYSTALS
- 17.2 FRESNEL'S EXPLANATION OF POLARISATION OF LIGHT
- 17.3 POLARISING ANGLE
- 17.4 BREWSTER'S LAW
- 17.5 DOUBLE REFRACTION
- 17.6 CALCITE CRYSTAL
- 17.7 DOUBLE REFRACTION IN A CRYSTAL
- 17.8 PRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF PLANE POLARISED LIGHT—POLARISER AND ANALYSER
- 17.9 NICOL PRISM
  - Construction
- ACTION
  - Nicol as Polariser
  - Nicol as an Analyser
- 17.10 POLAROID
- 17.11 RETARDATION PLATE
- 17.12 QUARTER-WAVE PLATE (λ/4 – PLATE)
- 17.13 FAST AND SLOW AXES OF A RETARDATION PLATE
- 17.14 PRODUCTION OF ELLIPTICALLY AND CIRCULARLY POLARISED LIGHT
- 17.15 DETECTION OF ELLIPTICALLY AND CIRCULARLY POLARISED LIGHTS
  - i. Elliptically Polarised Light
  - ii. Circularly Polarised Light
18:Optical Activity
- 18.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTICAL ACTIVITY
- 18.2 MOLECULAR ROTATION OR MOLECULARROTATORY POWER
- 18.3 POLARIMETER OR SACCHARIMETER
- 18.4 LAURENT'S HALF-SHADE POLARIMETER
  - Action
19:Dispersion of Light
- 19.1 NORMAL DISPERSION
- 19.2 ANOMALOUS DISPERSION
- 19.3 THEORY OF DISPERSION
  - Case I
  - Case II
20:Scattering of Light
- 20.1 RAYLEIGH'S SCATTERING
  - Theory
- 20.2 BLUE OF THE SKY AND SEA
- 20.3 RED COLOUR OF THE RISING AND THE SETTING SUN
21:Spontaneous and Stimulated (Induced) Emission and Einstein's A and B Coefficients
22:Coherence
- 22.1 TEMPORAL COHERENCE
- 22.2 MEASUREMENT OF COHERENCE LENGTH BY MICHELSON'S INTERFEROMETER
- 22.3 SPATIAL COHERENCE
- 22.4 YOUNG'S EXPERIMENT
23:Laser
- 23.1 CONSTRUCTION AND ACTION OF A LASER
  - Action
- 23.2 DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LASERS IN USE
- 23.3 RUBY LASER
  - Action
- 23.4 APPLICATIONS OF LASER
24:Photometry
- 24.1 SOME DEFINITIONS
- 24.2 STANDARDS AND UNITS
  - A. The Flame Standards
  - B. Temperature Standard
- 24.3 PHOTOMETRIC UNITS
- 24.4 PRINCIPLE OF PHOTOMETRY
- 24.5 LUMMER-BRODHUN PHOTOMETER
- 24.6 GUILD'S FLICKER PHOTOMETER
- 24.7 PHOTO CELL
- 24.8 WEBER ILLUMINATION METER
  - Action
- 24.9 POLAR CURVE AND MEAN SPHERICAL CANDLE POWER (MSCP) OF A SOURCE OF LIGHT
  - The Experiment
25:The Velocity of Light ‘C’ and Its Importance
- 25.1 DETERMINATION OF VELOCITY OF LIGHT
26:Surface Tension
- 26.1 SURFACE TENSION IS A MOLECULAR PHENOMENON
- 26.2 SURFACE ENERGY (E)
- 26.3 SURFACE TENSION AND SURFACE ENERGY
- 26.4 EXCESS PRESSURE INSIDE A SPHERICAL SOAP-BUBBLE
- 26.5 THE SHAPE OF A LIQUID SURFACE IN A CAPILLARY TUBE
- 26.6 ANGLE OF CONTACT
- 26.7 CAPILLARY ACTION OR CAPILLARITY
- 26.8 RISE OF A LIQUID IN A CAPILLARY TUBE
27:Viscosity and Fluid Motion
- 27.1 VISCOSITY
  - Unit of (Coefficient of viscosity)
  - dimension of η
- 27.2 POISEUILLE'S EQUATION FOR STREAMLINE MOTION OF A LIQUID THROUGH A NARROW TUBE
- 27.3 ENERGY OF A FLUID IN MOTION
- 27.4 BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
28:Spectroscopy
- 28.1 THE SPECTRUM
- 28.2 IMPURE AND PURE SPECTRA
- 28.3 EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SPECTRUM
- 28.4 CLASSIFICATION OF SPECTRA
  - a. Emission Spectra
- 28.5 THEORY OF FORMATION OF DIFFERENT CLASSES OF EMISSION SPECTRA
- 28.6 ABSORPTION SPECTRA
  - a. Absorption Band Spectrum or Dark Band Spectrum
  - b. Absorption Line Spectrum or Dark Line Spectrum
- 28.7 SPECTRUM OF SUNLIGHT AND FRAUNHOFER LINES
- 28.8 ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE OF FRAUNHOFER LINES
29:The Eye
- 29.1 ACTION OF THE EYE
30:Refractive Errors of the Eye
- A. EMMETROPIA
- B. AMETROPIA
- 30.1 MYOPIA OR SHORT-SIGHT OR NEAR-SIGHT
- 30.2 HYPEROPIA (OR HYPERMETROPIA), LONG-SIGHT OR FAR-SIGHT
- 30.3 PRESBYOPIA
  - Remedy
- 30.4 ASTIGMATISM OF THE EYE
  - a. Classification of Astigmatism
  - b. Remedy
- 30.5 ESOTROPIA AND EXOTROPIA
  - a. Classification of Esotropia
  - b. Remedy
- 30.6 AMBLYOPIA (LAZY EYE)
- 30.7 STRABISMUS AND LAZY EYE
- 30.8 KERATOCONUS
31:Classification of Lens Materials
- 31.1 PHOTOCHROMATIC LENSES
- 31.2 ANTIREFLECTION COATING
  - A Caution
32:Contact Lenses
- A. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTACT LENSES
- B. ADVANTAGES OF CONTACT LENSES OVER EYE-GLASSES
- C. CORRECTIVE CONTACT LENSES
- D. THERAPEUTIC CONTACT LENSES
- E. COSMETIC CONTACT LENSES
- F. TINTED CONTACT LENSES
- G. INTRAOCULAR OR IMPLANTABLE CONTACT LENSES
- H. DISPOSAL OF CONTACT LENSES
- I. CLEANING AND DISINFECTING THE CONTACT LENSES

INDEX

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Index

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Chapter Notes