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Ophthalmic Lenses
Ajay Kumar Bhootra
1:
Basic Optical Principle
LAWS OF REFLECTION
LAWS OF REFRACTION
VERGENCE
CURVATURE OF SURFACES
FOCAL POWER
THIN LENS POWER
EFFECT OF THICKNESS ON LENS POWER
SIGN CONVENTION
2:
Ophthalmic Lens Material and Design
GLASS MATERIAL
Oxides
Refiners
Colorants
Crown
Photo Chromic Glasses
High-Index Glasses
RESIN MATERIAL
PROPERTIES OF OPHTHALMIC LENSES
Optical Properties
Abbe Value
Reflectance
Absorption
Refractive Index
Mechanical Properties
Specific Gravity
Impact Resistance
Scratch Resistance
CURVE VARIATION FACTOR
OPHTHALMIC LENS DESIGN
Mechanical Factors
Optical Factors
SUMMARY
3:
Spherical Lenses
DIOPTERIC POWER OF LENSES, VERGENCE
SPHERICAL LENS DECENTRATION AND PRISM POWER
DETECTION OF SPHERICAL LENS
4:
Astigmatic Lenses
CYLINDRICAL LENSES (FIG. 4.1)
NOTATION FOR CYLINDER LENSES AND ORIENTATION OF AXIS
TORIC LENSES
DETECTION OF CYLINDRICAL LENS
5:
Prisms
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRISM
DEVIATION PRODUCED BY PRISM
PRISM ORIENTATION
SPLITTING OR DIVIDING PRISM
TYPES OF PRISM
Prism by Decentration
Worked Prism for Decentration
Prescribed Prism
Differential Prism at Near
Different Prism at Distance and Near
Thinning Prism
USES OF PRISM
Diagnostic Use of Prism
Therapeutic Use of Prism
FRESNEL PRISM
COMPOUNDING AND RESOLVING PRISMS
PRISM AND LENS DECENTRATION
DETECTION OF PRISM IN AN OPTICAL LENS
SUMMARY
6:
Lens Aberrations
CHROMATIC ABERRATION
Importance
Correction
Ocular Chromatic Aberration
Influencing Factors
Clinical Application
SPHERICAL ABERRATION
Correction
Ocular Spherical Aberration
Influencing Factor
Clinical Application
MARGINAL ASTIGMATISM
Correction
Ocular Astigmatic Aberration
Influencing Factor
Clinical Application
COMA
Correction
Ocular Coma
CURVATURE OF FIELD
Correction
Ocular Curvature of Field
DISTORTION
Barrel Distortion
Pincushion Distortion
SUMMARY
7:
Tinted Lens
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
EFFECT OF RADIANT ENERGY ON THE OCULAR TISSUES
ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL CROWN GLASS
FILTER LENSES
METHODS OF LENS TINTING
Integral Tints
Surface Tinting/Coating
PHOTOCHROMIC LENSES
FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOCHROMATISM
TINT OPTIONS IN PHOTOCHROMIC LENSES
RESIN PHOTOCHROMIC LENS
DISPENSING TIPS FOR PHOTOCHROMATIC LENSES
POLAROID LENSES
APPLICATION OF POLARIZED LENSES
ADVANTAGES OF POLAROID LENSES
TINTS VS. POLARIZED LENSES
DISPENSING TIPS FOR POLAROID LENSES
PRESCRIBING TINTS
BLUE LIGHT HAZARDS
8:
Anti-reflection Coated Lens
THE REFLECTION OF LIGHT
PRINCIPLE OF ANTI-REFLECTION COATING
SINGLE LAYER ANTI-REFLECTION COATING
MULTILAYER ANTI-REFLECTION COATING
ADVANTAGES OF ANTI-REFLECTION COATING
ANTI-REFLECTION COATING OF PRETINTED LENSES
DISPENSING TIPS
TECHNOLOGY OF ANTI-REFLECTION COATING
9:
Aspheric Lenses
WHY ASPHERIC?
ASPHERIC LENS DESIGN
MEASURING AN ASPHERIC SURFACE
PRISM IN ASPHERIC LENSES
ASPHERIC LENSES FOR APHAKIC PATIENTS
CHECKING LENS POWER IN ASPHERIC LENS
DISPENSING TIPS
SUMMARY
10:
Bifocal Lenses
TYPES OF BIFOCAL LENSES
FUSED BIFOCAL
Reading Addition of a Fused Bifocal
SOLID BIFOCAL
CEMENTED BIFOCAL
FRANKLIN BIFOCAL
BIFOCAL SEGMENT SHAPES
ROUND SHAPED BIFOCAL
D-SHAPED BIFOCAL
E-STYLE BIFOCAL
OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIFOCAL LENSES
IMAGE JUMP
PRISMATIC EFFECT
CHROMATIC ABERRATION
MAGNIFICATION
PRISM CONTROLLED BIFOCALS
SPLIT BIFOCAL
CEMENTED BIFOCALS
UNEQUAL SEGMENT SIZES
BI-PRISM BIFOCALS
PRISM CONTROLLED SOLID BIFOCAL
INVISIBLE BIFOCALS
BIFOCAL FITTING
Segment Inset
Segment Width
Segment Height
VERIFICATION OF SEGMENT HEIGHT
11:
Progressive Addition Lenses
BASIC DESIGN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROGRESSIVE, SINGLE VISION, BIFOCAL AND TRIFOCAL LENSES
ADVANTAGES OF PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENSES
No Visible Segments
Continuous Field of Clear Vision
Comfortable Intermediate Vision
Continuous Support to the Eyes Accommodation
Continuous Perception of Space
PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENS MARKINGS
PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENS OPTICAL DESIGN
Add Power
Length of the Progressive Corridor
Width of Distance and Near Zone
PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENS DESIGNS
Mono Design and Multidesign
Asymmetry and Symmetry Design
Hard and Soft Design
OPTICAL DESCRIPTION OF PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENS
Power Progressive Profile
Contour Plots
Isosphere Contour Plots
Isocylinder Contour Plots
Grid Plot (Fig. 11.22)
Rate of Change Plot (Fig. 11.23)
DESIGNING PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENS
PRISM THINNING
LIMITATION OF CONVENTIONAL PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENSES
REMARKING PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENSES
GENERATING PROGRESSIVE POWER SURFACE
EVOLUTION OF PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENS
CURRENT PROGRESSIVE LENS DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Shorter Corridor Progressive Lens
Internal Progressive
Customized Progressives
WHO IS SUITABLE FOR PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENSES?
IDEAL FRAME SELECTION FOR PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENS
DISPENSING PROGRESSIVE ADDITION LENSES
12:
Safety Lenses
LENS MATERIALS
Glasses
Laminated Glasses
Heat toughened Glasses
Chemically Toughened Glasses
Special Heat Toughened Safety Lenses
Plastics
CR39
Polycarbonate
Cellulose Acetate
Wire Gauze
TESTING PROCEDURE FOR SAFETY LENSES
Impact Resistance
Surface Hardness
Chemical Resistance
Thermostability
Flammability
Resistance to Hot Particles
TYPES OF LENS HOUSING
Spectacle Frames
Goggles
Face Shields
Helmets
REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS RELATING TO EYE PROTECTION
13:
Surface Treatments
HARD COATING
HYDROPHOBIC COATING
ANTI-FOG COATING
ANTI-MIST COATING
TOUGHENING GLASS LENSES
SURFACE TINTING OF LENSES
14:
Sports Lenses
HORIZONTAL INCLINATION
Measuring Horizontal Inclination
FEATURES OF SPORT LENSES
TINTS AND COLOURS IN SPORTS LENSES
PRESBYOPIA AND SPORTS LENS
Designing Prescription in Sports Progressive Lens
SUMMARY
15:
New Development in Spectacle Lenses
ANTI-FATIGUE LENS
ENHANCED NEAR VISION LENS
ATORIC LENSES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
TOC
Index
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