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Clinical Ophthalmology
A Samuel Gnanadoss
CHAPTER 1:
History Elicitation and Examination
HISTORY ELICITATION
EXAMINATION
CHAPTER 2:
Lids
ANATOMY
SWELLINGS
INFLAMMATION OF LID MARGIN
POSITION OF LIDS
ENTROPION
ECTROPION
PTOSIS
LAGOPHTHALMOS
TRICHIASIS
CHAPTER 3:
Lacrymal Passage
ANATOMY
CONGENITAL DACRYOCYSTITIS
CHRONIC DACRYOCYSTITIS
ACUTE DACRYOCYSTITIS
WATERING FROM EYE
DRY EYE
Etiology
Features
MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 4:
Conjunctiva
ANATOMY
INFLAMMATION (CONJUNCTIVITIS)
ACUTE CATARRHAL CONJUNCTIVITIS (ACCO)
Purulent Type
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Adult Type
MEMBRANOUS CONJUNCTIVITIS
ANGULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS
TRACHOMA
VERNAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
PHLYCTENULAR CONJUNCTIVITIS
PINGUECULA
PTERYGIUM
BITOT'S SPOTS
SYMBLEPHARON
SUBCONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE
FOLLICLES IN CONJUNCTIVA
CONCRETIONS
OPHTHALMIA NODOSA
CHAPTER 5:
Cornea
ANATOMY
INFLAMMATION
CORNEAL ULCER
NON-PURULENT SUPERFICIAL KERATITIS
PANNUS
NEUROTROPHIC KERATITIS
EXPOSURE KERATITIS
INTERSTITIAL KERATITIS (IK)
ARCUS SENILIS
CORNEAL SCAR
KERATOCONUS
CHAPTER 6:
Sclera
ANATOMY
EPISCLERITIS
SCLERITIS
Treatment
STAPHYLOMA
Management
CHAPTER 7:
Uveal Tract
ANATOMY
INFLAMMATION (UVEITIS) (FLOW CHART 7.1)
PURULENT UVEITIS
NON-PURULENT ANTERIOR UVEITIS (IRIDOCYCLITIS)
COMPLICATIONS
IRIS NODULES
Management
SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA (SO)
PHACOANAPHYLACTIC UVEITIS
SIDEROSIS BULBI
Management
PUPIL
IRIDODIALYSIS
CHAPTER 8:
Lens
ANATOMY
CATARACT
Senile (Age-related) Cataract
Complications
DEVELOPMENTAL CATARACT
ACQUIRED CATARACT
AFTER CATARACT(SECONDARY CATARACT)
SUBLUXATION and DISLOCATION OF LENS: (ECTOPIA LENTIS)
APHAKIA
CHAPTER 9:
Glaucoma
ANATOMY
ETIOLOGY
CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
PRIMARY CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
PRIMARY GLAUCOMAS
Narrow (Closed) Angle Glaucoma
Open Angle (Chronic Simple) Glaucoma
ABSOLUTE GLAUCOMA
Management
PROVOCATIVE TESTS
CERTAIN OTHER GLAUCOMAS
CHAPTER 10:
Vitreous
ANATOMY
VITREOUS OPACITIES
Developmental
Degenerative
VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE
Causes
Investigations
Management
PERSISTENT HYPERPLASTIC VITREOUS
SURGERY ON VITREOUS
Vitrectomy
Types
CHAPTER 11:
Retina
ANATOMY
NORMAL FUNDUS
HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR)
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR)
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY (RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA)
RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA (RP)
RETINAL DETACHMENT
Symptoms
Signs
Management
RETINOBLASTOMA
Features
Stage1 (Quiescent Stage)
Stage 2 (Glaucomatous Stage)
Stage 3 (Extraocular Extension)
Stage 4 (Metastatic Stage)
Pathology
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Management
Prognosis
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION (CRVO)
Complication
CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION (CRAO)
COMMOTIO RETINAE
Treatment
CHAPTER 12:
Optic Nerve
ANATOMY
PAPILLEDEMA
Causes
Features
Differential Diagnosis (Table 12.1)
OPTIC NEURITIS
NON-PURULENT OPTIC NEURITIS
Etiology
Papillitis
Features
Acute Retrobulbar Neuritis
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Treatment
TOXIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY (TOXIC AMBLYOPIAS)
Tobacco
Ethyl Alcohol
Methyl Alcohol
Arsenic
Lead
Chloroquine
Quinine
OPTIC ATROPHY
TYPES OF OPTIC ATROPHY
Primary Type
Secondary Type (Postneuritic Type)
Glaucomatous
Consecutive Type
CHAPTER 13:
Orbit
ANATOMY
PROPTOSIS
Causes
Investigations
Management
THYROID
Excess Secretion
Thyrotropic Exophthalmos
Diminished Secretion
ORBITAL CELLULITIS
Causes
Features
Complications
Treatment
CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS
Symptoms
SIGNS
Management
CHAPTER 14:
Neuro-ophthalmology
OCULOMOTOR NERVE
Causes of Third Nerve Paralysis
Nucleus
Fascicle
Nerve Trunk
TROCHLEAR NERVE
Clinical Features
Nucleus
Fascicle
Nerve Trunk
ABDUCENT NERVE
Clinical Features
Nucleus
Fascicle
Nerve Trunk
INTRACRANIAL TUMORS
DEMYELINATING DISEASE
Disseminated Sclerosis
Ocular Manifestations
Neuromyelitis Optica (Devic's Disease)
Schilder's Disease (Encephalitis Peri-axialis Diffusa)
PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI
CEREBELLAR SYSTEM AND EYES
ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY (AION)
Causes
Non-arteritic AION
Arteritic AION
HEADACHE
Classification
MIGRAINE
Etiology
Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Symptomatic
OPHTHALMOPLEGIC MIGRAINE
INTERNUCLEAR OPHTHALMOPLEGIA
HORNER’S SYNDROME
Etiology
First Order Neuron
Second Order Neuron
Third Order Neuron
Features
Investigations
Management
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Features
Subtypes
Ocular
Generalized
Investigations
Treatment
DUANE’S RETRACTION SYNDROME
CHAPTER 15:
Squint
COMITANT SQUINT
Investigations
PARALYTIC SQUINT
Differential Diagnosis
Management
AMBLYOPIA
Types
Features
Treatment
CHAPTER 16:
Ophthalmic Operations
ANESTHESIA
General Anesthesia
Regional Anesthesia
LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENTS (Table 16.2)
Adverse Effects
ADJUVANTS
Adrenaline
Hyaluronidase
Sodium Bicarbonate
STERILIZATION
Patient
Instruments
Chemical Sterilization
OCULAR SURGERIES
Cataract
Extracapsular Cataract Extraction (ECCE)
Intracapsular Cataract Extraction (ICCE) (Fig. 16.5)
Complications
GLAUCOMA
Cyclodialysis (Fig. 16.7)
Trabeculectomy
Scheie's Operation
Sac Surgeries
Dacryocystectomy (DCT)
Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR)
ENUCLEATION
EVICERATION
Lasers
CHAPTER 17:
Instruments
CHAPTER 18:
Refraction
GENERAL
TYPES OF AMETROPIA
CAUSES OF AMETROPIA
Axial
Curvature
Index
Position of Lens
MYOPIA (TABLE 18.1)
Etiology
Axial
Curvature
Index
Lens Position
Excess Accommodation
Symptoms
Signs
Treatment
Complications
HYPERMETROPIA (HYPEROPIA)
Etiology
Axial
Curvature
Index Type
Lens Tilt
Complications
Treatment
ASTIGMATISM
Types (Flow chart 18.1)
Treatment
PRESBYOPIA
Treatment
ACCOMMODATION
Accommodation Insufficiency
Accommodation Spasm
CHAPTER 19:
Dark Room Examinations
OBLIQUEILLUMINATION (FOCAL ILLUMINATION OR LATERAL ILLUMINATION)
Purpose
Requirements
Method
Advantages
DISTANT DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY
Purpose
Requirements
Method
RETINOSCOPY (SHADOW TEST OR SKYASCOPY)
Purpose
Requirements
Method
DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY
Purpose
Requirements
Method
Advantages of Direct Ophthalmoscopy
INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY
Principle
Purpose
Requirements
Method
Advantages
CHAPTER 20:
Ocular Therapeutics
MYDRIATICS
MIOTICS
CHEMOTHERAPY
Antibacterial Agents
Sulfa
Antibiotics
Nitrofurantoin
Fortified Drops
CORTICOSTEROIDS
V. NSAIDs
ANESTHETICS
ANTIMETABOLITES
ANTIGLAUCOMA DRUGS
OTHERS
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
Topical
Local Injections
Systemic Route
CHAPTER 21:
Community Ophthalmology
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES
Positive Health Promotion
Specific Prevention of Diseases
Early Diagnosis and Treatment
Disability Limitation
Rehabilitation
PROGRAMS FOR BLINDNESS PREVENTION AND CONTROL
I. Vision 2020: The Right to Sight
Mission
Goal
Vision 2020: The Right to Sight – India (Fig. 21.2)
II. National Program for Control of Blindness (NPCB)
Objectives
Strategies
Organizational Structure
Administration
Service Delivery and Referral System
Plan of Action and Activities
III. Other Specific Programs
1. Trachoma Control
2. School Eye Health Services
3. Vitamin A prophylaxis
4. Occupational Eye Health Services
DISTRICT BLINDNESS CONTROL SOCIETIES (DBCS)
Composition of DBCS
Main Functions of DBCS
ORGANISATION OF EYE CAMPS
VARIOUS VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS
BLIND REHABILITATION
Mohan Nomenclature
CHAPTER 22:
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) in Oral Examinations
CHAPTER 23:
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) in Theory Examinations
INDEX
TOC
Index
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