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Short Textbook of Pharmacology for Nurses
SM Raju, Shalini Chandra
1:
Introduction and Terminology
DRUG NAMES
SOURCES OF DRUGS
FORMS OF DRUGS
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
ENTERAL
PARENTERAL
TOPICAL
INHALANTS
PRINCIPLES OF DRUGS ADMINISTRATION (DRUG THERAPY)
FACTORS AFFECTING DOSAGE AND THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE
EFFECTS OF DRUG INTERACTIONS
DRUG THERAPY MONITORING
NURSE'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
LEGISLATION REGARDING NARCOTIC DRUGS
DRUG DOSAGE CALCULATIONS
DRUG ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND METABOLISM
DRUG ABSORPTION
Passage of drug across cell membrane depends on the charge it carries
Ionizable groups on a drug molecule alter their absorption and excretion
First Pass Effect Alters the Bioavailability of Drugs
DRUG DISTRIBUTION
DRUG METABOLISM
CLINICAL PHARMACOKINETICS
PHARMACODYNAMICS
PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY
GERIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOGENETICS
OTHER EXAMPLES OF GENETIC MUTATIONS AFFECTING DRUG RESPONSES
PEDIATRIC (NEONATE TO ABOUT 16 YEARS)
GERIATRIC (AGED ABOVE 65 YEARS)
WOMEN
2:
Immunopharmacology
DRUGS AFFECTING IMMUNE SYSTEM
VACCINES AND ANTISERA
ANTIBODY REAGENTS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS
CYTOTOXIC IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS
IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS
NATURAL ADJUVANTS
ANTIMETABOLITE
INHIBITORS OF EICOSANOID SYNTHESIS
SELECTIVE COX-2 INHIBITORS (COXIBS)
NONSELECTIVE COX INHIBITORS
ACETAMINOPHEN ANTIDOTE
PHARMACOLOGY OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS
PROSTAGLANDINS
LEUKOTRIENE INHIBITORS
HISTAMINE AND ANTIHISTAMINES
H2 AGONIST
FIRST GENERATION H1 BLOCKERS
SECOND GENERATION H1 BLOCKERS
DEGRANULATION INHIBITORS
H2 BLOCKERS
NONSTEROIDAL ANALGESICS
ANALGESIC AND ANTIPYRETIC (but not anti-inflammatory)
NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDs)
DISEASE-MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATICS
TNF-ALPHA BLOCKING AGENTS
DRUGS USED IN GOUT
3:
Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral and AIDS Drugs
DRUGS USED IN TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
Facts to Remember
Untoward Effects of Antibiotic Use in General
General Nursing Implications While Using Antimicrobials
Indications for use of antimicrobials as prophylactic agents
Antimicrobials are recommended as prophylactic in the following high risk situations
Use of antimicrobial drugs as prophylaxis may be hazardous in the following conditions
Causes for failure of antimicrobial therapy
SULFONAMIDES
PENICILLINS (BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS)
REPOSITORY PENICILLINS
Penicillin G benzathine (Permapen, Bicillin ®)
FIRST ORAL PENICILLIN
PENICILLINASE RESISTANT SEMISYNTHETIC PENICILLINS
EXTENDED OR BROAD-SPECTRUM SEMISYNTHETIC PENICILLINS
BETA-LACTAMASE INHIBITORS
Clavulanic acid, Tazobactam and Sulbactam
STRUCTURALLY RELATED BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS
CEPHALOSPORINS
FIRST GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
SECOND GENERATION CEPHALOSPORIN
THIRD GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
FOURTH GENERATION CEPHALOSPORINS
Cefepime (Maxipime ®) [Parenteral preparation]
PENICILLIN SUBSTITUTES
CHLORAMPHENICOL
FLUOROQUINOLONES
TETRACYCLINES
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
MACROLIDES
STREPTOGRAMINS
OXAZOLIDINONES
DAPTOMYCIN
RIFAMYCINS
METRONIDAZOLE
POLYPEPTIDES
MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS
SUMMARY TABLES ON ANTIMICROBIALS
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
ANTHELMINTICS
BENZIMIDAZOLES
HELMINTH NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT
OTHER AGENTS
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
INHIBITORS OF VIRAL UNCOATING
INHIBITORS OF VIRAL PACKAGING & RELEASE
THYMIDINE ANALOGS
PURINE ANALOG
Vidarabine (Vira-A ®)
GUANOSINE ANALOGS
PYROPHOSPHATE ANALOG
Foscarnet (Foscavir ®)
RIBOSIDE ANALOG
RECOMBINANT CYTOKINE
Interferon alpha-2b (Roferon-A ®)
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF AIDS
NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NRTI)
NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS (NNRTI)
PROTEASE INHIBITORS
FUSION INHIBITORS
Enfuvirtide (T-20) (Fuzeon ®)
IMMUNE MODULATORS
Interlukin-2
TREATMENT OF PNEUMONIA IN AIDS
Trimetrexate (Neutrexin ®)
Antiprotozoal Drugs for Plasmodia Jiroveci
Pentamidine (Pentam 300, Pentacarinat ®)
DRUGS FOR TRICHOMONIASIS
ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
ANTIAMOEBIC DRUGS
4:
Cancer Chemotherapy
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT DISEASES
ANTICANCER DRUG THERAPY
CANCER CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS
ALKYLATING AGENTS
ANTIMETABOLITES (STRUCTURAL ANALOGS)
NATURAL PRODUCTS
ANTHRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS
PLANT ALKALOIDS
VINCA ALKALOIDS
MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS
CASE SCENARIOS OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
5:
Drugs Affecting Hematopoietic System
HEMATOPOIETIC DRUGS
BLOOD COAGULANTS
ANTICOAGULANTS
DRUGS USED TO TREAT ANTICOAGULANT OVERDOSE
PLASMA EXPANDERS
6:
Drugs Affecting Autonomic Nervous System
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ADRENERGIC (SYMPATHETIC) DRUGS / SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES
ADRENERGIC BLOCKING (SYMPATHETIC BLOCKING) AGENTS
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS (PARASYMPATHETIC AGENTS) / PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS (PARASYMPATHETIC BLOCKING AGENTS) (ANTIMUSCARINIC/ATROPINIC/PARASYMPATHOLYTICS)
ANS NEUROTRANSMITTERS
INTRODUCTION TO SYMPATHETIC PHARMACOLOGY
SYMPATHOMIMETICS
SYMPATHOLYTICS
ALPHA RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline®)
Phentolamine (Regitine ®)
Prazosin (generic, Minipress®)
Doxazosin (generic, Cardura®)
Butoxamine
Yohimbine (generic, Yocon ®)
BETA BLOCKERS
ADRENERGICS/CHOLINERGICS
CHOLINOMIMETICS
VX
CHOLINOLYTICS
7:
Introduction to Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
CNS NEUROTRANSMITTERS
GABA
Substance P
Monoamines
ALCOHOL
TREATMENT OF MOVEMENT DYSFUNCTION (PARKINSONISM)
SPASMOLYTICS (MUSCLE RELAXANTS)
ANTIMYASTHENIC DRUGS
OPIOID ANALGESICS
NARCOTIC ANTAGONISTS
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PAIN
GENERAL ANESTHETICS
BARBITURATE
ADJUNCT DRUGS IN GENERAL ANESTHESIA
LOCAL ANESTHETICS
AMIDE LOCAL ANESTHETICS
Lidocaine (Xylocaine®)
Bupivacaine (Sensorcaine®)
Mepivacaine (Carbocaine®)
Ropivacaine (Naropin®)
ESTER LOCAL ANESTHETICS
TREATMENT OF MIGRAINES
PROPHYLAXIS OF SEVERE MIGRAINE
MANAGEMENT OF NAUSEA
ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
8:
Psychopharmacological Drugs (Psychotropic Drugs)
SEDATIVES AND HYPNOTICS
CNS STIMULANTS (PSYCHOSTIMULANTS)/DRUGS OF ABUSE
MDMA (Ecstasy, X)
HALLUCINOGENS
9:
Cardiovascular Pharmacology
ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC DRUGS
FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVES
HMG-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS
Statins
Lovastatin (generic, Mevacor®)
Atorvastatin (Lipitor®)
Pravastatin (Provachol®)
BILE SEQUESTERING AGENTS
NICOTINIC ACID (NIACIN)
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
DIGITALIS GLYCOSIDES
DIGOXIN ANTIDOTE
CORONARY VASODILATORS
NITRATES
Nitroglycerin (Nitrogard, Minitran, Nitro-Dur, Nitrol®, others)
Isosorbide Dinitrate (generic, Isordil, Sorbitrate®)
Sodium Nitrate and Amyl Nitrite
BETA BLOCKERS (BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS)
Propranolol (generic, Inderal®)
Atenolol (Tenormin®)
Metoprolol (Lopressor®)
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
THROMBOLYTIC AGENTS
FIRST GENERATION FIBRINOLYTICS
SECOND GENERATION TISSUE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS
ANTIPLATELET DRUGS
PLATELET GP IIB/IIIA RECEPTOR BLOCKERS
Eptifibatide (Integrilin®) and Tirofiban (Aggrastat®)
RELATED DRUGS
ANTIHYPERTENSIVES
ACE INHIBITORS
BETA BLOCKERS
CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Diltiazem (Cardizem®), Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin®)
Spironolactone (generic, Aldactone®)
ANTIFIBRILLATORY (ANTIARRHYTHMIC) DRUGS
CLASS I ANTIARRHYTHMICS (Na+ CHANNEL BLOCKERS)
CLASS II ANTIARRHYTHMICS (beta-blockers)
Propranolol (generic, Inderal®)
Atenolol (Tenormin®)
Metoprolol (Lopressor®)
CLASS III (PROLONG THE ACTION POTENTIAL AND THE EFFECTIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD)
CLASS IV (Ca2+ CHANNEL BLOCKER)
MISCELLANEOUS ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENTS
10:
Drugs Used in Respiratory Disorders
BRONCHODILATORS
SYMPATHOMIMETICS
2ND GENERATION BETA-2 AGONIST
ANTIMUSCARINIC
XANTHINE DERIVATIVES
NASAL DECONGESTANTS
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ASTHMA
NON STEROIDAL ANTIALLERGY PROPHYLACTIC DRUGS
Cromolyn Sodium (Generic, Intal®) And Nedocromil Sodium (Tilade®)
STEROIDS/ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
Beclamethasone (QVAR, Vanceril®), Budesonide (Pulmicort®), Fluticasone (Flovent®)
LEUKOTRIENE MODIFIERS
Montelukast (Singulair®)
Zileuton (Zyflo®)
COUGH SUPPRESSANTS (ANTITUSSIVES)
MUCOLYTICS
EXPECTORANT
ANTIHISTAMINICS
DRUG THERAPY FOR TUBERCULOSIS
ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS
11:
Renal Pharmacology and ACE Inhibitors
ENDOGENOUS RENAL VASODILATORS
ENDOGENOUS RENAL VASOCONSTRICTORS
ACE INHIBITORS
ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (ARB)
Saralasin
DIURETICS
THIAZIDE AND THIAZIDE-LIKE AGENTS
LOOP DIURETICS
POTASSIUM-SPARING DIURETICS
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
OSMOTIC DIURETICS
12:
Drugs Used in Dermatological Disorders
TOPICAL ANTI-INFECTIVES
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS
ANTIPARASITIC
KERATOLYTIC
PSORIASIS
DEBRIDING AGENTS
RUBS AND LINIMENTS
ASTRINGENTS
SOLUTIONS AND LOTIONS
EMOLLIENTS
T-CELL LYMPHOMA
TREATMENT OF ALOPECIA (TRICHOGENICS)
TREATMENT OF EXCESSIVE HAIR GROWTH IN WOMEN
13:
Hepatic Drug Clearance
BACKGROUND FOR ROLAND'S EQUATION
GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
INHIBITORS OF GASTRIC ACID SECRETION
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
H2 HISTAMINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS (BLOCKERS)
Cimetidine (generic, Tagamet, Tagamet HB®)
Ranitidine (generic, Zantac, Zantac 75®), Famotidine (generic, Pepcid, Pepcid AC®), Nizatidine (Axid, Axid AR®)
PROSTAGLANDINS
PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS
ANTIMUSCARINICS
MUCOSAL PROTECTIVE AGENTS
ANTACIDS
ANTIEMETICS
5-HT3 ANTAGONISTS
ANTIHISTAMINES AND ANTICHOLINERGICS
PROKINETIC
PARKINSON FEATURES
EMETICS
ANTIDIARRHEAL DRUGS
ANTIMOTILITY DRUGS
Diphenoxylate (generic, Lomotil®)
Loperamide (generic, Imodium®)
ADSORBANTS
Kaolin/pectin (generic, Kaopectate®), methycellulose
ANTICHOLINERGICS
DIGESTIVE AGENTS
ANTIFLATULENTS
GI FLORA REPLENISHERS
ANTISPASMODICS
LAXATIVES
HYPEROSMOLAR PREPARATIONS (Osmotics)
FIBER (Bulk-forming Preparations)
Agar, Methylcellulose, Psyllium seeds, Bran
EMOLLIENTS (Stool Softeners)
Docusate Sodium, Mineral Oil
STIMULANTS (Irritants)
Castor Oil, Cascara, Senna, Aloe, Bisacodyl
GASTROINTESTINAL STIMULANTS
HERBAL MEDICATIONS
14:
Pharmacology of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
PARATHYROID HORMONES AND CALCIUM METABOLISM
HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
THYROID HORMONES
THYROID AND ANTITHYROID DRUGS
THYROID HORMONES
Levothyroxine (T4) or Thyroxine (Levoxyl, Levo-T Synthroid, Unithroid®)
Triiodothyronine (T3) or Liothyronine (generic, Cytomel, Triostat®)
IODIDES
THIOAMIDES
PANCREATIC HORMONES
ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS
SULFONYLUREAS
Glimepiride (Amaryl®), Glipizide (Glucotrol®, Glucotrol XL®), Glyburide (DiaBeta®, Micronase®)
BIGUANIDE
Metformin (Glucophage®)
ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS
Acarbose (Precose®) and Miglitol (Glyset®)
THIAZOLIDINEDIONES (GLITAZONES):
Pioglitazone (Actos®) and Rosiglitazone (Avandia®)
MEGLITINIDES:
Rapaglinide (Prandin®)
PHENYLALANINE DERIVATIVE
Nateglinide (Starlix®)
DRUGS USED FOR DISORDERS OF SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTION
SEX HORMONES
ESTROGENS
Estradiol or 17-beta Estradiol (generic, Estrace, Estarderm®)
Clinical Uses of Estrogens
Conjugated Estrogens (Premarin®)
SYNTHETIC ESTROGENS
ANTI-ESTROGENS (SERMS)
PROGESTINS
ANDROGENS
Testosterone Cypionate (generic, Depo-testosterone)
Danazol (generic, Danocrine®)
Stanozolol (Winstrol®)
Fluoxymesterone (Halotestin®)
ANTI-ANDROGEN
CONTRACEPTIVES
DRUGS ACTING ON THE UTERUS
15:
Drugs in the Treatment of Eye and Ear Disorders
DRUGS USED FOR DISORDERS OF THE EYE
DRUGS USED FOR TREATING EAR DISORDERS
16:
Clinically Significant Drug Interactions
AGENTS KNOWN TO CAUSE SIGNIFICANT DRUG INTERACTIONS
DRUG ALLERGY
ANAPHYLAXIS IS A DIRE EMERGENCY
WHEN IT IS NOT AN ALLERGY?
KEEPING TABS ON ADES
IN DAY-TO-DAY PRACTICE
TAKING DRUG HISTORY
17:
Drug Dosage Calculations
NONPARENTERAL MEDICATIONS
PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS
RECONSTITUTING POWDERED DRUGS
Insulin
INTRAVENOUS CALCULATIONS
PEDIATRIC CALCULATIONS
INDEX
TOC
Index
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