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Medical Surgical Nursing
BT Basavanthappa
CHAPTER 1:
Brief History of Medicine and Nursing in India
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY IN INDIA
GOLDEN PERIOD OF INDIAN MEDICINE
HINDU WRITINGS ON DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS
HINDU SURGERY
NURSING IN INDIA
Beginning of Modern Nursing
Military Nursing
Mission Hospitals
The Dufferin Fund
Auxiliary Nursing
Textbooks
REGISTRATION OF NURSES
The Indian Nursing Council
Community Health Nursing
THE NURSES’ RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE FUTURE OF NURSING
CHAPTER 2:
Nursing Process Application
NATURE OF NURSING PROCESS
DEFINITION OF NURSING PROCESS
Purpose
Organization
Properties
1. Systematic
2. Dynamic
3. Interpersonal
4. Flexible
5. Theoretically Based
6. Goal-oriented
7. Universally Applicable
STEPS OF NURSING PROCESS
Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Formulating Nursing Diagnosis Statements
Guidelines for Diagnostic Labels
Guidelines for Etiologic-related Factors
Guidelines for Defining Characteristics
Guidelines for Diagnosing High-risk States
Guidelines for Stating Wellness Diagnoses
Diagnostic Reasoning
Planning
Goals and Objectives
Objectives
Nursing Interventions
Implementation
Evaluation
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
HEALTH ASSESSMENT
HEALTH HISTORY
The Interview Process
A. The Introductory Phase
B. The Working Phase
C. The Termination Phase
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
Preparation for Physical Assessment
Client or Patient
Equipment
POSITIONS FOR EXAMINATIONS
Sitting Positions
Supine Positions
Dorsal Recumbent Position
Sim's Position
Prone Position
Knee Chest Position
Lithotomy Position
Standing Position
TECHNIQUES OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS
Observation
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Procedure
Common Errors in Percussion
Auscultation
SYMPTOM ANALYSIS
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION INSTRUMENTS
Stethoscope
Doppler Probe
Ophthalmoscope
Otoscope
GUIDELINE FOR HEAD-TO-TOE APPROACH TO PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
General Approach
Preliminary Evaluation
Sensory Testing
Examination Guidelines Head-to-Toe Examination
Overall Appearance Inspection
Skin Inspection and Plapation
Head Inspection and Palpation
Eyes Inspection and Palpation
Ears Inspection and Palpation
Nose and Sinuses Inspection and Palpation
Mouth and Pharynx Inspection
Neck Inspection and Palpation
Thorax and Lungs Inspection, Palpation, Percussion and Auscultation
Breasts and Axillae Inspection and Palpation
Heart and Peripheral Vascular Inspection, Percussion, Auscultations and Palpation
Abdomen Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, Palpation
Musculoskeletal Inspection and Palpation
Genitourinary and Rectum Inspection
Neurologic
Mental Status
General Constitutional Symptoms
Skin
Skeletal
Head
Endocrine
Respiratory
Cardiac
Hematological
Lymph Nodes
Gastrointestinal
Genitourinary
Neurological
Psychiatric
GUIDE TO TREATMENTS: An advice to public by nurses
Introduction
When to Call a Doctor?
Whom to See?
Problems that Demand Prompt Medical Attention
Possible Heart Attack
Possible Stroke or mini-stroke
Possible Shock
Possible Anaphylactic Reaction
Possible Internal Bleeding
Fevers
Signs and Symptoms
NURSING CARE PLAN OF FEVER
ETIOLOGY OF FEVER
CHAPTER 3:
Common Problems of Adult Patient
STRESS AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Theories/Approach to Stress
Physiologic Response to Stress
Nervous System
Limbic System
Endocrine System
Immune System
Selye's Theory of Stress
Stage of Alarm Reaction
Stage of Resistance
Stage of Exhaustion
Nursing Management
Nursing Interventions in Stress Management
Coping Enhancement
Relaxation Techniques
Benson's Relaxation Response
PAIN AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Introduction
Definitions of Pain
Nature of pain
Dimensions/Components of Pain
Physiology of Pain/Pain Process
Reception of Pain
Pain Transduction
Pain Transmission
Pain Modulation
Perception of Pain
Reaction to Pain
Factors Influencing Pain
Situation
Culture
Age
Sex
Meaning of Pain
Anxiety
Fatigue
Attention
Previous Experience
Coping Style
Family and Social Support
Types of Pain
Acute Pain
Chronic Pain
Nonmalignant Pain
Malignant Pain
Superficial Pain
Deep Pain
Splanchnic Pain
Deep Somatic Pain
Localized Pain
Referred Pain
Intractable Pain
Headache
Psychogenic Pain
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PAIN
Assessment
Assessment Process
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Guidelines for Individualising Pain Therapy
Nursing Intervention
Nonivasive Interventions
Invasive Intervention
MANAGEMENT OF FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE IMBALANCES
Water Content of the Body or Body Fluid
Physiology
Regulation of Body
Mechanisms Controlling Fluid and Electrolyte Movement
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Osmosis
Fluid Pressure
REGULATION OF FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES OR HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Gland
Kidneys
Parathyroid Gland
GI Tract
Lungs
Heart and Blood Vessels
ORGANS THAT MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
Kidneys
Heart and Blood Vessels
Lungs
Adrenal Glands
Pituitary Gland
Parathyroid Glands
FLUID IMBALANCES
Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)
Nursing Intervention for FVD
Fluid Volume Excess
Nursing Intervention
ELECTROLYTES
Electrolytes
Regulation of Electrolytes
Sodium
Regulation of Sodium
Potassium
Regulation of K+
Calcium
Regulation of calcium
Magnesium
Regulation of Magnesium
Chloride
Regulation of Cl
Bicarbonate
Phosphate
Electrolytes Imbalance
Hyponatremia
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Hypernatremia
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Hypokalemia
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Hyperkalemia
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Hypocalcemia
Treatment
Nursing Interventions
Hypercalcemia
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Hypomagnesemia
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Hypermagnesemia
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Hypophosphatemia
Treatments
Nursing Intervention
Hyperphosphatemia
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Acid-base Imbalances
Respiratory Acidosis (Carbonic Acid Excess)
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Respiratory Alkalosis (Carbonic Acid Deficit)
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Metabolic Acidosis (Base Bicarbonate Deficit)
Treatment
Nursing Intervention
Treatment
CHAPTER 4:
Human Genetics and Genomic Nursing
ROLE OF NURSES IN APPLICATIONS OF GENETICS
Health Assessment
Family History Assessment
Physical Assessment
Ancestry, Cultural, Social, and Spiritual Assessment
Genetic Counseling
Goals of Genetic Counseling
Identify Persons in Need of Genetic Assessment and Counseling
Genetic Screening, Testing and Research Screening
Testing
Prenatal Testing
Research
Additional Genetic Testing Consideration
Nursing Roles and Responsibilities
Genetic Services
Nursing Care and Intervention in Genetic Counseling
Specific Nursing Roles in Genetic Counseling
Respectiing Patients Rights
Providing Precounseling Informaton
Preparing Patients For Genetics Evaluation
Communicating Genetics Information To Patients
Providing Support
Follow-Up After Genetic Evaluation
CHAPTER 5:
Immunological Problems and Nursing
PRIMARY IMMUNE ABERRATIONS AND DISEASE
(1) Immunodeficiencies
(a) Primary Immunodeficiences
Pathophysiology of Primary Immunodeficiencies
Antibody Deficiencies
Combined B and T Cell Deficiencies
Phagocytic Defects
Complement System Defects
(b) Secondary Immunodeficiencies
Immunosuppressive Therapies
Management of Immunodeficiency Disorder
Nursing Management
Risk for Infection
(2) Gammopathies
Multiple Myeloma
Clinical Manifestations
Nursing Management
(3) Hypersensitivities
(a) Immediate Hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis
Clinical Manifestations
Management of Hypersensitivity
Medications
Nursing Management of the Patient with Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type 1)
Problem Associated with Hypersensitivity
A. Risk for Latex Allergy Responses
Ineffective Airway Clearance
Health Education Patient with Allergies
Animal Dander
Pollen Spores
House Dust
The Patient with Immediate Hypersensitivity: Sting
Tissue-specific Antibody Hypersensitivities
Immunologic Transfusion Reactions
Hemolytic Disease
Antigen-Antibody Complex Hypersensitivities
Guidelines for Safe Practice of Blood Transfusion
Serum Sickness
T Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity
Stimulatory Hypersensitivity
(4) Autoimmune Diseases
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Conditions That Exclude a Diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (HIV)
Risk Factors of HIV
Transmission of HIV
Sexual Transmission
Contact with Blood and Blood Products
Perinatal Transmission
Pathophysiology
Chronic Asymptomatic Infection
AIDS
Clinical Manifestations of HIV/AIDS
Management of HIV
Antibody Assays
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Western Blot
Rapid Tests
Viral Load
CD4 Cell Counts
Other Tests
Medications for HIV/AIDS
Nursing Management HIV Infection
Nursing Diagnoses
Planning
Implementation
Decreasing Risks Related to Sexual Intercourse
Proper Use of the Male Condom
Decreasing Risks Related to Drug Use
Decreasing Risks of Perinatal Transmission
Proper Use of Female Condom
General Guidelines
Pretest Counseling
Post-test Counseling
Acute Intervention
Health Teaching Guide Use of Antiretroviral Drugs
Ambulatory and Home Care
CHAPTER 6:
Perioperative Nursing
DEFINITION OF PERIOPERATIVE NURSING AND NURSE
SCOPE OF THE PERIOPERATIVE NURSING
Classification of Surgical Procedure
Based on Urgency
Based on Degree of Risk or Seriousness
Based on Purpose
ROLE OF NURSE IN PERIOPERATIVE CARE
General Care
PREOPERATIVE NURSING
Preoperative Assessment
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Neurologic System
Urinary System
Hepatic System
Integumentary System
Musculoskeletal System
Gastrointestinal System
Immune System
Common Preoperative Diagnostic Tests are Seen in Table 6.2
Preoperative Teaching
Sensory Information
Procedural Information
Process Information
Information About General Flow of Surgery
Where Families Can Wait during Surgery
Legal Preparation
Nursing Responsibilities in the day-of-surgery
Preoperative Medications
Transportation to the Operation Theatre
INTRAOPERATIVE NURSING
Anesthesia Administration
Regional Anesthesia
Surgical Asepsis Maintenance
Nursing Intervention of Intraoperative Patient
Reducing Anxiety
Preventing Intraoperative Positioning Injury
Protecting the Patient From Injury
Serving as Patient Advocate
Monitoring and Managing Potential Complications
POSTOPERATIVE NURSING
Immediate Postoperative Phase
Airway (A)
Breathing (B)
Consciousness (C)
Circulation (C)
System Review (S)
Potential Postoperative Problems and its Management
Respiratory Problems and their Management
Cardiovascular Problems and their Management
Nursing Management of Cardiovascular Problems
Neurologic Problems
Pain and Discomfort and their Management
Alterations in Temperature and its Management
Gastrointestinal Problems and their Management
Urinary Problems and their Management
Integumentary Problems and their Management
DISCHARGE FROM THE POCU
Postanesthesia Discharge Criteria (Phase I)
Ambulatory Surgery Discharge Criteria (Phase II/III)
Discharge to the Clinical Unit
Nursing Assessment and Care of Patient on Admission to Clinical Unit
Common TRays used in Preoperative Nursing
Operation Theatre Instruments
CHAPTER 7:
Critical Care Nursing
EVOLUTION OF CRITICAL CARE NURSING
CRITICAL CARE UNIT/ICU
Critical Care Patient
Problem Related to Family Members of ICU Patient
Stressors in ICU
Patients and Family Stressors
Staff Stressors
Ethical Decision Making In Critical Care Nursing
Management of the Patient in Critical Care Unit/ICU
Nursing Problems and their Interventions
Impaired Gas Exchange
Decreased Cardiac Output
Anxiety
Interrupted Family Processes
CHAPTER 8:
Oncological Nursing
CANCER
Pathophysiology of Cancer
Defective Cellular Proliferation
Defective Cellular Differentiation
Initiation
Promotion
Progression
Etiology of Cancer
Viruses
Chemical Carcinogens
Physical Carcinogens
Drugs and Hormones
Classification of Cancer
Benign and Malignant
Anatomic Site Classification
Histologic Analytic Classification
Extent of Disease Classification
Prevention of Cancer
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Diagnosis of Cancer
Health History
Physical Examination
Diagnostic Studies
Treatment of Cancer
Surgery
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Classification of Chemotherapy
Nursing Intervention in Chemotherapy
For Mucositis and Stomatitis
For Diarrhea
Hormonal Agents
Guidelines for Care of Client with Chemotherapy
Administration of Chemotherapy
Principles of Chemotherapy Administration
Gastrointestinal System
Hematopoietic System
Integumentary System
Genitourinary Tract
Nervous System
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Procedure Guidelines — Administering IV Chemotherapy
Follow-up Phase
NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES
CHAPTER 9:
Respiratory Nursing
ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Dyspnea
Cough
Sputum Production
Hemoptysis
Wheezing
Chest Pain
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Blood Studies
Sputum Analysis
i. Culture and Sensitivity
ii. Gram Stain
iii. Acid-fast Smear Culture
iv. Cytology
Radiological Studies
i. Chest X-ray
ii. Computed Tomography (CT)
iii. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
iv. Ventilation/Perfusion (V/P) Lung Scan
v. Pulmonary Angiogram
vi. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Endoscopic Examination
Bronchoscopy
Mediastinoscopy
Biopsy
Others
Thoracentesis
Pulmonary Function Test
DISORDERS OF NOSE AND SINUSES
Deviated Septum
Nasal Fracture
Rhinitis
Acute Rhinitis
Allergic Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Acute Pharyngitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Acute Follicular Tonsillitis
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestation
Management
Chronic Enlargement of Adenoids and Tonsils
Pathophysiology
Management
Acute Laryngitis
Pathophysiology/Clinical Manifestation
Management
Laryngeal Paralysis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Laryngeal Edema
Airway Obstruction
Management
Tracheostomy
Nursing Care
Nursing Management of Endotracheal or Tracheostomy Tube
Procedure for Suctioning a Tracheostomy Tube
Tracheostomy Care
ACUTE BRONCHITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
PNEUMONIA
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
TUBERCULOSIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
BRONCHIECTASIS
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Signs
Symptoms
Management
EMPYEMA
Clinical Manifestation
Management
LUNG ABSCESS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISEASES
Etiology
Types
Pathophysiology
Management
LUNG CANCER
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Fine-Needle Aspiration
NURSING MANAGEMENT IN THORACIC SURGERY
Preoperative Care
Postoperative Care
Oxygen Therapy
Hemodynamic Monitoring
Position of the Patient in Bed
Monitoring Vital Signs
Initiating Coughing and Deep Breathing Exercises
Promoting Abdominal Breathing
Promoting Comfort by Pain Relief
Promoting Arm Exercises
Promoting Nutrition
Monitoring the Incision for Bleeding or Subcutaneous Emphysema
Maintaining Chest Tube(s) and Drainage
CHEST TRAUMA AND THORACIC INJURIES
Etiology
Nursing Intervention
RIB FRACTURES
FLAIL CHEST
Clinical Manifestations
Management
PNEUMOTHORAX
Closed Pneumothorax
Clinical Manifestation
Open Pneumothorax (Fig. 9.9)
Tension Pneumothorax (Fig. 9.10)
Hemothorax
PLEURAL EFFUSION
Clinical Manifestations
Management of Pleural Effusion
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES
VASCULAR LUNG DISORDERS
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnostic Test
Management of Pulmonary Emboli
Nursing Interventions
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension
COR PULMONALE
Clinical Manifestations
Management
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
Indications for Lung Transplantation
PULMONARY CONTUSION
Clinical Manifestation
Management
OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
EMPHYSEMA
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
ASTHMA
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications of COPD
Diagnostic Studies
MANAGEMENT OF COPD
Complications
Flutter Mucus Clearance Device
High-Frequency Chest Compression (ThAIRaphy Vest)
Acapella
Aerosol Nebulization Therapy
Nutritional Therapy
Nursing Diagnoses
Planning
Nursing Implementation
BRONCHIECTASIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Management
Nursing Management of Bronchiectasis
PROCEDURE 9.1: *ASSISTING WITH ARTERIAL PUNCTURE FOR BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS.
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.2:*ASSISTING WITH TRANSTRACHEAL ASPIRATION
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.3:*ASSISTING THE PATIENT UNDERGOING THORACENTESIS
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.4: *ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.5: *ASSISTING WITH TRACHEOSTOMY INSERTION
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.6: *ARTIFICIAL AIRWAY CUFF MAINTENANCE
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.7: *TRACHEOSTOMY (ROUTINE)
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.8: *INSERTION OF A TRACHEOSTOMY BUTTON
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.9: *NASOTRACHEAL (NT) SUCTIONING
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.10: *STERILE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL SUCTION BY WAY OF TRACHEOSTOMY OR ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE (SPONTANEOUS OR MECHANICAL VENTILATION)
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.11: *TEACHING THE PATIENT BREATHING EXERCISES
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.12:*PERCUSSION (CLAPPING) AND VIBRATION
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.13: *ADMINISTERING NEBULIZER THERAPY
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.14: *ADMINISTERING OXYGEN BY NASAL CANNULA
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.15:*ADMINISTERING OXYGEN BY SIMPLE FACE MASK WITH/WITHOUT AEROSOL
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.16: *ADMINISTERING OXYGEN BY VENTURI MASK
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.17: *ADMINISTERING OXYGEN BY PARTIAL RE-BREATHING OR NONREBREATHING MASK
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.18: *ADMINISTERING OXYGEN BY TRANSTRACHEAL CATHETER
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.19: *ADMINISTERING OXYGEN BY CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE (CPAP) MASK
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.20: *ADMINISTERING OXYGEN VIA ENDOTRACHEAL AND TRACHEOSTOMY TUBES WITH A T-PIECE (BRIGGS) ADAPTER
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.21: *ADMINISTERING OXYGEN BY MANUAL RESUSCITATION BAG
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.22: *MANAGING THE PATIENT REQUIRING MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.23: *WEANING THE PATIENT FROM MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.24: *EXTUBATION
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.25:*ASSISTING THE PATIENT USING AN INCENTIVE SPIROMETER
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.26: *ASSISTING WITH CHEST TUBE INSERTION
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.27: *MANAGING THE PATIENT WITH WATER-SEAL CHEST DRAINAGE
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.28:*TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 9.29: *ASSISTING WITH AN INTERCOSTAL NERVE BLOCK.
Steps of Procedure
CHAPTER 10:
Gastrointestinal Nursing
ASSESSMENT OF GI SYSTEM
Demographic Data
Past Health History
Physical Examination of GI System
Abdomen
Interpretation of Common Finding of Inspection
Interpretation of Common Findings from Auscultation
Rectum and Anus
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES IN GI SYSTEM
Laboratory Tests
A. Blood Tests
B. Urine Tests
C. Stool Examination
RADIOLOGICAL STUDIES
i. Upper GI or Barium Swallow
ii. Small Bowel Series
iii. Lower GI or Barium Enema
iv. Oral Cholecystogram (Gallbladder Series)
v. Cholangiography
vi. Ultrasound
vii. Nuclear Imaging Scans
viii. Computed Tomography (CT)
ix. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
i. Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy
ii. Colonoscopy
iii. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
iv. Peritoneoscopy (Laparoscopy)
LIVER BIOPSY
PROBLEMS OF MOUTH
Dental Problems/Tooth and Gum Disorder
Pathophysiology of Dental Decay
Pathophysiology of Periodontal Disease
Etiology of Periodontal Disease
Management of Dental Problem
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
ORAL INFECTIONS AND INFLAMMATION
Pathophysiology
ORAL CANCER
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Study
Treatment
Radiation Therapy for Oral Cancer
Surgical Management
1. Monitoring
2. Maintaining an adequate airway
3. Promoting oral hygiene and comfort
4. Promoting nutrition
5. Promoting speech
6. Promoting body image
Nursing Management of Oral Cancer
Nursing assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
NAUSEA AND VOMITING
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Nursing Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning (Table 10.2)
Nursing Implementation
1. Safety and comfort
2. Diet modification
3. Drugs/medications
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)
Etiology
Pathophysiology (Fig. 10.5)
Clinical Manifestation
Management of GERD
Nursing Management
HIATAL HERNIA
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Studies
Management of Hiatal Hernia
Surgical Nursing Management of Hiatal Hernia
ACHALASIA
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Studies
Management of Achalasia
Health Education
ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Studies
Management
GASTRITIS AND DYSPEPSIA
Dyspepsia Syndrome
Symptoms
Treatment of Dyspepsia Syndrome
ACUTE GASTRITIS
Etiology of Acute Gastritis
Pathophysiology
Management
CHRONIC GASTRITIS
Pathophysiology
Management
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
Etiology
Management
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE (PUD)
Classification of PUD
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Studies
Management
1. Medication
2. Diet
3. Smoking
4. Stress Reduction
Surgical Management of Peptic Ulcer
Dumping Syndrome
Postprandial Hypoglycemia
Bile Reflux Gastritis
CANCER OF THE STOMACH
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Diagnostic Studies
Management
Preoperative Care
Postoperative Care
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
DIARRHEA
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
i. Viral (Rotavirus Norwalk)
ii. Bacterial
iii. Parasitic
Diagnostic Studies
Management
i. Local Acting
ii. Systemic Acting Drugs
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
CONSTIPATION
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management of Constipation
ACUTE ABDOMEN
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA
Clinical Manifestation
Management
APPENDICITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
PERITONITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Studies
Management
DIVERTICULITIS
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD)
Etiology
ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestation
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Management of Ulcerative Colitis
Diet and Fluids
Elimination
Rest and Coping
CROHN'S DISEASE
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Studies
Management
Health Maintenance
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
COLORECTAL CANCER
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
OSTOMY SURGERY
Preoperative Care
Postoperative Care
ANORECTAL DISORDERS
Anal Fissure
Anorectal Abscess
Anorectal Fistula
Pilonidal Sinus
Steps of Procedure
NASOGASTRIC/NASOINTESTINAL INTUBATION
Purposes of Nasogastric Intubation
General Procedures/Treatment Modalities
Steps of Procedure
Other Nursing Patient Care Considerations
Removal Procedure
Removing Nasogastric Tubing
Steps of Procedure
Steps of Procedure
Nursing/Patient Care Considerations
Steps of Procedure
Steps of Procedure
Other Nursing/Patient Care Considerations
Community-Based Care Points
Steps of Procedure
CHAPTER 11:
Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Nursing
JAUNDICE
HEPATITIS
Toxic Hepatitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Viral Hepatitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Management
Preventive Measures for Viral Hepatitis
CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Studies
Management
PROBLEMS OF GALLBLADDER
Cholelithiasis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Study
Management
Preoperative
Postoperative
Biliary Drainage
PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS (PSC)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
ACUTE PANCREATITIS (TABLE 11.2)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pain
Vomiting
Fever
Abdominal Findings
Additional Features of Fulminanal Disease
Diagnostic Studies
Management
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
PROCEDURE 11.1:*ASSISTING WITH ABDOMINAL PARACENTESIS
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 11.2: *USING BALLOON TEMPONADE TO CONTROL ESOPHAGEAL BLEEDING (Sengstaken-Blake-more tube method, Minnesota tube method).
Steps of Procedure
CHAPTER 12:
Cardiovascular Nursing
CARDIOVASCULAR ASSESSMENT
i. Dyspnea
ii. Chest Pain
iii. Syncope
iv. Palpitation
v. Fatigue
vi. Dizzy
vii. Edema (Fluid Retention)
viii. Tenderness in Calf of Legs
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF CVS
1. Chest X-ray
2. Cardiac Fluoroscopy
3. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
4. Ambulatory ECG Monitoring
i. Holter Monitoring
ii. Stress Testing (ECG during Exercise)
iii. Transtelephonic Event Recorders
5. Sonic Studies
i. Echocardiogram (M-mode-two-dimensional)
ii. Stress Echocardiogram
iii. Dobutamine Echocardiogram
iv. Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE)
6. Scintigraphic Studies
i. Thallium 201 Scan
ii. Dypyridomole Thallium Scan
iii. Technetium 99 m Sestamibi Scan
iv. Blood Pool Imaging
v. Posterior Emission Tomography (PET)
7. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
8. Blood Studies
9. Cardiac Catheterization
HYPERTENSION
Etiology
Secondary Hypertension
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnostic Studies
Management
Drug Therapy
A. Diuretics
1. Thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics
2. Loop Diuretics
3. Potassium Sparing Diuretics
B. Adrenergic Inhibitors
1. Centrally Acting Alpha Blockers
2. Peripheral Acting Adrenergic Antagonists
3. Beta-adrenergic Blockers
4. Combined Alpha and Beta-adrenertic Blockers
C. Vasodilators
D. Angiotensin inhibitors
1. ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) Inhibitors
2. Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist
E. Calcium Channel Blockers
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)
Etiology
ANGINA PECTORIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
NURSING MANAGEMENT
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Treatment of MI
Nursing Management
SHOCK
Classification of Shock
Distributive Shock
i. Anaphylactic Shock
ii. Neurogenic Shock
iii. Septic Shock
Cardiogenic Shock
Hypovolemic Shock
Pathophysiology of Shock
1. Initial Stage
2. Compensatory Stage
3. Progressive Stage
4. Irreversible or Refractory Stage
Management of Shock
Emergency Management
Therapeutic Management
Pharmacologic Management
Nutritional Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnoses
Planning
Nursing Intervention
CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
Medical Measures
Nursing Management
HEART FAILURE
Etiology of HF
Classification of Heart Failure
1. Left-sided v/s right-sided heart failure
2. Forward v/s backward failure
3. High-output v/s low-output Failure
4. Acute v/s Chronic Failure
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations of Heart Failure
Management of Heart Failure
Role of Nurses in Medication
IDENTIFICATION OF RYTHM ARRHYTHMIAS/CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
i. Altered Automaticity
ii. Altered Conductivity
iii. Re-entry
Clinical Manifestation
i. General
ii. Altered cardiac output
Management
i. Sinus Bradycardia
ii. Sinus Tachycardia
iii. Sinus Dysrythmia
iv. Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS)
v. Sinus Exit Block and Sinus Arrest
vi. Premature Atrial Contraction or Beat (PAC or PAB)
vii. Wantering Atrial Pacemaker (WAP)
viii. Atrial Tachycardia or Paraxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT or PAT)
ix. Atrial Flutter
x. Atrial Fibrillation
xi. Premature Junctional Beat (PJB)
xii. Junctional Arrhythmias
xiii. Premature Ventricular Contraction/beat (PVC/PVB)
xiv. Ventricular Tachycardia
xv. Torsades De Pointes
xvi. Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
xvii. Asystole
xviii. Atrio-ventricular Block (AV block)
Management of Arrhythmias
INFLAMMATORY HEART DISEASE
Pericarditis
Etiology
i. Infections
ii. Non-infections
iii. Hypertensive or autoimmune
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management of Acute Pericarditis
MYOCARDITIS
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Problems
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
1. Mitral Stenosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
2. Mitral Regurgitation
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
3. Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
4. Aortic Stenosis (AS)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
5. Aortic Regurgitation
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
6. Tricuspid Valve Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
7. Pulmonic Valve Disease
CARDIAC SURGERY
Nursing Management
VASCULAR PROBLEMS ARTERIAL DISORDERS
1. Aneurysms
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Examples
Aortic Dissection
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
ACUTE ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISORDERS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
CHRONIC ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
BUERGER'S DISEASE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
RAYNAUD'S DISEASE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
AMPUTATION AND ITS MANAGEMENT
Preoperative Care
VENOUS DISORDERS/DISORDERS OF VEINS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
VARICOSE VEINS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clincial Manifestation
Management
VENOUS STASIS ULCER
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
PROCEDURE 12.1: *CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE (CVP) MONITORING
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 12.2: *MEASURING PULMONARY ARTERY PRESSURE BY FLOW-DIRECTED BALLOON-TIPPED CATHETER (SWAN-GANZ CATHETER).
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 12.3: *MEASUREMENT OF CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO) BY THERMODILUTION METHOD.
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 12.4: *TRANSCUTANEOUS CARDIAC PACING.
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 12.5: *DIRECT CURRENT DEFIBRILLATION FOR VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION.
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 12.6: *SYNCHRONIZED CARDIOVERSION.
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 12.7: *ASSISTING THE PATIENT UNDERGOING PERICARDIOCENTESIS.
STEPS OF PROCEDURE
CHAPTER 13:
Orthopedic Nursing
INTRODUCTION
Assessment of the Musculoskeletal System
Health History
Physical Examination
COMMON ABNORMALITIES OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
SOFT-TISSUE INJURIES
Sprains and Strains
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION
Clinical Manifestation
Management
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME (CTS)
Etiology
Management
REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY (RSI)
ROTATOR CUFF INJURIES
MENISCUS INJURY
Management
BURSITIS
Management
MUSCLE SPASMS
Management
FRACTURES
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Healing of Fracture
Management of Fracture
Fracture Reduction
TRACTION
Types of Traction
FRACTURE IMMOBILIZATION (FIGS 13.12 AND 13.13)
Casts
INTERNAL FIXATION
COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURE
1. Preventing Trauma and Injury/Promoting Self-care
2. Maintaining Strength and Mobility/Promoting Activity
3. Promoting Comforts
4. Maintaining Intact Neurovascular Status and Tissue Perfusion
5. Preventing Infection
6. Maintaining Skin Integrity
7. Promoting Nutrition/Stabilizing Weights
8. Promoting Autonomy and Sense of Control
INFLAMMATORY AND DEGENERATIVE DISORDER—MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)
Etiology
Pathophysiology (Fig. 13.17)
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Patient and Family Education
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Surgical Management
Postoperative Care of the Person with Total
Hip Replacement
Postoperative Care of the Person with Total
Knee Replacement
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)
GOUT/GOUTY ARTHRITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
LYME'S DISEASE (LD)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
SERONEGATIVE ARTHROPATHIES
Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
REITER'S SYNDROME
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Clinical Manifestation (Figs 13.22 and 13.23)
Management
CREST SYNDROME
Clinical Manifestation
Management
SJÖGREN'S SYNDROME
POLYMYOSITIS/DERMATOMYOSITIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME (FMS)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management of FMS
INFECTIOUS BONE DISEASES
Osteomyelitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
LOW BACK PAIN
Etiology
Acute Low Back Pain
Do nots
Do
Chronic Low Back Pain
Pathophysiology
Clinical Management
Management of Cronic Low Back Pain (CLBP)
Degenerative Disorders of Spine
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Cervical
Lumbar
Management
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Postoperative Care of the Patient with Lumbar Spinal Surgery
Postoperative Care of the Person
Cervical Surgery
Postoperative Care of the Person with Thoracic Spinal Surgery
SCOLIOSIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management of Scoliosis
COMMON HAND AND FOOT PROBLEMS
Hand's Problem
Dupuytren's Contracture
Foot Problem
Forefoot
Midfoot
Hindfoot
Local Problems
Nursing Management of Common Foot Problems
MUSCULOSKELETAL TUMORS
MUSCLE TUMORS
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF BONE TUMOR
METABOLIC BONE DISEASES
Osteomalacia
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Paget's Disease (Osteitis Deformans)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Features of Paget's Disease and the Bone
Musculoskeletal Manifestation
Skin Manifestation
Other Manifestation.
Laboratory Finding
Management of Paget's Disease
OSTEOPOROSIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
CHAPTER 14:
Neurological Nursing
ASSESSMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
History
Mental Status
Language and Speech
Perception
Sensory Status
PAIN
Motion and Position
Neurological Examination
Cranial Nerves
Testing Cranial Nerves
Motor Status
Reflexes
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis
2. Radiological Tests
3. Electrographic Studies
4. Ultrasound
INTRACRANIAL PROBLEMS
Altered Level of Consciousness (LOC)
Etiology
1. Structural causes
2. Metabolic causes
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Diagnosis
Objectives
Nursing Intervention
Increased Intracranial Pressure (IICP)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Early Signs
Late Signs
Diagnostic Studies
Management
Head Injury or Craniocerebral Trauma
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Complications
Hematoma Formation
Nursing Management During Emergency
Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Intervention
INFECTIONS AND INFLAMMATION OF BRAIN
Meningitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Complications
Diagnostic Studies
Management
Encephalitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
Brain Abscess
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
INTRACRANIAL TUMORS
Classification of Intracranial Tumors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
SPINAL CORD TUMORS
Management of Intracranial and Spinal Cord Tumors
Diagnostic Studies
INTRACRANIAL SURGERY
CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT/STROKE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Nursing Management
Nursing Implementation
Monitoring Cerebral Perfusion
Prevention of the Complications of Immobility and Disuse
Promoting Independence in Self-care
Promoting Safe Swallowing and Adequate Nutrition
Supporting Communication
Compensatory for Sensory-Perceptual Deficits
Restoring Continence
Promoting Effective Coping
EPILEPSY/SEIZURE DISORDER
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
1. Partial seizures
2. Generalized seizures
Management
Emergency Management of Tonic-Clonic Seizures
Patient and Family Education
HEADACHE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Nursing Intervention
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Management
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Nursing Intervention
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Complications
Management
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA (TIC DOULOUREUX)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
BELL'S PALSY
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
SPINAL CORD INJURY
Etiology
Mechanisms of Injury
Types of Spinal Cord Damage
Spinal Cord Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Spinal Shock
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Emergency Management
Nursing Intervention
PROCEDURE 14.1 *ASSISTING THE PATIENT UNDERGOING A LUMBAR PUNCTURE
Steps of Procedure
PROCEDURE 14.2: INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE MONITORING (ICP)
Steps of Procedure
CHAPTER 15:
Hematological Nursing
ASSESSMENT OF THE HEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Health History
Family History
Drugs and Chemical
History of Fever, Fatigue and Malaise
Physical Examination
Skin
Nails
Eyes
Mouth
Lymph Nodes (Figure 15.1)
Chest
Abdomen
Nervous System
Back and Extremities
Diagnostic Studies of the Hemotological System
Other Hematological Studies
1. Urine studies
2. Radioisotope studies
3. Radiologic studies
4. Biopsies
5. Coagulation studies
HEMATOLOGICAL DISORDERS
DISORDERS OF ERYTHROCYTES
Anemia
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Etiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Megaloblastic or Macrocytic Anemia
Thalassemia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Aplastic Anemia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Hemolytic Anemias
Etiology
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestation
Management
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Enzyme Deficiency Anemia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Acute Episodes
Chronic Problem
Management
ERYTHROCYTOSIS
Polycythemia Vera
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
ANEMIA CAUSED BY BLOOD LOSS
Etiology/Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASIS
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
THROMBOCYTOSIS
Etiology Pathophysiology
Management
DISORDERS OF COAGULATION
Hemophilia
Etiology/Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Vitamin K Deficiency
Management
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
DISORDERS OF WBCs
Neutropenia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Neutrophilia
LEUKEMIAS
Etiology
Classification of Leukemia
1. Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
2. Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
3. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
4. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
5. Lymphedema
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
LYMPHOMAS
1. Hodgkin's Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Infectious Mononucleosis
Management
Multiple Myeloma
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Disorders of Spleen
Immune Thrombocytopenia
BLOOD COMPONENTS THERAPY (BLOOD TRANSFUSION)
Type of Blood Components
Administrative Procedure of Blood Components
Complication of Blood Transfusion
CHAPTER 16:
Endocrinological Nursing
ASSESSMENT OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Studies of the Endocrine System
Pituitary Studies
Thyroid Studies
Parathyroid
Adrenal Studies
Pancreatic Studies
DISORDERS OF PITUITARY GLAND
Hyperfunction of the Anterior Pituitary Gland (Hyperpituitarism)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Neurological Manifestation
Endocrinal Manifestations
Management
PROLACTIN HYPERSECRETION
Etiology
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestation
Management
GROWTH HORMONE HYPERSECRETION
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
HYPOPITUITARISM
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
HYPERFUNCTION OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY
SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation of SIADH
Management
Perform Careful Nursing Assessment
Provide Supportive Care
DIABETES INSIPIDUS (DI)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation of DI
Management
DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Ophthalmopathy in Graves’ Disease
Signs
Symptoms
Complication
Management
Nursing Management
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Nursing Management
CANCER OF THE THYROID GLAND
Management
DISORDERS OF PARATHYROID GLAND
Hyperparathyroidism
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
DISORDERS OF ADRENAL GLAND
CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Nursing Management
IATROGENIC CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Management
ALDOSTERONISM
Pathophysiology
Management
ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
Addison's Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
DISORDERS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
DISORDERS OF PANCREAS
DIABETES MELLITUS (DM)
Etiology and Classification of DM
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Other Disorders of Glucose Tolerance
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Treatment of Type 1 DM
Treatment of Type 2 DM
Exercise
COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
HYPERGLYCEMIC HYPEROSMOLAR NON-KETONIC COMA (HHNC)
CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DM
HYPOGLYCEMIA IN DM
HYPOGLYCEMIA IN NON-DM
Classification
THE DIABETIC FOOT
Potassium and Chloride
CHAPTER 17:
Urological and Renal Nursing (Renourological)
ASSESSMENT OF URINARY SYSTEM
Diagnostic Studies
URINE STUDIES
Urinalysis
Creatinine Clearance
Urine Culture (Clean Catch “Midstream”)
For Female
For Males
Concentration Test (Fishberg)
Urine Cytology
Timed Urine Collection
Blood Chemistries
Radiological Studies
Endoscopy
Urodynamics
Invasive Procedure
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF URINARY SYSTEM
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Cystitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Pyelonephritis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Urethritis
Etiology
Management
Renal Tuberculosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Chemical-Induced Nephritis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Glomerulonephritis
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Chronic Glomerulonephritis (CGN)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Nephrotic Syndrome
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Goodpasture's Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Renal Artery Stenosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Nephrosclerosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Obstructive Uropathies
Hydronephrosis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Renal Calculi (Stones)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Strictures
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Renal Tumor
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Wilm's Tumor
Bladder Cancer
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Renal Trauma/Trauma of Urinary Tract
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Urinary Retention
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Urinary Incontinence
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Reno-Ureteral Surgery
Preoperative Care
Postoperative Care
Urinary Diversion
Preoperative Care
Renal Failure
Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Dialysis Therapy
Continuous Arteriovenous Hemofiltration for Acute Renal Failure
CHAPTER 18:
Reproductive Health Nursing
ASSESSMENT OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Female Genitourinary Assessment
Male Genitourinary Assessment
Physical Examination
A. Male genitalia
B. Female Breasts and External Genitalia
Internal Pelvic Examination
Common Abnormalities of Breast, Female and Male Reproductive Systems
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Urine Studies
Blood Studies
Syphilis Studies
Cytologic Studies
Radiological Studies
Invasive Procedures
Fertility Studies
REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS OF FEMALES/WOMEN
Vaginitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Cervicitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestation
Management
Bartholinitis (Bartholin's Cysts)
Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestation
Management
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Problems of Menstruation
Premenstrual Syndrome
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Dysmenorrhea
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Amenorrhea
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Endometriosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Uterine Prolapse
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Fistulas
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
NEOPLASMS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
Cervical Polyps
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Cervical Cancer
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Uterine Leiomyoma (Fibroids)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Endometrial Cancer
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia (GTN)
Management
Ovarian Cysts
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Ovarian Cancer
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Vulvar Cancer
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
SURGERIES OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Preoperative Care
Postoperative Care
Infertility
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Treatment
PROBLEMS OF THE BREAST
Benign Breast Problems
Cystic Breast Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Fibroadenoma
Etiology / Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
BREAST INFECTIONS
Mammary Duct Ectasia
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Acute Mastitis and Abscess
Pathophysiology
Management
Breast Cancer
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT UNDERGOING MASTECTOMY
Psychological Management
MALE BREAST PROBLEMS
Gynecomastia
Pathophysiology
Management
Male Breast Cancer
Management
Male Reproductive Problems
Problems of Scrotum and its Contents
Epididymitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Orchitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology (Clinical Manifestation)
Management
Testicular Torsion
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Other Benign Problems on Testis
Testicular Cancer
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
PROBLEMS OF PROSTATE
Prostatitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Nursing Management
Cancer of the Prostate
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
PROBLEMS OF THE PENIS
Congenital Problem
Phimosis and Paraphimosis
Etiology
Management
Cancer of the Penis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Erectile Dysfunction/Impotence
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management of Impotence
Priapism
Etiology
Treatment
SEXUALITY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Gonorrhea
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Syphilis
Pathophysiology
Management
Herpes Genitalis (Figs 18.36 to 18.38)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Chlamydial Infections
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Pathophysiology
Management
Chancroid
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanoses)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Trichomoniasis
Pathophysiology (Clinical Manifestations)
Management
Bacterial Vaginosis
Pathophysiology
Management
Hepatitis B Virus
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Role of Nurses in Prevention of Control of STDs
HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Treatment
Respiratory System
Integumentary System
Eye
GI System
Neurologic System
Nursing Management
CHAPTER 19:
Dermatological Nursing or Integumentary Nursing
HEALTH PROMOTION PRACTICES OF SKIN PROBLEMS
Environmental Hazards
Irritants and Allergens
COMMON SKIN PROBLEMS
PARASITIC INFECTIONS
(i)Pediculosis (Lice Manifestation)
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
(ii)Scabies
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
1. Candidiasis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestaion
Management
2. Dermatophytoses
(i) Tenia Capitis
Management
(ii) Tenia Corporis
(iii) Tenia Cruris
(iv) Tenia Pedis
(v) Tenia Unguium
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
1. Impetigo
2. Folliculitis
3. Furuncles and Carbuncles
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
4. Erysipelas
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN
1. Herpes Simplex
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
2. Herpes Zoster
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
3. Verruca Vulgaris
4. Warts
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
ALLERGIC CONDITIONS OF THE SKIN
1. Contact Dermatitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
2. Urticaria
3. Drug Reaction
4. Atopic Dermatitis
5. Other Type of Dermatitis
6. Skin Reactions
(i) Dermatitis Medicamentosa
(ii) Explorative Dermatitis
(iii) Erythema Multifoma
(iv) Infectious Diseases
LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
PAPULOSQUAMOUS DISEASES
Psoriasis
Types of Psoriasis
Management
Pityriasis Rosea
ACNE
Acne Vulgeris
Pathophysiology
Clinical Management
Management
Acne Rosacea
BULLOUS DISEASES
Pemphigus Vulgaris
TUMOURS OF THE SKIN
A. Benign Tumors
B. Premalignant Lesions
Malignant Lesions
NURSING MANAGEMENT OF DERMATOLOGICAL SURGERY
Pressure Ulcers
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
BURNS
Types of Burns
Thermal Burn Injury
Chemical Burn Injury
Electrical Burn Injury
Radiation Burn Injury
Pathophysiology of Burns
i. Fluid and Electrolytic Balance
ii. Changes in Cardiovascular System
iii. Changes in Respiratory System
iv. Changes in Urinary System
v. Changes in Gastrointestinal System
vi. Changes in Immune System
vii. Changes in Nervous System
CLASSIFICATION OF SEVERITY OF BURNS
i. Burn Depth
ii. Burn Size Extent
iii. Burn Location
iv. Age of the Burn Victim
v. General Health and Burns
vi. Mechanism of Burn Injury
Management of Minor Burns
Management of Major Burns
1. Emergent Phase
i. Emergency Management of Chemical Burns
ii. Emergency Management of Inhalation Injury
iii. Emergency Management of Electrical Burns
iv. Emergency Management of Thermal Burns
Nursing of Burn Patient in Hospital
RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSING PERSONNEL ON BURN PATIENT
CHAPTER 20:
Ophthalmic and Otologic Nursing
I. OPHTHALMIC NURSING [NURSING THE VISUAL DISORDER]
ASSESSMENT OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM
Common Assessment Techniques
Diagnostic Studies of Visual System
VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Refractive Disorders
Macular Degeneration
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Nurse's Role in Prevention of Visual Impairment
Eye Infections and Inflammation
Eye Trauma and Injury
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Glaucoma
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
POG (Primary Open Angle Glaucoma)
PACG (Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma)
Congenital Glaucoma
Management
Cataract
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Retinal Detachment
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Strabismus
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
EYE TUMORS
Malignant Melanoma
Role of Nurse in Enucleation
PROCEDURES USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
Tonometry
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Radiology/Imaging
Fluorescein Angiography
Ultrasonography
GENERAL PROCEDURES/TREATMENT MODALITIES
Ophthalmic Pharmacologic Agents
Steps of Procedure
Nursing Focus
Steps of Procedure
Nursing Focus
Removing Contact Lenses/Prosthesis
Considerations
Soft Contact Lenses
Disposition of Lenses
II. OTOLOGIC NURSING [NURSING THE DISORDER OF EAR]
ASSESSMENT OF AUDITORY SYSTEM
Subjective Data
Objective Data
Diagnostic Studies
Hearing Impairment / Loss and Deafness (Hearing Loss)
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Nursing Interventions/Role of Nurse in Dealing with Hearing Problem
Disorders of External Ear
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
PROBLEMS OF MIDDLE EAR AND MASTOID
Perforated Tympanic Membrane
Otosclerosis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Management
Mastoiditis
Otitis Media
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
PROBLEMS OF INNER EAR
Acoustic Neuroma
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Menier's Disease
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Management
Acute Care (One or More)
Nursing Management
Other Vestibular Disorders
Nursing Focus
CHAPTER 21:
Organ Transplantation and Nursing
ORGAN SOURCES
Living Donors
Non-Heart-Beating-Donors (NHBDs)
Cadaver Donors/Marginal Donors
Xenografts
ROLE OF NURSES IN DONATION PROCESS
Selection of Recipient
Tissue Typing and Matching Procedures
Prevention of Rejection after Organ Transplantation
KIDNEY TRANSPLANT
Indications
Management
Surgical Procedure
Nursing Intervention
HEART TRANSPLANT
Indications
Indication for Heart Transplantation
Contraindications
Management
LIVER TRANSPLANT
Indications
Management
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
Indications
Transplant Options
Management
PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION
Indication
Management
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION (BMT)
Indication
Donors
Management
CORNEA TRANSPLANT
Indications
Management
CHAPTER 22:
Nursing the Poisoned Client
INTRODUCTION
ASSESSMENT OF THE POISON VICTIM
History
Physical Examination
Laboratory Studies
X-ray Examination
Diagnostic Trials
Pathophysiology and Mechanisms of Toxicity
TREATMENT
Decontamination
Dermal Exposures
Ocular Exposures
Inhalation
Ingestion
CASE STUDY WITH SAMPLE CARE PLAN: PATIENT WITH ACUTE POISONING
FIRST AID IN POISONS: ANTIDOTES AND TREATMENT
APPENDIX I:
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
RISK FACTORS FOR HEART DISEASE
Risk Factors that cannot be Changed
Major Risk Factors that can be Changed or Modified
Other Risk Factors which can also be
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEART ATTACK
ACTIONS FOR SURVIVAL
INDICATIONS FOR CPR
Respiratory Arrest
Cardiac Arrest
THE ABC'S OF CPR
ONE-RESCUER CPR-ADULT
TWO-RESCUER CPR
Arrive at the same Time
When CPR is in Progress
TWO-RESCUERS-CHANGING POSITIONS
Two-Rescuer CPR in Progress
ONE RESCUER CPR—CHILD (1 TO 8 YEARS OF AGE)
CPR-INFANT (LESS THAN 1 YEAR OF AGE)
COMPLETE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION—THE CONSCIOUS ADULT AND CHILD
COMPLETE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION—THE CONSCIOUS INFANT
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION—UNCONSCIOUS ADULT
REMOVING THE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION-UNCONSCIOUS CHILD
REMOVING THE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION-UNCONSCIOUS INFANT
REMOVING THE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
DISEASE TRANSMISSION DURING CPR
ONCE I START CPR, WHEN SHOULD I STOP?
USE OF THE LAERDAL POCKET MASK
USING THE LAERDAL POCKET MASK
On an Infant
APPENDIX II:
Index of Normal Values
INDEX OF NORMAL VALUES
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Chemical Constituents of Blood
Function Tests
Gastrointestinal
Hematology
Hormones and Metabolites
Renal Function Tests
Summary of Values Useful in Pulmonary Physiology
Resistance to Airflow
Lung Volumes
Gas Exchange (Sea Level)
Semen
Stool
Synovial Fluid
Urine
APPENDIX III:
Diets in Health and Illness
DIETETIC REQUIREMENTS
Diet in Disease
Light Diet
Low Residue Diet
Reducing Diet
Diet for Constipation
Low Purine Diet
Cholesterol-Free Diet
Fat-Free Diet
Diabetic Diets
Diabetic Diet with 120 grams of Carbohydrate
Diabetic Diet with 180 grams of Carbohydrate
Diabetic Diet with 230 grams of Carbohydrate
Diabetic Diet with 300 grams of Carbohydrate
Equivalents for Use in Diabetic Diets
Foods to be Avoided in a Diabetic Diet
Foods Allowed at will in a Diabetic Diet
Distribution of Carbohydrate in the Diet According to the Amount of Insulin taken by the Patient
Diet for Patients with Gastric Ulcer
Stage I
Stage II
Post-peptic Ulcer Regime
High Protein, Low Fat Diet
Low Sodium Diet
Gluten-Free Diet
PEPTIC ULCER
Diet I
PEPTIC ULCER
Diet II (During remission from pain)
Diarrhoea, Dysentery and Cholera after Recovery
Viral Hepatitis or Obstructive Jaundice
Viral Hepatitis or Obstructive Jaundice
Hepatic Cirrhosis (not in precoma)
Gallbladder Disease
Obesity
High Blood Pressure
Gout
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Nephrotic Syndrome
Cardiac Patients
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
INDEX
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