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Textbook of Forensic Odontology
KMK Masthan
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Forensic Science
DEFINITION
HISTORY OF FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
SIGNIFICANCE OF FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
FORENSIC DISCIPLINES
LIST OF SELECTED MEMBER SOCIETIES OF IOFOS
LIST OF GROUPS ASSOCIATED TO IOFOS
IMPORTANCE OF DENTITION IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY AREAS
Identification
Bitemarks
CHAPTER 2:
Role of Dentists
ROLE OF DENTISTS IN MASS DISASTER IDENTIFICATION
Home Team (Antemortem Subsection)
Away Team (Postmortem Dental Examination Subsection)
Comparison Methods
Commonly used Computer Programs
Inadequate or Absence of Antemortem Data
Missing Persons are Foreign Nationals
Poor or Inadequate Postmortem Data
Incorrect Data in the Records
MASS DISASTER GENETICS
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
CHAPTER 3:
Dental Identification
MEANS OF IDENTIFICATION
Dental Identification
Comparative Dental Identification
Other Methods of Dental Identification
IDENTIFICATION PROCESS
Importance of Timely Identification
Scientific Identification
Dental Identification
Search/Comparison Process
MISSING PERSON CASES
Missing Person Report
Gathering the Dental Information
UNIDENTIFIED BODY CASES
SPECIAL CONCERNS
Severely Fragmented Body
Decomposed Body
Severely Burned Body
Skeletonized Body
VISUAL EXAMINATION AND DENTAL CHARTING
Dental Radiographs
Bitewing Radiographs
Periapical Radiographs
Panoramic Radiographs
Medical Radiographs
Photographs
Study Models
Preservation of Jaw and Tooth Fragments
Skeletal Ramains
Authorization for Removal of Dental Structures
Unidentified Body Report
Using the Dental Information
SEARCH/COMPARISON COMPUTER PROGRAMS
Purpose
Minimum Requirements
CAPMI4 COMPUTER PROGRAM
INTER-PROGRAM PROTOCOL
SUGGESTED PROTOCOLS
Sharing Information
ABFO IDENTIFICATION GUIDELINES
Collection and Preservation
Postmortem Dental Evidence
Examination Procedures
Photography
Recommended Equipment
Film
Views
Jaw Resection
Viewable Bodies
Decomposed, Incinerated, or Fragmented Bodies
Skeletonized Remains
Preservation of Evidence
Techniques for Dissection/Resection
Facial Dissection
Inframandibular Approach
JAW RESECTION
Stryker Autopsy Say Method
Mallet and Chisel Method
Pruning Shears Method
Postmortem Dental Record
NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION AND NOMENCLATURE
Universal Numbering System
Dentition Type and Tooth Surfaces
The FDI Numbering System
Dental Impression
Supplies and Equipment
Impressions and Preparation of Models
Dental Radiology
Intraoral Radiographs
Dental Fragments, Dissociated Teeth
Extraoral Radiographs
SOURCES OF ANTEMORTEM DATA
DENTAL FEATURES USEFUL IN IDENTIFICATION
Teeth
Malpositions
Racial Variations
Dental Restorations
Periodontium
Gingiva
Contour
Color
Periodontal Ligament
MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE
Maxillary Sinuses
Anterior nasal spine, incisive canal, median palatal suture, incisive canal
Pterygoid Hamulus
Mandibular Canal/Mental Foramen
Coronoid and Condylar Process
Temporomandibular Joint
Other Pathologic Processes/Jaw Bones
CATEGORIES AND TERMINOLOGY FOR BODY IDENTIFICATION
Positive Identification
Possible Identification
Insufficient Evidence
Exclusion
Examination of the Case
Dentition
Effect of Fire on Tooth
Restorations and Prosthesis
Cast Gold Crowns and Metal Partial Dentures
Collection of Antemortem Records
Procedure of Identification
Requirements for Positive Dental Identification
Result of Identification Analysis
Positive Identification
Presumptive (Possible) Identification
Insufficient Identification
Exclusion of Identification
Problems Associated with Dental Identification
REPORT OF FORENSIC FINDINGS
CHAPTER 4:
Dental Team
INTRODUCTION
INCIDENT COMMAND
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM (ICS)
GUIDELINES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DISASTER DENTAL IDENTIFICATION TEAM
History
Purpose
Team Development
Facilities
OTHER RESOURCES
IMMUNIZATION
STORAGE LOCATION
CHAPTER 5:
Examination Methods
INTRODUCTION
USES
Identification of Victims
Uses of Dental Radiographs in Identification
Evidence in the Identification of Suspect
Determine the Cause of Death
Find Faulty Charting of Teeth
Basic Principle Used for Postmortem Radiograph
General Considerations
Intraoral Radiographs
Johanson's Method
TECHNICAL FACTORS
Sources of X-ray
Film Holder
EXPOSURE FACTORS
Films
Processing
Improving the Bad Quality Radiographs
Chemical Method
Duplication Method
Photographic Method
Electronic Imaging Techniques
Advantages
Uses in Forensic Dentistry
Photographic Superimposition Technique
Photographic Superimposition of Teeth
Skull Superimposition Technique
COMPUTERS
DIGITAL PICTURES
Progression to Possible Match
CHAPTER 6:
Age and Sex
MEDICOLEGAL IMPORTANCE OF AGE
Classification
Methods of Age Estimation in Forensic Dentistry
WEIGHT OF THE DEVELOPING DENTITION
Method of Stack
Neonatal Line
Age Estimation of Children (upto 14 years)
Studies
Schour and Massler Chart
Gustafson's Chart
Moores et al Study
Estimation of Age in Adults (Above 20 Years)
SEX
Influence of Sex on Dental Development
Age Estimation in Young Adults (14-20 years)
Gustafson's Method
Johanson's Modifications
Maples Findings
Attrition
Dentinal Root Translucency
Cause of Translucency
Deposition of Secondary Dentine
Cemental Annulation Method
Fluorescence from Dentine and Cementum
Racemization of Aspartic Acid
Other Age Changes in the Skull
Markings
CHAPTER 7:
Teeth Variations
INTRODUCTION
DISTURBANCES IN SIZE
DISTURBANCES IN NUMBER
DISTURBANCES IN ERUPTION
DISTURBANCES IN FORMATION
CHAPTER 8:
Bitemarks
INTRODUCTION
CRIMES INVOLVED IN BITEMARKS
CLASSIFICATION OF BITEMARKS
TYPES OF BITEMARKS
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BITEMARKS
Biochemical Studies
Controversies Regarding Bitemark Evidence
Definitions of Marks in Forensic Dentistry (Jakobsen)
Description of Bitemarks
Demographics
Location of the Bitemark
Shape of the Bitemarks
Color of the Mark, Size of the Mark
Type of Injury
Data Collection from the Victim
Steps in the Examination of the Victim
SALIVARY SWABBING
Impression of Bitemarks
Method I
Method II
Bite Print Recording
Tissue Samples
Examination of the Suspect
Photographs
Examination
Evaluation of Evidence
TEETH SIZE, SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT IN THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE ARCH
Size of the Dental Arch
Evaluation of the Bitemark Photographs
Evaluation of the Arches
Suction Marks
Characteristics in the Mark
MACDONALD'S CLASSIFICATION OF BITEMARKS
Tooth Pressure Marks
Tongue Pressure Marks
Tooth Scrape Marks
Complex Marks
METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF BITEMARKS
Odontometric Triangle Method
Comparison Techniques
Direct Method
Indirect Method
Special Methods in Bitemark Analysis
Bitemarks in Inanimate Objects
Preservation
THE GUIDELINES FOR BITEMARKS
Bitemark Methodology with the Following Perspective
Methods to Preserve Bitemark Evidence
Bitesite Evidence
Saliva Swabs of Bitesite
Photographic Documentation of the Bitesite
Lighting
Scale
Impressions of Bitsite
TISSUE SPECIMEN
General Considerations
Tissue Fixative
Dental Records
Photographic Documentation of the Dentition
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Extraoral Considerations
Intraoral Considerations
Dental Impressions
Saliva Samples
Generation of Overlays
Test for Bitemedia
Comparison Techniques
Technical Aids Employed for Analysis
Standards for Bitemark Analytical Methods
BITEMARK ANALYSIS GUIDELINES
Description of Bitemark
Demographics
Location of Bitemark
Shape
Color
Size
Type of Injury
Other Information
Collection of Evidence from Victim
Photography
Salivary Swabbing
Impressions
Tissue Samples
Collection of Evidence from Suspect
History
Photography
Extraoral Examination
Intraoral Examination
Impressions
Sample Bites
Study Casts
ABFO BITEMARK TERMINOLOGY GUIDELINES
Rationale
Component Injuries Seen in Bitemarks
Characteristic (As it Pertains to Bitemarks)
Class Characteristic
Individual Characteristic
Description of the Prototypical Human Bitemark
Variations of the Prototypical Bitemark
Additional Features
Linear Abrasions, Contusions or Striations
Partial Bitemarks
Indistinct/ Faded Bitemarks
Unique
Distinctive
TERMS INDICATING DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE THAT AN INJURY IS A BITEMARK
Possible Bitemark
Criteria
Probable Bitemark
Criteria
Definite Bitemark
Criteria
Point
Concordant Point
Area of Comparison
Match
Consistent (Compatible)
Possible Biter
Probable Biter
Criteria
Reasonable Medical Certainty
Criteria
ABFO Standards for Bitemark Terminology
GUIDELINES FOR REPORT WRITING
General Comments
Introduction
Injury Evidence
Dentition Evidence
Analysis of Injury Evidence
Analysis of Dentition
Comparison Procedures
Opinions
HIV AND BITES
Nature of Bites
Prevalence of HIV
CHAPTER 9:
Ethics
CODE OF ETHICS
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9
JURISPRUDENCE ISSUES IN FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
CHAPTER 10:
Age Estimation by Teeth
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
AGE DETERMINATION IN THE NEWBORN
Stillborn Infants
AGE DETERMINATION DURING THE FIRST TWO DECADES OF LIFE
AGE DETERMINATION AFTER THE FIRST TWO DECADES OF LIFE
CHAPTER 11:
Scientific Methods of Identification
INTRODUCTION
IDENTIFICATION PARAMETERS
FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
ANCILLARY TECHNOLOGIES
Age Determinants
Sorting by Metal Ratios
Serological Parameters
Odontoanthropology
Sex Determinants
Racial Determinants
FORENSIC ODONTOLOGICAL DATABASES
Applications in Mass Disasters
Bitemark Examinations
Chemical Markers
Serological Markers
Salivary Drug Detection
Sex Determination in Bitemarks
DNA Analysis in Biological Specimens
DNA Contamination Issues
DNA Dental Applications
DNA Profiling or Fingerprinting
Issues of Scientific Testing: General Principles
CHAPTER 12:
Dentist Role in Child Abuse
INCIDENCE OF OROFACIAL LESIONS
Detecting Child Abuse in the Dental Office
GENERAL PHYSICAL FINDINGS
Findings on Dental Examination
TYPICAL ORAL LESIONS
Tears of the Labial or Lingual Frenula
Oral Mucosa Torn from Gingiva
Darkened and/or Nonvital Teeth
Previously Missing Teeth
Trauma to the Lip
Trauma to the Tongue
Other Soft Tissue Injuries
FRACTURES OF JAWS AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES
GENERAL NEGLECT OF THE MOUTH
ASSOCIATED FACIAL LESIONS
DOCUMENTING AND REPORTING CHILD ABUSE
PROBLEMS IN DENTAL REPORTING OF CHILD ABUSE
OVERDIAGNOSIS OF CHILD ABUSE
CHAPTER 13:
Teaching Forensic Odontology
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF TEACHING FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
THE NEED TO TEACH FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
CHAPTER 14:
Narcoanalysis
LEGAL ASPECTS
SCOPE FOR ABUSE
INDEX
TOC
Index
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