Index

Recent Advances in Pediatrics—Special Volume 20: Nutrition, Growth and Development Suraj Gupte

CHAPTER 1:Maternal Nutrition and Fetal Health and Outcome
- INTRODUCTION
- PREPREGNANCY STATUS AND FETAL OUTCOME
- MATERIAL DIET AND FETAL OUTCOME
- NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS DURING PREGNANCY
- EFFECT OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION DURING PREGNANCY
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WEIGHT GAIN IN PREGNANCY
- EFFECTS OF VEGETARIAN DIET
- IS NONVEGETARIAN DIET ESSENTIAL?
- LACTATION AND MATERNAL NUTRITION
  - Barker's (FOAD) Hypothesis
- SPECIAL SITUATIONS
- MISCONCEPTION ABOUT NUTRITION DURING PREGNANCY/LACTATION
- STRATEGIES AND INTERVENTIONS FOR IMPROVING MATERNAL NUTRITION
CHAPTER 2:Immunobiology of Human Milk
- INTRODUCTION
- ANTIBODIES
- LACTOFERRIN
- LYSOZYME
- CASEIN
- α-LACTALBUMIN
- GLYCOCONJUGATES AND OLIGOSACCHARIDES
- LIPIDS AND MILK FAT GLOBULES
- ANTI-INFLAMMATORY COMPONENTS
- CELLS
- HORMONES AND GROWTH FACTORS
- ENZYMES
- LEPTIN, ERYTHROPOIETIN AND MELATONIN
- NUCLEOTIDES
- ANTISECRETORY FACTOR
CHAPTER 3:Human Milk Fortification
- INTRODUCTION
- NUTRITIONAL NEEDS OF PRETERM INFANTS
- HUMAN MILK FOR PREMATURE INFANTS
- DOES HUMAN MILK MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF PRETERM INFANTS?
- EFFECTS OF FEEDING UNFORTIFIED HUMAN MILK ON GROWTH AND METABOLIC DISEASES
- BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF HUMAN MILK FORTIFICATION
- FORTIFICATION AND LONG-TERM GROWTH AND NEURODEVELOPMENT
- FORTIFICATION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
- COMMERCIAL MULTI-COMPONENT FORTIFIER
- WHEN TO INITIATE HMF?
- HOW LONG TO CONTINUE HMF?
- ADVERSE EFFECTS OF FORTIFICATION
- NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
  - Biochemical
- SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ELBW BABIES
- POST-DISCHARGE FEEDING
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CHAPTER 4:Micronutrients and their Deficiency States
- INTRODUCTION
- MICRONUTRIENTS IN HUMAN HEALTH
- MICRONUTRIENT MALNUTRITION
- INTERACTION OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
- ANTIOXIDANTS
- MICRONUTRIENTS INTERACTIONS: IMPLICATIONS ON PREVENTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC PRESCRIPTIONS
CHAPTER 5:Nutrition in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)
- INTRODUCTION
- METABOLIC STORES
- METABOLIC RESPONSE TO ACUTE INJURY
- TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION (TPN) IN PICU
- ENTERAL VS PARENTERAL NUTRITION – WHICH IS BETTER?
- NEWER CONCEPTS
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 6:Protein-energy Malnutrition: Changing Trends in Management
- INTRODUCTION
- MANAGEMENT OF MILD-MODERATE PEM
  - A. Mild to Moderate Malnutrition
  - B. Uncomplicated Severe Malnutrition
  - Management in Nutrition Rehabilitation Center (NRC)
- CLINICAL WORK-UP IN SEVERE/COMPLICATED PEM10–16
- THREE MAJOR PHASES OF TREATMENT OF SEVERE MALNUTRITION IN HOSPITAL
- TEN ESSENTIAL STEPS OF TREATMENT OF SEVERE MALNUTRITION
- STEP 1: TREATMENT/PREVENTION OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
    - A. Asymptomatic Hypoglycemia (Consciousness Retained)
    - B. Symptomatic Hypoglycemia
  - Monitoring
  - Prevention
- STEP 2: TREATMENT/PREVENTION OF HYPOTHERMIA
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
  - Monitoring
  - Prevention
- STEP 3: TREATMENT/PREVENTION OF DEHYDRATION
  - A. Dehydration without Shock
    - Diagnosis
    - Treatment
  - Monitoring
  - Prevention
  - B. Severe Dehydration with Shock
- STEP 4: TREATMENT/PREVENTION OF ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
- STEP 5: TREATMENT/PREVENTION OF INFECTION
  - Monitoring
  - Prevention of Infection
- STEP 6: CORRECTION OF MICRONUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES
- STEP 7: INITIATION OF REFEEDING
  - Start Cautious Feeding
- STEP 9: PROVISION OF SENSORY STIMULATION AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT
- STEP 10: FOLLOW-UP AFTER RECOVERY
- RESULTS OF EFFECTIVE NUTRITIONAL REHABILITATION
- POOR RESPONSE TO NUTRITIONAL REHABILITATION
- ADVERSE PHENOMENA OCCURRING DURING NUTRITIONAL REHABILITATION18
  - Refeeding Edema
  - Refeeding Syndrome
  - Pseudotumor Cerebri
  - Nutritional Recovery Syndrome
  - Encephalitis-like Syndrome
  - Nutritional Rickets
  - Anemia and Micronutrient Deficiencies
- DISCHARGE
  - Acknowledgements
- APPENDIX 6.1
- APPENDIX 6.2
- APPENDIX 6.3
CHAPTER 7:Nutritional Support in the Hospitalized Children
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS
  - Route of Nutrient Delivery
    - Enteral
  - Parenteral Nutrition
- NUTRITION IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS
CHAPTER 8:Nutritional Support in the Critically Ill Children
- INTRODUCTION
- REQUIREMENTS
- INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES
- ENTERAL FEEDING
  - Routes of Feeding
  - Continuous and Intermittent Feeding
- BREASTFEEDING
- PARENTERAL FEEDING
- COMBINATION OF ENTERAL AND PARENTERAL NUTRITION
- NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT IN COMMON DISEASES
- CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 9:Nutritional Support in Diarrheal Diseases
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ACUTE DIARRHEA
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PERSISTENT DIARRHEA
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DIETARY MANAGEMENT
- SPECIFIC DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS IN ACUTE DIARRHEA
  - Breastfed Infants
    - Milk or Formula-fed Infants
    - Older Infants and Young Children
- SPECIFIC DIETARY RECOMMENDATION IN PERSISTENT DIARRHEA
CHAPTER 10:Nutrition in Celiac Disease
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOGENESIS
- CLINICAL PROFILE
- DIAGNOSIS
- TREATMENT
- NEW THERAPIES
CHAPTER 11:Cystic Fibrosis and Nutrition
- INTRODUCTION
- MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY IS PROACTIVE
- GROWTH AND BODY COMPOSITION
- ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND DIET
CHAPTER 12:Childhood Obesity
- INTRODUCTION
- INCIDENCE
- RISK FACTORS
- REGULATION OF APPETITE AND ENERGY BALANCE
- ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION10
  - Simple/Primary/Endogenous Obesity
  - Organic/Secondary/Exogenous Obesity
- BODY FAT COMPOSITION DURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
- BARKER'S HYPOTHESIS
- ASSESSMENT OF BODY FAT MASS
- CONSEQUENCES OF OBESITY
- APPROACH TO A CASE OF OBESITY
- TREATMENT
- PREVENTION
CHAPTER 13:Growth and Development from Birth to Puberty
- INTRODUCTION
  - Determinants of Growth and Development1–4
- PERIODS OF GROWTH1–4
  - Patterns of Growth and Development1–4
    - Types of Body Build1,3
    - Statistics Used in Describing Growth and Development3–5
- GROWTH
- DEVELOPMENT 1,3,6,14,15
- ANNEXURE
CHAPTER 14:Short Stature Revisited
- INTRODUCTION
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- ETIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
- SALIENT FEATURES OF IMPORTANT TYPES OF SHORT STATURE
- EVALUATION PROTOCOL 4–8
- MANAGEMENT 4,12–15
- COMPLICATIONS
- PROGNOSIS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHAPTER 15:High-risk Neonate: Neurodevelopment Follow-up
- INTRODUCTION
- WHO ARE HIGH-RISK INFANTS?
- IMPORTANCE OF FOLLOW-UP
- WHO SHOULD DO FOLLOW-UP?
- FOLLOW-UP SCHEDULE
- COMPONENTS OF FOLLOW-UP
- EARLY INTERVENTION AND PHYSICAL THERAPY
- IMPORTANCE OF EARLY INTERVENTION
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 16:Neurodevelopmental Delay
- INTRODUCTION
- DESCRIPTION
- NEURODEVELOPMENTAL EVALUATION
- DEVELOPMENTAL DOMAINS
- GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
- SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DELAY
- EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE DELAY
- HEARING LOSS
- DYSARTHRIA
- VERBAL LEARNING DISABILITY
- AUTISM
- DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DISORDER
- LANDAU-KLEFFNER SYNDROME
- MOTOR DELAY
- HYPOTONIA
  - Fine-motor Adaptive Delay
- PERSONAL AND SOCIAL DELAY
  - Personal Social Delay
- SCREENING TOOLS
- HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
- INTERVENTIONS
CHAPTER 17:Learning Disabilities
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITION
- CLASSIFICATION OF LD
- PREVALENCE
- ETIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DYSLEXIA
  - The Phonologic-deficit Hypothesis
  - Magnocellular Theory
- NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LEARNING DISABILITIES
- THE GENETICS OF LEARNING DISABILITIES
- BRAIN MEASUREMENTS
- SIGNS OF LEARNING DISABILITY
- ASSESSMENT
  - Neuropsychological Testing
- NEUROPSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY
  - Neuropsychiatric Disturbances in LD
- MANAGEMENT
- AVAILABLE FACILITIES FOR LEARNING DISABILITIES
CHAPTER 18:Developmental Disabilities: Comorbidity
- INTRODUCTION
- WHY COMORBIDITY?
- MENTAL RETARDATION AND COMORBIDITY
- LEARNING DISABILITY AND COMORBIDITY
- PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS (PDD) AND COMORBIDITY
  - Associated Deficits
- ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) AND COMORBIDITY
  - Comorbidity
- CEREBRAL PALSY AND COMORBIDITY
CHAPTER 19:Children and Adolescents with Poor Scholastic Performance
- INTRODUCTION
- PREVALENCE
- CAUSES OF SCHOLASTIC BACKWARDNESS
- SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITY
- DIAGNOSIS OF SLD
- INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON PROGNOSIS
- OUTCOMES
CHAPTER 20:Picky Eating and Anorexia in Children
- INTRODUCTION
- LEPTIN AND GHRELIN – THE SATIETY AND HUNGER SIGNALS
- DEFINITIONS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE OF FEEDING DISORDERS
- PATHOGENESIS
- PICKY EATING AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
- COMPLICATIONS/CONSEQUENCES
- DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- MANAGEMENT
- NEAT PROGRAM
- PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 21:Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses
- INTRODUCTION
- RATIONALE FOR AN EVIDENCE-BASED SYNDROMIC APPROACH TO CASE MANAGEMENT
- BACKGROUND
- EVIDENCE-BASED SYNDROMIC APPROACH
- GOALS OF IMNCI3
- THE PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED CARE
- THE CASE MANAGEMENT PROCESS
- THE IMNCI-PLUS APPROACH
- STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND CHALLENGES 3–7,12–14
CHAPTER 22:National Nutrition Programs for Children in India
- INTRODUCTION
- CHANGING NUTRITION SCENARIO
- PRESENT SCENARIO2–4
- STRATEGIES TO COMBAT PUBLIC NUTRITION PROBLEMS5
- NATIONAL NUTRITION PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN6
- NUTRIENT BASED PROGRAMS DIRECTED AGAINST SPECIFIC NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES6–10
- SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING PROGRAMS DIRECTED AGAINST GENERAL MALNUTRITION6–12
- ADMINISTRATION AND POLICIES TO COMBAT THE PROBLEM OF MALNUTRITION1,6,9,13–15

INDEX

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Chapter Notes