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Textbook of Oral Medicine
Anil Govindrao Ghom
SECTION 1: BASICS
1:
Oral Diseases: An Introduction
2:
Development and Eruption of Teeth
Introduction
Stages of Tooth Development
Dental Lamina Formation
Bud Stage (Initiation)
Cap Stage (Proliferation)
Bell Stage (Histodifferentiation and Morphodifferentiation)
Advanced Bell Stage
Eruption of Teeth
Pre-eruptive
Eruptive
Posteruptive
3:
Development and Anatomy of Craniofacial Region
Oral Cavity Development
Anatomy of Oral Cavity
Vestibule
Lips
Cheeks
Oral Cavity Proper
Gingiva
Teeth
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Tongue
Floor of Mouth
Maxillary Sinus
Salivary Glands
Pharynx
Muscles of Mastication
Development
Masseter Muscle
The Temporalis Muscle
Lateral Pterygoid
Medial Pterygoid
Bones
Maxilla
Mandible
Trigeminal Nerve
Branches of Trigeminal Nerve (Fig. 3-13)
Mandibular Nerve
Lymphatic Drainage of Head and Neck
4:
Immunity, Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Immunity
Uses of Immunity
Classification (Fig. 4-1)
Innate Immunity
Types of Innate Immunity
Factors Affecting Innate Immunity
Mechanism of Innate Immunity
Acquired Immunity
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
Local Immunity
Herd Immunity
Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Antigen
Antibody
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
Antigen–Antibody Reaction Mechanism
General Features of an Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Precipitation Reaction
Agglutination Reaction
Complement Fixation Test
Virus Neutralization Test
Immunofluorescence
5:
Neoplasm
Definition
Nomenclature
Normal Cell Cycle
Predisposing Epidemiologic Factor for Development of Neoplasm
Hereditary Predisposition
Racial and Geographic Factors
Environmental and Cultural Factors
Age
Sex
Acquired Preneoplastic Conditions
Carcinogenesis
Chemical Carcinogenesis
Initiators of Carcinogenesis
Promoters of Carcinogenesis
Mechanism of Action
Stage of Chemical Carcinogen
Physical Carcinogenesis
Radiation Carcinogenesis
Non-radiation Physical Carcinogenesis
Hormonal Carcinogenesis
Biologic Carcinogenesis
RNA Oncogenic Viruses
DNA Oncogenic Viruses
Mechanism of Biological Carcinogenesis
Oxidative Mechanism of Carcinogenesis
Biology of Tumor Growth
Induction of Malignant Changes in the Target Cell (Transformation) (Fig. 5-4)
Growth of Transformed Cells (Kinetics of Tumor Cell Growth) (Fig. 5-5)
Mechanism of Local Invasion and Distant Metastases
Theories of Carcinogenesis
The Epigenetic Theory
Genetic Theory
Virus Theory
Immune Surveillance Theory
Monoclonal Hypothesis
Multistep Theory
Metastasis
Steps of Metastasis
Routes of Metastasis (Fig. 5-6)
Pattern of Metastatic Spread
Grading and Staging of Tumors
Grading
Broder's Classification System (Fig. 5-7)
CIN Grading
Staging
Assessment
TNM Staging
AJC (American Joint Committee)
Dukes ABC Staging
STNMP Staging System
6:
Infection Control in Dental Office
Introduction
General Consideration
Routes of Infection Transfer (Fig. 6-1)
Infection of Main Concern
Infection Risk Patients
Methods of Decontamination
Classification of Surface for Infection Control
Working Area
Sterilization
Dry Heat
Moist Heat
Chemical (Fig. 6-4)
Disinfection
Infection Control Procedures
Training
Vaccination
Covering of Wound
Hand Washing
Gloves
Protection against Aerosol and Spatter
Instrument Asepsis
Surface Asepsis
Management of Sharp and Other Waste Products
Aseptic Technique
SECTION 2: DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
7:
Case History
Introduction
Diagnostic Procedure (Fig. 7-2)
Personal Information
Name
Age
Diagnosis
Treatment Planning
Sex
Address (Residence)
Registration Number
Occupation
Religion
Taking and Recording History
Chief Complaint
History of Present Illness
History with Particular Reference
Pain (Fig. 7-3)
Swelling (Fig. 7-4)
Ulcer
Past Dental History
Past Medical History
Consultation letter
Personal History (Fig. 7-7)
Family History
Other Past History
Examination
Steps of Clinical Examination
General Examination
Build
Pulse
Blood Pressure
Temperature
Respiration
Clubbing
Cyanosis
Icterus
Extraoral Examination
Skin
Head
Jaws
Temporomandibular Joint
Masticatory Muscle
Lymph Nodes
Examination of Other Parts
Intraoral Examination
Diagnostic Set of Instrument
Doctor's Position
Examination of Nondental Structures
Tongue
Palate
Lip
Floor of Mouth
Cheek
Tonsil and Pharynx
Salivary Glands—Parotid Gland
Submandibular Salivary Gland
Mucobuccal Fold
Examination of Dental Structures
Teeth
Gingiva
Examination of Swelling
Inspection
Palpation
Aspiration
Other Examination
Examination of Ulcer
Inspection
Palpation
Examination of Sinus or a Fistula
Inspection
Palpation
Examination of Cranial Nerves
Olfactory Nerve
Optic Nerve
Trigeminal Nerve
Facial Nerve
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Vagus Nerve
Hypoglossal Nerve
Establishing the Diagnosis
Provisional Diagnosis
Investigations
Final Diagnosis
Making a Treatment Plan and Medical Risk Assessment
American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification
8:
Investigation in Dentistry
Introduction
Diagnostic Test for Cancer Detection
Classification
Clinical Method
Toluidine Blue Staining
Mechanism
Availability
Contents
Technique
Lugol's Iodine Test
Contents
Mechanisms
Vizilite
Contents
Mechanism
Technique
Acridine Binding Method
Photodiagnosis
5-aminolevulinic Acid (ALA) Mediated Fluorescence Endoscopic Imaging
5-aminolevulinic Acid Mediated Digitized Fluorescence Endoscopic Imaging
Autofluorescence Spectroscopy
Fluorescence Photography
Histopathological Examination
Biopsy
Indications
Avoidance of Delay for Biopsy
Uses
Types of Biopsy
How to Submit Biopsy Specimen
Instrument and Materials
Excisional Biopsy
Indications
Procedure
Incisional Biopsy
Indications
Procedure
Intraosseous Biopsy
Procedure
Punch Biopsy
Frozen Section Biopsy
Exfoliative Cytology
Principle of Pap Smear
Advantages
Disadvantages
Indications
Instruments Used
Procedure
Interpretation
Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology
Indications
Procedure
ORALCDX Test
Procedure
Interpretation
Molecular Methods
Quantification of Nuclear DNA Content
Principle
Procedure
Tumors Markers
Microsatellite Markers
Immunofluorescence Procedure
Direct Immunofluorescence
Indirect Immunofluorescence
Sandwich Technique of Immunofluorescence
Caries Activity Tests (Fig. 8-9)
Uses
Lactobacillus Count Test
Technique
Interpretation
Snyder Test
Technique
Interpretation
Alban's Test
Technique
Interpretation
Streptococcus Mutans Level in Saliva
Buffer Capacity Test
Technique
Interpretation
Fosdick Calcium Dissolution Test
Technique
Interpretation
Dewar Test
Technique
Interpretation
Swab Test
Reductase Test
Technique
Interpretation
Hematological Investigation
Collection of Blood Specimen
Total Erythrocyte Count
Procedure
Interpretation
Erythrocytes Indices
Types
Hematocrit
Indications
Technique
Interpretation
Measurement of Hemoglobin Concentration
Technique
Interpretation
WBC Count
Differential Leukocyte Count
Technique
Interpretation
Platelets
Bleeding Time
Technique Equipment
Interpretation
Capillary Fragility Test (Tourniquet Test and Rumpel Leede Test)
Indications
Technique
Clotting Time
Procedure
Interpretation
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
Technique
Hematological Investigation not so Frequently Required in Dental Office
Blood Chemistry
Detection of Diabetes Mellitus
Importance of Detection of Diabetes Mellitus in Dentistry
Indications
Types
Technique
Blood Chemistry Investigation not so Frequently Carried Out in Dental Office
Radiological Investigations
Intraoral Projection
Extraoral Projection
Special Radiological Examination
SECTION 3: DISEASES OF ORAL STRUCTURE
9:
Teeth Anomalies
Classification
Developmental Tooth Alteration
Size of Teeth
Shape of Teeth
Number of Teeth
Structure of Teeth
Environmental Tooth Alteration
Environmental Structure Defect
Disturbance of Eruption
Postdevelopmental Tooth Loss
Discoloration of Teeth
Pulp Disease
Developmental Disturbances of Teeth
Size of Teeth
Microdontia
Macrodontia
Shape of Teeth
Gemination
Twining
Fusion
Concrescence
Talon's Cusp
Cusp of Carabelli
Dilaceration
Dens in Dente
Dens Evaginatus
Shovel Shaped Incisors
Taurodontism
Supernumerary Roots
Paramolar Tubercle or Bolk Cusp
Enamel Pearls or Droplet, Nodules
Globodontia or Otodental Syndrome
Mulberry Molar
Moon's Molar
Hutchinson's Incisor
Hypercementosis
Number of Teeth
Anodontia, Hypodontia and Oligodontia
Supernumerary Teeth
Pre-deciduous Dentition
Post-permanent Dentition
Structure of Teeth
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Dentin Dysplasia
Regional Odontodysplasia
Environmental Alteration of Tooth
Structure of Teeth
Enamel Hypoplasia
Disturbance in Eruption
Premature Eruption
Delayed Eruption
Embedded and Impacted Teeth
Ankylosis or Submerged Teeth
Transposition
Eruption Sequestrum
Ectopic Eruption
Premature Exfoliation
Loss of Tooth Structure
Attrition
Abrasion
Erosion
Abfraction
Resorption of Teeth
External Resorption
Internal Resorption
Discoloration of Teeth
Classification
Various Discoloring Agents
Causes
Tetracycline Staining
Congenital Heart Disease
Oxalosis
Discoloring Agents
Different Types of Stains according to Color
Management
10:
Developmental Defect of Craniofacial Structure
Definitions
Congenital
Hereditary
Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
X-linked Dominant
X-linked Recessive
Developmental Disturbances of the Jaws
Agnathia
Clinical Features
Management
Micrognathia
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Macrognathia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Facial Hemihypertrophy
Etiology
Terminology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Facial Hemiatrophy
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hemi-maxillofacial Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Craniofacial Dysostosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Mandibulofacial Dysostosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Management
Hyperplasia of Maxillary Tuberosity
Hyperplasia of Coronoid Process
Focal Osteoporotic Bone Marrow Defect
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Chondroectodermal Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Arhinencephaly
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Phlebectasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Treatment
Ectodermal Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Gardner's Syndrome
Clinical and Radiological Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Turner's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Kallman Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Management
11:
Keratotic and Non-keratotic Lesions
Introduction
Normal Variation
Leukoedema
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Fordyce's Granules
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Linea Alba
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Non-keratotic White Lesions
Chronic Cheek or Lip Biting
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Burns
Types of Burns
Thermal Burns
Electrical Burns
Chemical Burns
Radiation Mucositis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Uremic Stomatitis
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Candidiasis
Classification
Causative Organisms
Predisposing Factors (Table 11-5)
Thrush or Pseudomembranous Candidiasis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Atrophic Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Id Reaction
Candida Associated Lesion
Denture Stomatitis
Median Rhomboidal Glossitis
Angular Cheilitis
Treatment of Oral Candidiasis
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Types
Clinical Features
Management
Systemic Candidiasis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Gastrointestinal Candidiasis
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Candidal Onychia and Paronychia
Interdigital Candidiasis
Intertriginous Candidiasis
Bronchial Candidiasis
Candidal Vulvovaginitis and Balanitis
Candidiasis with Major Immunological Defect
Keratotic White Lesions with no Definite Precancerous Potential
Traumatic Keratosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Psoriasis
Etiology and Precipitating Factors
Types (Clinical)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Oral Genodermatoses
White Sponge Nevus
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pachyonychia Congenita
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Porokeratosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Keratosis Follicularis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Warty Dyskeratoma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosa Oris
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
12:
Oral Premalignant Lesions and Conditions
Concept of Precancer
Precancerous Lesions
Leukoplakia
Classification
Etiopathogenesis (Fig. 12-1)
Clinical Features
Clinical Types
Staging of Leukoplakia
Diagnosis
Malignant Potential
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Important Guidelines for Treatment of Leukoplakia (Fig. 12-15)
Erythroplakia
Evolution of the Disease
Definition
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Carcinoma in situ
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Actinic Keratosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Oral Lesions Associated with Use of Tobacco
Stomatitis Nicotina
Types (Clinical)
Palatal Change in Reverse Smoking
Clinical Feature
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Snuff Dipper Lesion
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Cigarette Smoker's Lip Lesion
Pre-malignant Conditions
Lichen Planus
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Lichen Planus
Clinical Variation of Lichen Planus
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Erosive Lichen Planus
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Lichenoid Reaction
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Oral Submucus Fibrosis (OSMF)
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Clinical Stages of Oral Submucus Fibrosis (Table 12-2)
Diagnosis
Malignant Potential
Management
Dyskeratosis Congenita
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Feature
Diagnosis
Management
Lupus Erythematosus
Types
Etiology
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Dental Consideration
Differential Diagnosis
Management
13:
Cysts of Jaw
Introduction
Definitions
General Diagnostic Features of Cysts
Signs
Symptoms
Radiographic Features
Other Diagnostic Features
Theories of Cyst Enlargement
Mural Growth
Hydrostatic Enlargement
Bone Resorbing Factor
Classification
Epithelial Developmental Odontogenic Cyst
Dentigerous Cyst
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Radiographic Types
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Eruption Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Odontogenic Keratocyst
Origin of Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Radiological Types of Keratocyst
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Recurrence
Adenomatoid Odontogenic Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Lateral Periodontal Cyst
Pathogenesis and Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Variantion of Lateral Periodontal Cyst
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Gingival Cyst of Adult
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Difference between Lateral Periodontal Cyst and Gingival Cyst of Adults
Management
Palatal Cyst of Newborn (Epstein's Pearls, Bohn's Nodules)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Dental Lamina Cyst
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Calcifying Epithelium Odontogenic Cyst (CEOC)
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Glandular Odontogenic Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Inflammatory Cysts
Residual Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiographic Appearance
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Inflammatory Collateral Cysts
Paradental Cyst
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Mandibular Buccal Infected Cyst or Buccal Bifurcation Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Suppurating Cyst
Healing Cyst
Non-odontogenic Cysts
Nasopalatine Cyst
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Nasolabial Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Anterior Alveolar Cyst
Nonepithelial Cysts
Idiopathic Bone Cavity
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cysts of the Maxillary Sinus
Cysts of Soft Tissues of the Face and Mouth
Epidermoid Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dermoid Cyst
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Appearance
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Lymphoepithelial Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Anterior Median Lingual Cyst
Oral Cyst with Gastric or Intestinal Epithelium
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cystic Hygroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Nasopharyngeal Cyst
Thymic Cysts
Cysts of Salivary Glands
Parasitic Cyst/Hydatid Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cysticercosis Cellulosae
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Syndromes Associated with Odontogenic Cysts
Jaw Cyst-Basal Cell Nevus-Bifid Rib Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Treatment of Cysts
Regression of Cysts without Surgical Treatment
Marsupialization of Dental Cysts
Indication
Advantages
Disadvantages
Enucleation
Indications
Advantages
Disadvantages
14:
Odontogenic Tumor of Jaw
Classification
First Classification
Benign
Malignant
Second Classification (By WHO)
Benign
Malignant tumor
Third Classification (Benign Tumor)
Fourth Classification
Benign Tumors
Ameloblastic Fibroma
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Odontoma
Origin
Etiology
Classification
Enameloma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Dentinoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Complex and Compound Odontoma
Etiology
Mechanism
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Gemination and Geminated Composite Odontome
Ameloblastoma
Definition
Etiology
Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Types of Ameloblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pituitary Ameloblastoma
Adamantinoma of Long Bones
Differential Diagnosis (Radiological)
Management
Squamous Odontogenic Tumor
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Odontogenic Myxoma
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Central Odontogenic Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Granular Cell Odontogenic Tumor
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Periapical Cemental Dysplasia
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Benign Cementoblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Ameloblastic Fibro-odontoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ameloblastic Odontoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Tumor
Ameloblastic Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ameloblastic Odontosarcoma
Malignant Ameloblastoma and Ameloblastic Carcinoma
Terminology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Primary Intraosseous Carcinoma
Origin
Types
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Changes in Odontogenic Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Odontogenic Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Clear Cell Odontogenic Tumor or Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
15:
Benign Tumor of Jaw
Introduction
Characteristics of Benign Tumor
Terminology
Classification
Tumors of Epithelial Origin
Papilloma
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Verruciform Xanthoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Keratoacanthoma
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Benign Melanocytic Nevus
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Fibrous Connective Tissue Origin
Fibroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Fibrous Hyperplasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Fibrous Epulis
Clinical Features
Management
Fibrous Histiocytoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Desmoplastic Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Giant Cell Fibroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Myofibroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Oral Focal Mucinosis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Myxofibroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Myxoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Cartilage Tissue Origin
Chondroma
Types
Origin
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Chondroblastoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Adipose Tissue Origin
Lipoma
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Bone Tumors
Osteoma
Origin
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Osteoblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Osteoid Osteoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Osteochondroma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Torus Palatinus
Etiopathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Torus Mandibularis
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Exostosis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Feature
Management
Enostosis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Vascular Tissue Origin
Hemangioma
Types
Clinical Features
Capillary Hemangioma
Arterial or Plexiform Hemangioma
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis (Radiological)
Management
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Lymphangioma
Types
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Arteriovenous Fistula
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Glomus Tumor
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hemangiopericytoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Olfactory Neuroblastoma
Clinical Features
Kadish Staging System
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Neural Tissue Origin
Neurofibroma or Neurofibromatosis
Origin
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Schwannoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Neuroma
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis (Radiological)
Management
Palisaded Encapsulated Neuroma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ganglioneuroma
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Muscle Tumors
Leiomyoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Rhabdomyoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Granular Cell Tumor
Origin
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Giant Cell Neoplasm
Central Giant Cell Tumor
Origin of Giant Cells
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Teratoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Salivary Gland Tumor
Inflammatory Hyperplasia
Pyogenic Granuloma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pregnancy Tumor
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Appearance
Diagnosis
Management
Parulis
Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Epulis Granulomatosum
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Nodular Fasciitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
16:
Malignant Tumor of Jaw
Oral Carcinoma
Characteristics of Malignant Lesion
Etiology and Risk Factors for Oral Cancer (Fig. 16-1)
Tobacco Use
Alcohol
Actinic Radiation
Familial and Genetic
Atmospheric Pollution
Orodental Factors
Vitamin A Deficiency
Immunity
Syphilis
Diet Deficiency and Deficiency Status
Ionizing Radiation
Trauma
Virus
Intraoral Lesions
Epithelial Tumors
Peripheral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Metastatic Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Etiology
Clinical Types
Histological Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Transitional Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Melanoma
Etiology
Types
Growth Pattern
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Histological Grading of Malignant Melanoma
Management
Verrucous Carcinoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Spindle Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adenoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Multicentric Oral Carcinoma
Tumors of Fibrous Connective Tissues
Fibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Types (Histological)
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Synovial Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Adipose Tissues
Liposarcoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cartilage Tumors
Chondrosarcoma
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Bone Tumors
Osteosarcoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Variant of Osteosarcoma
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Ewing's Sarcoma
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Vascular Tumors
Malignant Hemangioendothelioma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Angiosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Neural Tissues
Neuroblastoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Neurofibrosarcoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Muscle Tumors
Leiomyosarcoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Types (Histological)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tumors of Lymphoid Tissues
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Types (Histological)
Clinical Features
Clinical Stages (Ann Arbor Staging)
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Types (Histological)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Primary Reticular Cell Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Mycosis Fungoides
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Leukemia
Types
Classification
Etiology
Acute Leukemia
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management (Table 16-3)
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia
Clinical Features
Clinical Staging
Oral Manifestations
Management
Radiographic Features of Leukemia
Differential Diagnosis
Variant of Leukemia
Dental Considerations
Myeloma
Multiple Myeloma
Origin
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Solitary Myeloma
Plasmacytoma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Tumors of Salivary Gland
Treatment Modalities of Oral Cancer
Radiotherapy
Advantage of Radiotherapy
Disadvantages
Indications
Types of Beams
Electron Beam
Proton Beam
Neutron Beam
Radiotherapy Technique, Planning and Equipment
Teletherapy
Superficial X-ray
Orthovoltage X-ray
Cobalt 60 Unit (Fig. 16-53)
Megavoltage
Electrons (4-20 MeV)
Field Arrangement
Single Field Arrangement
Parallel Opposed Fields
Wedge Lateral Field
Multiple Field
Rotational and Arc Therapy
Radiotherapy Planning
Patient Positioning and Immobilization
Simulation and Beam Verification
Tumor Volume
Isodose Distribution
Brachytherapy
Mould Treatment
Interstitial Therapy
Intracavitary Therapy
Radioactive Isotopes
Iodine-131(131I)
Phosphorus-32 (32 P)
Yttrium-90 (99Y)
Factors that Influence the Dose Required for Tumor Control
Histology of Malignant Cell
Primary Site of the Tumor
Size of the Tumor
Strategies for Improving the Therapeutic Ratio
Altering the Degree of Radiation Injury
Optimizing the Distribution of Radiation Dose
Optimizing the Timing of Irradiation
Hypofractionation
Hyperfractionation
Accelerated Fractionation
Combined Strategies
Reducing the Tumor Burden
Complications of Radiotherapy
Osteoradionecrosis
Radiation Mucositis (Fig. 16-55)
Surgery
Enbloc Resection
Radical Neck Resection
Commando Operation
Palliative Therapy
Advantages of Surgical Treatment
Reconstruction
Surgical Reconstruction
Maxillofacial Prosthodontics
Chemotherapy
New Therapies of Management of Oral Cancer
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
Intralesional Chemotherapy
Intra-arterial Chemotherapy
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT)
Immunotherapy
Gene Therapy
Cancer Vaccines
17:
Vesicular Bullous and Erosive Lesions
Introduction
Formation of Ulcer
Classification of Ulcers
Ulcers Associated with Trauma
Traumatic Ulcer
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Anesthetic Necrosis
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Oral Trauma from Sexual Practice
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ulcers Associated with Infection
Ulcers Associated with Allergic Reaction
Drug Allergy
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Contact Allergy
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Secondary Vaccinia
Acrodynia
Angioedema
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ulcers Associated with Malignancy
Systemic Disorders
Diseases of Unknown (Uncertain) Etiology
Aphthous Stomatitis
Etiology
Precipitating Factors
Classification
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Erythema Multiforme
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Pemphigus
Types
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Mechanism
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Pemphigus Vegetans
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Other Variant of Pemphigus
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Bullous Pemphigoid
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Benign Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Familial Benign Chronic Pemphigus
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Classification
Clinical Features
Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dermatitis Herpetiformis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Eosinophilic Ulcer of the Oral Mucosa
Angina Bullosa Hemorrhagica
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Common Syndromes
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Oral Manifestations
Management
Behcet's Syndrome
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Reiter's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Miscellaneous Oral Ulcers
Oral Ulcers Secondary to Cancer Chemotherapy
Clinical Features
Management
Diffuse Gangrenous Stomatitis
Differential Diagnosis of Oral Ulcers
Short-Term Ulcers (Disappear within 3 weeks)
Persistent Ulcers (Longer than 3 weeks)
18:
Orofacial Pain
Introduction
Definition
Types and Nature of Pain
Types According to Pain Intensity
According to Temporal Relationship and Duration
According to Qualities of Pain
According to Onset
According to Pain Localization
Neurophysiology of Pain
Types of Nerve Cells
Depending on the Number of Axons
Depending on their Location and Function
Sensory Receptors
Exteroceptors
Interoceptors
Proprioceptors
Pain Conduction
Resting state
Depolarization
Repolarization
Theories of Pain
Specificity Theory
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
Pattern Theory
Peripheral Pattern Theory
Central Summation Theory
Sensory Interaction Theory
Gate Control Theory
Measurement of Pain Intensity
Classification of Orofacial Pain
Acute Pain
Chronic Pain
What is chronic pain?
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation
Superficial Pain
Types and Clinical Features
Deep Pain
Pains of Dental Origin
Musculoskeletal Pain
Temporomandibular Joint Pain
Vascular Pain
Migraine
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cluster Headache
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Temporal Arteritis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tension Headache
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicranias
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Carotidynia
Atypical Facial Pain
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Neurogenous Pain
Characteristics of Typical Neurogenous Pains
Painful Neuritis
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Surgical treatment
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Geniculate Neuralgia
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Occipital Neuralgia
Post-herpetic Neuralgia
Symptomatic Neuralgia
Characteristics
Eagle's Syndrome (Elongated Styloid Process) or DISH Syndrome
Types
Clinical Features
Radiological Featu res
Diagnosis
Management
Other Causes of Symptomatic Neuralgia (Fig. 18-13)
Psychogenic Pain
Psychogenic Intensification Pain
Conversion Hysteria Pain
Delusional Pain
Burning Mouth Syndrome
Etiology
Systemic Factors
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Therapeutic Modalities of Pain Control
Analgesics
Adjuvant Drugs
Cause Related Therapy
Relaxation
Counseling
Physiotherapy
Sensory Stimulation
Local Anesthesia
19:
Infections of Oral Cavity
Introduction
Host Defense Mechanism
Local Defense
Humoral Factor
Cellular Component
Microbial Factors
Effect of Infection on Host
Oral Microflora
Anatomic Considerations in Dentoalveolar Infection
Spread of Infection
Direct Invasion or Extension (Table 18-1)
Spread by Lymphatic System
Spread by Blood Vessels
Diagnosis of Odontogenic Infection
Pathophysiology of Infection
Principles of Management of Odontogenic Infection
Sequelae of Pulpitis (Pulpoperiapical Abscess)
Radiographic Considerations
Etiology of Major Facial Infection
Teeth
Jaws
Major Salivary Glands
Paranasal Sinuses
Acute and Chronic Infections of Oral Cavity
Periapical Abscess
Types
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Acute Apical Periodontitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Acute Exacerbation of a Chronic Lesion
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pericoronal Abscess
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Superficial Abscess
Cellulitis
Bacteriology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ludwig's Angina
Etiology
Bacteriology
Clinical Features
Fatal Complications
Diagnosis
Management
Impetigo
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Erysipelas
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Pyostomatitis Vegetans
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Maxillary Sinusitis
Chronic Hyperplastic Pulpitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Periapical Granuloma
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Periapical Scar
Formation of Scar
Clinical and Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Osteomyelitis
Predisposing Factors
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Microbiology of Osteomyelitis
Classification
Clinical Staging of Osteomyelitis
Occurrence
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Different Types of Osteomyelitis
Infantile Osteomyelitis
Diffuse Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
Condensing Osteitis or Focal Sclerosing Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis with Proliferative Periostitis (Garre's Osteomyelitis)
Actinomycotic Osteomyelitis
Tuberculous Osteomyelitis (Fig. 19-39)
Radiation Osteomyelitis
Chronic Tendoperiostitis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
SAPHO Syndrome
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Facial Space Infections
Based on Clinical Significance
Canine Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Buccal Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Parotid Space
Anatomy
Origin of Infection
Clinical Features
Infratemporal Space
Anatomy
Spread
Clinical Features
Space for the Body of Mandible
Anatomy
Origin
Clinical Features
Submental Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Submandibular Space
Anatomy
Origin
Clinical Features
Sublingual Space
Anatomy
Origin
Clinical Features
Submasseteric Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Temporal Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Pterygomandibular Space
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Lateral Pharyngeal Space
Anatomy
Origin
Clinical Features
Retropharyngeal Space
Anatomy
Origin
Clinical Features
Management of Facial Space Infection
Fatal Complications of Oral Infection
Bacterial Meningitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Brain Abscess
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Anatomy
Etiopathogenesis
Bacteriology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Odontogenic Infection of Orbit
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Mediastinitis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnostic Criteria for Diagnosis of DNM
Management
Septicemia and Bacteremia
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pulpal Infection
Necrosis of Pulp
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pulp Calcifications
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Significance
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Focal Infection
Mechanism of Focal Infection
Oral Foci of Infections
Significance of Oral Foci of Infection
Pits, Fistulae and Draining Sinus of Oral Cavity
20:
Oral Pigmentation
Introduction
Essence of Oral Pigmentation
Definition and Terminologies Used in Pigmentation
Classification
Blue/Purple Vascular Lesions
Varix and Varices
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Thrombus
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Blue Nevus
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Brown Melanotic Lesions
Pigmented Nevus
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Melanoacanthoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Melanoplakia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Smoker's Melanosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Differential Diagnosis
Melanoma
Growth Phase
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Drug-induced Pigmentation
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Physiologic Pigmentation
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Post-inflammatory Pigmentation
Etiology
Clinical Features
Cyanosis
HIV Oral Melanosis
Addison's Disease
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Peutz-Jegher's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Neurofibromatosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Albright's Syndrome
Differential Diagnosis
Hyperfunction of the Pituitary Gland
Pregnancy and Female Sex Hormones
Brown Heme Associated Lesion
Ecchymoses and Petechiae
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hemochromatosis or Bronze Diabetes
Carotenemia
Jaundice
Hematoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Exogenous Pigmentation
Classification
Accidental Pigmentation
Iatrogenic Pigmentation
Amalgam Tattoo
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Pigmentation due to Drugs and Metals
Bismuthism
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Plumbism or Lead Poisoning
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Management
Mercurialism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Management
Argyria or Silver Poisoning
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Arsenism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Auric Stomatitis or Gold Poisoning
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Management
Pigmentation due to Copper, Chromium, Zinc
Summary
Hypopigmentation in Oral Cavity
Albinism
Clinical Features
Management
Vitiligo
21:
Dental Caries
Introduction
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Theories of Cariogenesis
Proteolytic Theory
Proteolysis Chelation Theory
Acidogenic Theory
Autoimmunity
Secondary Factors in Dental Caries
Classification
First Classification
Based on Location of the Lesion (see Fig. 21-4)
Based on Tissue Involved
Based on Virginity of the Lesion
Based on Progression of Lesion
Second Classification
Site
Size
Diagnosis of Dental Caries
Clinical Method
Visual Inspection
Explorer
Radiographic Method
Fiberoptic Transilluminator (FOTI)
Electrical Conductance Measurement
Visible Luminescent Spectroscopy
Fluorescence
Use of Caries Detector Dye
Types of Caries (Fig. 21-4)
Interproximal Caries
Clinical Features
Radiographic Appearance
Radiological Types
Cervical, Buccal, Lingual or Palatal Caries
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Pit and Fissure Caries
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Root Caries
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Recurrent Caries
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Nursing Bottle Caries
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Prevention
Radiation Caries
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Rampant Caries
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Arrested Caries
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Pre-eruptive Caries
Linear Enamel Caries
Acute Dental Caries
Chronic Dental Caries
Radiographic Differential Diagnosis of Dental Caries
Control of Dental Caries
Control of all Active Lesions
Nutritional Measures for Caries Control
Mechanical Measures for Caries Control
Chemical Measures of Caries Control
22:
Diseases of Tongue
Introduction
Embryology and Development of Tongue
Anatomy of Tongue
Surface
Papillae
Muscle
Arterial Supply
Venous Drainage
Nerve Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Functions of Tongue
Specialized Examination of the Tongue
Classification of Tongue Disorders
Congenital and Developmental Disorders
Aglossia and Microglossia
Definition
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Macroglossia
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ankyloglossia
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cleft Tongue
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ankyloglossum Superius Syndrome
Lingual Varices
Lingual Thyroid Nodule
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Variations in Tongue Movement
Tongue Thrusting
Patent Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Development
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Reactive Lymphoid Aggregate
Lingual Cyst
Local Tongue Disorders
Fissured Tongue
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Median Rhomboid Glossitis
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Benign Migratory Glossitis
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hairy Tongue
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Crenated Tongue
Foliate Papillitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Leukokeratosis Nicotina Glossi
Depapillation of the Tongue
Local Causes
Systemic Disease
Neurological Disorders
Glossodynia
Terminology
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Dyskinesia
Generalized Neurological Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Buccolingual Masticatory Syndrome
Paralysis
Causes
Clinical Features
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
Dysgeusia and Hypogeusia
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Premalignant Lesions and Conditions
Leukoplakia
Clinical Features
Clinical Staging of Leukoplakia on the Tongue
Malignant Tumor
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Spread of Carcinoma
Management
Pigmentation of Tongue
23:
Diseases of Lip
Classification of Lip Disorders
Development of Lip
Anatomy
Developmental Disorders of Lip
Congenital Lip Pits
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Commissural Pits
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Double Lip
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Definition
Development of Cleft
Etiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cheilitis
Glandular Cheilitis
Etiology
Types (Historical)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Granulomatous Cheilitis or Orofacial Granulomatosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Angular Cheilitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Eczematous Cheilitis
Contact Cheilitis
Definition
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Actinic Cheilitis
Definition
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Exfoliative Cheilitis
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Plasma Cell Cheilitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Drug-induced Cheilitis
Carcinoma of Lip
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Miscellaneous Disorders
Chapping of the Lips
Actinic Elastosis
Causes
Clinical Features
Caliber Persistent Artery
Clinical Features
Management
24:
Gingival and Periodontal Diseases
Introduction
Normal Periodontium
Gingiva
Periodontal Ligament
Alveolar Process
Disease of Gingiva and Periodontium
Gingival Diseases
Hereditary Gingival Fibromatosis or Fibromatosis Gingiva
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Gingivitis
Pathogenesis of Gingivitis (plaque associated)
Classification
Stages of Gingivitis
Clinical Features of Gingivitis
Management of Gingivitis
Plasma Cell Gingivitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Gingival Enlargement
Classification
Acute Inflammatory Enlargement or Gingival Abscess
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Inflammatory Enlargement
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Drug Influence Gingival Enlargements
Dilantin Sodium
Clinical Features
Cyclosporine
Clinical Features
Nifedipine
Diagnosis
Management
Combined Gingival Enlargement
Pregnancy-induced Gingival Enlargement
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Puberty-induced Gingival Enlargement
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Clinical Classification of NUG
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Non-plaque-induced Gingival Disease
Bacterial Origin Gingival Disease
Viral-induced Gingival Disease
Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
Herpes Zoster
Gingival Disease of Fungal Origin
Gingival Manifestations of Systemic Condition
Gingival Recession
Types of Gingival Recession (By Miller)
Traumatic Lesion of Gingiva
Foreign Body Reaction
Carcinoma of the Gingiva
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Periodontal Disease
Etiology of Periodontal Diseases
Pathogenesis of Periodontitis
Periodontal Pockets
Classification
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Findings
Diagnosis
Management
Periodontal Abscess
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Periodontitis
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Aggressive Periodontitis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Characteristic of Aggressive Periodontitis
Classification
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Prepubertal Periodontitis
Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis
Tooth Mobility
Causes
Radiographic Features
Papillion-Lefevre Syndrome
Clinical and Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Radiological Assessment of Periodontal Diseases
Advantages of Radiography in Periodontal Diseases
Limitations of Radiography
Radiographic Features of Healthy Periodontium
Radiological Types of Periodontitis
Early Periodontitis
Moderate Periodontitis
Advanced Periodontitis
Osseous Deformities in Furcation of Multi-Rooted Teeth
Alveolar Dehiscence
25:
TMJ Disorders
Introduction
Anatomy of TMJ
Joint Proper
Glenoid Fossa
Mandibular Condyle
Articular Disc
Ligamentous Structures
Functional Ligament
Accessory Ligaments
Synovial Fluid
Joint Innervations
Functional Movement of TMJ
Diagnostic Studies
Radiography
Classification of TMJ Disorders
Developmental Disorders of the TMJ
Hypoplasia of Condyle
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Agenesis of the Condyle
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hyperplasia of the Condyle
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Double Condyle or Bifid Condyle
Cause
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Coronoid Hyperplasia
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Degenerative Joint Diseases
Osteoarthritis
Etiopathogenesis (Fig. 25-10)
Causes of Secondary Osteoarthritis
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Inflammatory Disorders of the Joint
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Infective Arthritis
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Traumatic Disorders of TMJ
Condylar Fracture
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Classification
Importance of Muscle Pull
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Ankylosis
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dislocation
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Subluxation (Hypermobility)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Internal Derangement or Disc Displacement
Classification
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adhesions
Metabolic Disorders
Gout
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Neoplastic Disorders
Benign Tumors
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Malignant Tumors
Types
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Miscellaneous Disorders
Synovial Chondromatosis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Drug Induced Disorders (Steroids)
TMJ Dysfunction Syndrome or Myofacial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Classification
Clinical Features
Laskin's Diagnostic Criteria for MDPS
Management
26:
Salivary Gland Disorders
Development of Salivary Gland
Classification of Salivary Glands
Major Salivary Glands
Parotid Gland
Submandibular Gland
Sublingual Gland
Minor Salivary Glands
Saliva
Composition of Saliva
Collection Technique
Parotid Collector
Segregator
Collection of Whole Saliva
Function of Saliva
Examination of Salivary Glands
Minor Salivary Glands
Major Salivary Glands
Parotid Glands
Submandibular Glands
Sublingual Salivary Glands
Diagnostic Tests of the Salivary Glands
Developmental Disorders of Salivary Gland
Aberrancy
Clinical Features
Aplasia and Hypoplasia
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hyperplasia of Salivary Gland
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Atresia
Accessory Duct
Diverticuli
Congenital Fistula
Developmental Salivary Gland Defect
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Functional Disorders of Salivary Gland
Sialorrhea (Ptyalism)
Mechanisms
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Xerostomia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Obstructive Disorders
Sialolithiasis
Composition
Etiopathogenesis
Prevalence
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Mucus Plugs
Strictures and Stenosis
Etiology
Types
Foreign Bodies
Extraductal Causes
Parotid Fistula
Causes
Clinical Features
Sialograms
Diagnosis
Management
Cysts of Salivary Gland
Mucocele
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Ranula
Types
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Salivary Duct Cyst
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Asymptomatic Enlargement of the Salivary Gland
Sialosis (Sialadenosis)
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Allergic Sialadenitis
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Associated with Malnutrition or Alcoholism
Viral Infection
Mumps
Transmission
Clinical Features
Complications
Diagnosis
Management
Cytomegalovirus Inclusion Disease
Bacterial Infection
Acute Bacterial Sialadenitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Bacterial Sialadenitis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiological Finding
Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Sclerosing Sialadenitis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Autoimmune Disorders
Sjögren's Syndrome
Types
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Laboratory Investigations
Management
Mikulicz's Disease or Benign Lympho-epithelial Lesion
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Uveoparotid Fever
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Recurrent Non-specific Parotitis
Tumors of Salivary Glands
Classification
Firmness of the Tumor
Clinical Staging of Salivary Gland Tumors
By Spiro
By American Joint Committee
Benign Tumors
Pleomorphic Adenoma
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Monomorphic Adenoma
Basal Cell Adenoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Canalicular Adenoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Warthin's Tumor
Development
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Oncocytoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Myoepithelioma
Ductus Papillomas
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Malignant Tumors
Peripheral Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Central or Intraosseous Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Acinic Cell Tumor
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant Pleomorphic Adenoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Epidermoid Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Metastatic Carcinoma
Connective Tissue Tumors
Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Minor Salivary Gland Tumor
27:
Disorders of Maxillary Sinus
Introduction
Development of Maxillary Sinus
Anatomy of Maxillary Sinus
Function of Maxillary Sinus
Examination and Investigation of Maxillary Sinus
Classification of Maxillary Sinus Disorders
Developmental Disorders
Inflammatory Disorders
Mucositis
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Maxillary Sinusitis
Types (depending upon duration)
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cysts
Nondental Cyst
Antral Pseudocyst or Benign Mucosal Cyst of Maxillary Antrum
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Sinus Mucocele
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Postoperative Maxillary Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Cyst
Benign Tumor
Antral Polyp
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Antral Papilloma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Osteoma
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ameloblastoma
Malignant Tumor
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Invasion of the Maxillary Sinus by Local Malignant Disease
Metastatic Carcinoma of the Maxillary Sinus
Traumatic Injuries to the Paranasal Sinuses
Root in Antrum
Foreign Bodies
Sinus Contusion
Blow-out Fracture
Isolated Fracture
Zygomatic Complex Fracture
Fractured Tuberosity
Oroantral Fistula
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Calcification
Antroliths
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
28:
Traumatic Injuries of Oral Cavity
Traumatic Injury of Soft Tissue
Traumatic Erythematous Macule or Hematoma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Ecchymosis and Purpuric Macule (early stage)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Cervicofacial Emphysema
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Factitious Injury
Traumatic Injury to Teeth
Factors Affecting Trauma to Teeth
Classification
Concussion
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Luxation
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Avulsion
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Bruxism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Fracture of Teeth (Fig. 28-8)
Dental Crown Fracture
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Dental Root Fracture
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Crown/Root Fracture
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Vertical Root fracture
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Perforation of the Root
Tooth Ankylosis
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Traumatic Injury to Facial Bone
Radiographic Features of Fracture
Indication for Removal of a Tooth from the Fracture Line
Dentoalveolar Fractures
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Mandibular Fractures
Classification
Clinical Features of Mandibular Fracture
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Coronoid Fracture
Middle Third Fractures
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Management
Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fracture
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Management
Radiological Differential Diagnosis of Fractures of Maxilla
Greenstick Fracture
Nasoethmoidal Injuries
Classification
Clinical Features
Management
Complications of Healing
In Fracture
In Extraction
Dry Socket
In Wound
Fibrous Healing of a Wound
29:
Soft Tissue Calcifications
Definition
Classification of Calcification
Dystrophic Calcification
General Dystrophic Calcification of the Oral Region
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Calcified Lymph Nodes
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Tonsillolithiasis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cysticercosis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Calcified Carotid Artery
Causes
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Idiopathic Calcification
Sialoliths
Phleboliths
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Metastatic Calcification
Ossification of the Stylohyoid Ligament
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Osteoma Cutis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Myositis Ossificans
Types
Localized Myositis Ossificans
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Progressive Myositis Ossificans
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
SECTION 4: SYSTEMIC DISEASES MANIFESTED IN JAW
30:
Bacterial Infections
Introduction
Infections Caused by Bacteria
Syphilis
Etiology
Classification
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
Radiographic Features of Syphilis
Gummatous Lesion of the Bone
Syphilitic Periostitis
Congenital Syphilis
Non-venereal Treponematoses
Endemic Syphilis
Pinta
Yaws
Gonorrhea
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Streptococcal Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Leprosy (Hansen Disease)
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Tuberculosis
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Predisposing Factors for Oral Infection
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Dental Considerations
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Actinomycosis
Classification
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Noma
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Scarlet Fever
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Complications
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Diphtheria
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Prevention
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cat Scratch Disease
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Criteria
Management
Tularemia
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Tetanus
Pathogenesis
Transmission
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Rhinoscleroma
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Granuloma Inguinale
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Myiasis
Predisposing Factors
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
31:
Viral Infections
Definition
Classification
Infections Caused by Viruses
Herpes Simplex Infection
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis Oral Herpes
Types
Primary Herpes Simplex Infection
Transmission
Clinical Features
Recurrent or Secondary Herpetic Infection
Types
Precipitating Factors
Clinical Features
HSV in Immunocompromised Patient
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Varicella Zoster Infection
Forms
Chickenpox
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Management
Herpes Zoster
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Postherpetic Neuralgia
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Management
James Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Mumps
Measles
Transmission
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Rubella (German Measles)
Transmission
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Coxsackievirus Infection
Transmission
Herpangina
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Acute Lymphonodular Pharyngitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Infectious Mononucleosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Transmission
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Foot and Mouth Disease
Condyloma Acuminatum
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Verruca Vulgaris (Comm on Wart)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Molluscum Contagiosum Infection
Transmission
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection
Smallpox
Chikungunya
Clinical Features
Management
32:
Fungal Infections
Introduction
Infection Caused by Fungi
Histoplasmosis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
African Histoplasmosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Blastomycosis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Mucormycosis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cryptococcosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Coccidioidomycosis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Geotrichosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Sporotrichosis
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Rhinosporidiosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Aspergillosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Protozoal Infection
Leishmaniasis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Trichinosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
33:
Specific System Disorders
Basic Life Support
Positioning of the Patient
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Cardiovascular Disease
Symptoms
Signs
Examination of the Heart
Consideration of Prophylaxis in Cardiovascular Disease
Angina Pectoris
Etiology
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Prevention of Anginal Attack
Management
Dental Considerations
Myocardial Infarction
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Consideration
Rheumatic Heart Disease and Fever
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Hypertension
Stages
Types
Clinical Features
Dental Significance
Dental Management
Infective Bacterial Endocarditis
Pathogenesis
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Prevention
Congestive Cardiac Failure
Classification
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Congenital Heart Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Cardiac Transplantation
Coarctation of Aorta
Respiratory Disorders
Bronchial Asthma
Types
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Types
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Pulmonary Foreign Bodies
Renal Disorder
Renal Failure
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Consideration
Renal Osteodystrophy
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Uremia
Kidney Transplantation
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Dental Considerations
Disorders of Gastrointestinal Tract
Hepatitis
Types
Phases of Hepatitis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Findings
Management
Prevention
Dental Considerations
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Jaundice
Types
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Diseases of Esophagus
Peptic Ulceration
Predisposing Factors
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Neuromuscular Disorders
Auriculotemporal Syndrome
Pathogenesis
Variation of Frey's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Bell's Palsy
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Motor System Disease
Etiopathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Sclerosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Cerebral Palsy
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Epilepsy
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Parkinson's Disease
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Orofacial Dyskinesia
Granulomatous Disorders
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Types (Clinical)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Sarcoidosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Midline Lethal Granuloma
Etiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Collagen Disorders
Scleroderma
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Kawasaki Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Skin Disorders
Pityriasis Rosea
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Clinical Features
Clinical Staging
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Acanthosis Nigricans
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Tuberous Sclerosis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Seborrheic Keratosis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Sebaceous Hyperplasia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Actinic Lentigo
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Melasma
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Muscle Disorders
Muscular Dystrophy
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Myotonias
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hemifacial Spasm
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Paramyotonia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Myasthenia Gravis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dermatomyositis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Immunological Disorders
Primary Immune Deficiency
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Miscellaneous Conditions
Drug Allergy
Mechanism
Clinical Features
Management
Syncope
Causes
Clinical Features
Management
Shock
Clinical Features
Management
34:
Diseases of Bone Manifested in Jaw
Introduction
Fibro-osseous Lesions
Classification
First Classification
Second Classification
Fibro-osseous Lesions of Medullary Bone Origin
Fibrous Dysplasia
Etiopathogenesis
Classification
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma
Classification
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cherubism
Classification
Etiology
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Central Giant Cell Granuloma
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Paget's Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Giant Cell Lesions of Hyperparathyroidism
Fibro-osseous Lesions of Periodontal Origin
Periapical Cemental Dysplasia
Florid Osseous Dysplasia
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Cemento-ossifying Fibroma
Nomenclature
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Other Lesions of Bone
Osteoporosis
Types
Mechanism of Bone Loss
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Osteopetrosis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Clinical Types
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pierre Robin Syndrome
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Marfan's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Down's Syndrome
Type
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Achondroplasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Skeletal Fluorosis (Fluoride Toxicity)
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Generalized Cortical Hyperostosis
Clinical Features
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Massive Osteolysis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
35:
AIDS
Introduction
Definition
Prevalence
Transmission
History of Nomenclature of Virus
Characteristic of the HIV Virus
Mechanism of Action
Six Groups at Risk of Developing AIDS
Classification
1993 Revised Classification System for HIV Infection
Category A
Category B
Category C
Walter Reed Staging System
WHO Clinical Staging of HIV/AIDS and Case Definition
Primary HIV Infection
Clinical Stage 1
Clinical Stage 2
Clinical Stage 3
Clinical Stage 4
USPHS–CDC Classification
AIDS-related Complex
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Common Oral Manifestations in AIDS
Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Management
Atypical Periodontal Disease
Types
Clinical Features
Management
Herpes Simplex Infection
Herpes Zoster
Hairy Leukoplakia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Management
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Management
Uncommon Oral Manifestation in AIDS
Human Papilloma Virus Lesions
Cytomegalovirus Infection
Aphthous Ulcer
HIV-associated Salivary Gland Disease
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Molluscum Contagiosum
Lymphoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Guidelines to Prevent Transmission to Dentist
Prevention
Diagnostic Test for AIDS
ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)
Western Blot Method
Viral Load Testing
Alternative Diagnostic Test
Management of AIDS
36:
Endocrine Disorders
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Gland
Diseases of Pituitary Gland
Hyperpituitarism
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hypopituitarism or Pituitary Dwarfism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Progeria
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Diseases of Thyroid Gland
Hyperthyroidism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Hypothyroidism
Types
Clinical Features
Complications
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Consideration of Thyroid Disorders
Diseases of Parathyroid Gland
Hyperparathyroidism
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Hypoparathyroidism
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Diseases of Pancreatic Gland
Diabetes Mellitus
Types
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Complications
Diagnosis
Management
Diabetic Insipidus
Dental Consideration
Diseases of Adrenal Gland
Addison's Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Diagnosis
Management
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Cushing's Syndrome
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Adrenal Insufficiency
Types
Etiopathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Prevention
Diseases of Gonads
Hypergonadism
Hypogonadism
Pregnancy
Dental Management
Menopause
37:
Blood Disorders
Introduction
Physiology of Blood
Composition
Plasma Proteins
Composition
Functions of Plasma Proteins
Some Facts about Blood
Red Blood Corpuscles (Erythrocytes)
Factors Controlling Erythropoiesis
Composition and Morphology of RBC
Functions of RBC
Hemoglobin
Functions of Hemoglobin
White Blood Corpuscles (Leukocytes)
Physiologic Variations
Types of WBC
Functions of WBC
Platelets or Thrombocytes
Functions of Platelet
Blood Coagulation
Clotting Factors
Mechanism of Blood Coagulation (Figs 37-1A to C)
Blood Group
Diseases of Red Blood Cells
Anemia
Classification (Tables 37-1 to 37-3)
Posthemorrhagic Anemia
Types
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Causes
Stages of Iron Deficiency
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Sickle Cell Anemia
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Findings
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Considerations
Thalassemia
Pathogenesis
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Erythropoietic Porphyria
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Megaloblastic Anemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Pernicious Anemia
Causes
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Aplastic Anemia
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Fanconi's Anemia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Uncommon Causes of Anemia
Dental Considerations of Anemia
Polycythemia
Types
Polycythemia Vera
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Relative Polycythemia
Secondary Polycythemia
White Blood Cell Disorders
Quantitative Disorders
Agranulocytopenia or Neutropenia
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestation
Radiological Findings
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Cyclic Neutropenia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Variant of Neutropenia
Increased in Number of WBC
Qualitative Disorders of WBC
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Multiple Myeloma
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Platelet Disorders
Classification
Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Von Willebrand's Disease
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Aldrich Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Familial Thrombasthenia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Onyalai
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Thrombocytosis or Thrombocythemia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Hemorrhagic Disorders
Hemophilia
Types (according to AHG factors)
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Dental Management of Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B
Factor V Deficiency or Parahemophilia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Hypofibrinogenemia
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Macroglobulinemia
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Rare Hemorrhagic Disorders
38:
Vitamins
Introduction
Causes of Vitamin Deficiency
Water Soluble Vitamins
B-complex Vitamins
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Beriberi
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Niacin (vitamin B3)
Pellagra
Pantothenic Acid (vitamin B5)
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Biotin (vitamin B8)
Folic Acid (vitamin B9)
Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
Vitamin C
Scurvy
Choline
Absorption and Excretion
Sources
Functions
Deficiency Symptoms
Management
Inositol
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Common Properties
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Absorption
Sources (Fig. 38-10)
Requirements
Functions in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestations
Management
Hypervitaminosis A
Carotenemia
Vitamin D
Forms
Absorption
Function in the Body
Requirement
Sources (Fig. 38-12)
Pathogenesis
Vitamin D Deficient Rickets
Vitamin D Resistant Rickets (Familial Hypophosphatemia, Refractory Rickets)
Osteomalacia
Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
Absorption and Excretion
Sources (Fig. 38-13)
Daily Requirements
Functions in the Body
Deficiency Symptoms
Oral Manifestations
Management
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)
Forms
Requirements
Sources (Fig. 38-14)
Functions in the Body
Effects of Deficiency
Oral Manifestations
Management
39:
Metabolic Disorders
Introduction
Disturbances in Protein Metabolism
Protein Energy Malnutrition
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Amyloidosis
Forms of Amyloid
Types
Etiology
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Porphyria
Classification
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Disturbances in Lipid Metabolism
Classification
Function of Lipids
Classification of Disorders
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Nomenclature
Variant
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Gaucher's Disease
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Niemann-Pick Disease
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Tay-Sachs Disease
Disturbances in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Classification
Function
Hurler's Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiological Features
Diagnosis
Management
Lipoid Proteinosis
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Hypoglycemia
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Disturbances in Mineral Metabolism
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Phosphorus
Hypophosphatasia
Types
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Radiographic Features
Diagnosis
Management
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Miscellaneous Disorders
Malabsorption Syndrome
Clinical Features
Oral Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
SECTION 5: DRUGS USED IN DENTISTRY
40:
Antibiotics
Introduction
Classification
According to Chemical Structure
According to Mechanism of Action
According to Type of Organism against which Primarily Active
According to Spectrum of Activity
According to Type of Action
According to Antibiotics Obtained From
According to the Organisms Susceptible
Routes of Drug Administration
Antimicrobial Dosing Principle
Duration of Antibiotic Therapy
Effectiveness of Antibiotics
Age, Type and Extent of Infection
Resistance
Patient Compliance
Concentration of Antibiotics at the Site of Infection
Metabolism and Excretion of Antibiotics
Indications for Antibiotics
Therapeutic
Prophylactic
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Tetracyclines
Macrolide
Erythromycin
Other Macrolides
Aminoglycoside
Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Penicillin
Classification
Cloxacillin
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Newer Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Interference with Cell Membrane Structure
Interference with Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Nitroimidazoles
Quinolones
Topical Antiseptic and Antibiotics
Classification of Local Antimicrobial Therapy
Dose Calculation
Prophylactic Antibiotics
According to AHA (American Heart Association, 2002)
41:
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Introduction
Definition of Analgesic
Classification (Fig. 41-1)
General Principles of Use of Analgesics
Nonselective Cyclo-oxygenase Inhibitors/Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Action of NSAIDs
Salicylates
Aspirin
Mechanism of Action for Therapeutic Use (Fig. 41-2)
Uses
Adverse Effects
Contraindication
Pharmacokinetics
Drug Interaction
Trade Name
Propionic Acid Derivative
Ibuprofen
Naproxen
Flurbiprofen
Anthranilic Acid
Mephenamic Acid
Aryl-Acetic Acid Derivative
Diclofenac
Oxicam Derivatives
Piroxicam
Pyrrolo-pyrrole Derivative
Ketorolac
Preferential COX-2 Inhibitors
Nimesulide
Para-amino Phenol Derivative
Paracetamol
Patient Instruction for Use of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents
Opioid Analgesics
Pharmacological Actions
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
Precaution and Contraindications
Therapeutic Uses
Uses in Dentistry
42:
Antifungal Drugs
Introduction
Types of Fungi
Classification
First Classification
Second Classification
Nystatin
Amphotericin-B
Hamycin
Natamycin
Griseofulvin
Flucytosin
Clotrimazole
Econazole
Miconazole
Ketoconazole
Fluconazole
Itraconazole
Terbinafine
Newer Antifungal Drugs
43:
Anticancer Drugs
Introduction
Factors Affecting Chemotherapy
Kinetic Classification of Anticancer Drugs
Principles of Chemotherapy
The Cells Kill Hypothesis of Skipper
The Norton Simon Hypothesis
The Goldie Goldman Model
Use of Anticancer Drugs
Classification
Alkylating Agents
Alkyl Sulfonate
Nitrogen Mustards
Nitrosoureas
Triazine
Ethylenimine
Anti-metabolites
Purine Antagonist
Folate Acid Antagonist
Pyrimidine Antagonists
Antibiotics
Actinomycin-D
Mitoxantrone
Bleomycin
Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin
Mithramycin
Mitomycin-C
The Vinca Alkaloids
Vinblastine
Vincristine
Taxanes
Paclitaxel
Docetaxel
Epipodophyllotoxin
Enzymes
Miscellaneous Agents
Hydroxyurea
Procarbazine
Cisplatin
Hexamethylamine
Carboplatin
Pharmacology
Principles of Treatment
Routes of Administration
Combination Chemotherapy
Schedule
Multimodality Treatment and Timing of Chemotherapy
Toxicity
Local Toxicity
Hematological Toxicity
Gastrointestinal Toxicity
Alopecia
Pulmonary Toxicity
Cardiac Toxicity
Renal and Bladder Toxicity
Neurological Toxicity
44:
Antiviral Drugs
Introduction
Action of Antiviral Drugs
Antiherpes Virus Agents
Acyclovir
Idoxuridine
Gancyclovir
Famcyclovir
Foscarnet
Antiretroviral Agents
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Zidovudine Azidothymidine (AZT)
Didanosine and Zalcitabine
Protease Inhibitors
Ritonavir, Indinavir, Nelfinavir
Anti-influenza Virus Agents
Amantadine
Nonselective Antiviral Agents
Interferon Alpha
Ribavarin
Recent Advance Therapies
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
Therapeutic Regimen
45:
Corticosteroids
Introduction
Corticosteroid Action and its Regulation
Glucocorticoids
Mechanism of Action
Cellular Action
Metabolic Action
Anti-inflammatory Action
Other Effect
Uses
Precaution
Hydrocortisone (cortisol)
Cortisone
Prednisolone
Methyl Prednisolone
Triamcinolone
Dexamethasone
Betamethasone
Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids
Contraindication
Caution
Newer Drugs
Mineralocorticoids
Mechanism of Action
Desoxycortisone Acetate (DOCA)
Fludrocortisone
Adverse Effect
Contraindication
Dental Consideration
46:
Desensitizing Agents, Gum Paints and Mouthwashes
Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Introduction
Prevalence of Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Definition
Mechanism of Dentin Sensitivity
Causes and Clinical Features of Dentin Hypersensitivity
Theories of Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Transducer Theory
Modulation Theory
Odontoblastic Transduction Theory
Gate Control Theory and Vibration
Hydrodynamic Theory
Question to be asked for Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity
Differential Diagnosis of Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Clinical Examination for Diagnosis of Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Methods of Measuring Tooth Hypersensitivity
Mechanical (Tactile Stimuli)
Electrical Stimuli
Thermal Stimuli
Osmotic
Verbal Rating Scale (VRS)
Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
Method
Treatment of Hypersensitive Dentin
Traditional Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Mechanism of Action of Desensitizing Agents
Instructions to be given to Patients while Prescribing Desensitizing Agent
Prevention of Dentin Hypersensitivity
Suggestions for Patients
Suggestions for Professionals
Summary and Conclusion (Table 46-1)
Mouthwashes (Table 46-2)
Indications for Antiplaque Mouthwash
Types of Antiplaque Mouthwashes
Alcohol Content of Mouthwashes
Chlorhexidine Mouthwash
Structure
Mechanisms of Action
Indications
Side Effects of Chlorhexidine
Gum Paints (Table 46-3)
47:
Drugs used in Pregnancy
Introduction
Pregnancy Trimesters
Pharmacokinetics in Pregnancy
Dental Management of Pregnant Patient
Guidelines for Prescribed Drugs in Pregnancy
Consideration in Lactation
48:
Emergency Drugs used in Dentistry
Introduction
Emergency Management
Types of Emergency Drugs
Emergency Drug Kit
Adrenaline
Chlorpheniramine
Oxygen
Nitrates and Nitrites (Glyceryl Trinitrate or Nitroglycerine and Amyl nitrite)
Nitrous Oxide
Anticonvulsant (Diazepam, Midazolam)
Methoxamine/Phenylephrine
Antihypoglycemic (50% Dextrose or Glucagon)
Glucagon
Glucose/Dextrose 50%
Salbutamol /Albuterol /Metaproterenol
Hydrocortisone/Dexamethasone
Atropine
Respiratory Stimulant Aromatic Ammonia
Drugs for Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support
Lidocaine
Dopamine/Dobutamine
Morphine Sulphate/Meperidine
Verapamil
Antidotal Drugs
Naloxone/Nalbuphine
Flumazenil
Physostigmine
Procaine
Emergency Equipment
Maintenance of Emergency Kit
SECTION 6: MISCELLANEOUS
49:
Professional Hazards of Dentistry
Introduction
Classification
Professional Hazards to the Dentist from the Patients
Preventive Approach
Professional Hazards to the Dentist from his Working Conditions, Methodology of Practice and Materials Used
Psychological Stress and Fatigue
Musculoskeletal Complaints
Cardiovascular Complaints
Radiation Hazards
Sound Hazards
Light Hazards
Hazards due to Materials Used
Consumer Protection Act (CPA/COPRA)
Introduction
Purpose of Act
Advantages
Machinery
Procedure
Medical Service and CPA
Ill Effects of CPA
50:
Forensic Dentistry
Introduction
Scope of Forensic Odontology
Record Management
Identification
Role of Teeth in Establishing the Identity
Dental Comparison
Procedure in Dental Identification
Problems in Identification
Technique for Identification in Mass Disaster
X-ray
UV Rays
Postmortem Serology
DNA Profiling
Age Assessment
Bite Marks
Definition
Causes
Importance of Bite Marks
Method of Preservation of Bite Marks
Classification of Bite Marks
Bite Marks on Foodstuff
Bite Marks in Human Skin
Status of the Tissue
The Influencing Factor
Types of Bite Mark
The Nature of Bite Marks
Investigations of a Bite Mark
Matching the Bite Mark with the Suspect
Dentition (Figs 50-11 to 50-14)
Classification of Skin Wounds
Medicolegal Aspects of Dentistry
The Dentist Act 1948
Duties of Dental Council of India
Duties of State Dental Council
Hippocrates Oath: The Declaration of Geneva
Rights and Privileges Enjoyed by Registered Dental Practitioner
Duties of Dental Practitioners
Professional Misconducts
Precautions Against Negligence
Penal Provisions Applicable to Medical Practice
51:
Controversial Diseases and Terminologies
Introduction
Bowen's Disease
Etiology
Clinical Features
Why Discarded
Leontiasis Ossea
Etiology
Clinical Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Why Discarded
Previous or Former Cyst
Primordial Cyst
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Why Discarded
Globulomaxillary Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Median Mandibular Cyst
Origin
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Why Discarded
Median Palatine Cyst
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Why Discarded
Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor
Origin
Types
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Cementoma
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Why Discarded and Updated Term
True Cementoma
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Gigantiform Cementoma
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Reparative Giant Cell Granuloma
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Radiographic Features
Differential Diagnosis
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Eagle Syndrome
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Hand-Schuller-Christain Disease, Letterer Siwe Disease, Eosinophilic Granuloma and Histiocytosis X
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Neurilemmoma, Neurinoma and Neuro-lemmoma
Why Discarded and Updated Term
Traumatic Bone Cyst
Why Discarded and Updated Term
APPENDICES
1:
Causes and Classifications
Classifications of Diseases
White Lesions
Variation in structure and appearance of normal mucosa
White lesion with definite precancerous potential
White lesion without precancerous potential
Nonkeratotic white lesion
Precancerous Lesion and Condition
Precancerous lesion
Precancerous condition
Histological Classification of Cancer and Precancer of the Oral Mucosa—Histological typing of cancer and precancer (WHO 1997)
Carcinomas
Benign lesions capable of microscopically resembling oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral verrucous carcinoma
Precancerous lesions (Clinical Classification)
Precancerous lesions (Histological Classification)
Benign lesions capable of resembling oral precancerous lesions
Precancerous conditions
Red Lesion of Oral Mucosa
Inflammatory condition
Congenital-hereditary developmental condition
Vascular disease and blood disorder
Dermatological
Other systemic disease
Premalignant and malignant lesion
Vesiculobullous Lesions
1st Classification
2nd Classifications
Cysts of the Oral Cavity
Odontogenic
Non-odontogenic
Cysts Associated with maxillary sinus
Soft tissue cysts
Cysts of the salivary gland
Oral Manifestation of AIDS
Fungal infection
Bacterial
Viral
Neoplasm
Neurological
Miscellaneous
Odontogenic Tumor
1st Classification
2nd Classification
Benign Tumors of the Jaw
Odontogenic tumors
Non-odontogenic tumors
Classification of Tumor
Malignant Tumor of the Jaw
Odontogenic tumor
Non-odontogenic tumor
Granulomatous Diseases
Specific or infective type
Non-specific
Histiocytosis
Malignant
Gingival Hyperplasia (Clinical Classification)
Gingival Hyperplasia (Etiological Classification)
Oral Pigmentation
1st Classification
2nd Classification
Diseases of the Maxillary Sinus
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Cysts
Neoplasm
Metabolic
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Sexually Transmitted and Blood Born Disease
Bacterial and chlamydial STD (potentially curable and rarely blood borne)
Viral STD (currently incurable some frequently blood born)
Miscellaneous bacterial fungal and parasitic infection which sometime manifested as STD (usually curable and rarely blood born except candida)
Other blood born infection with no evidence of sexual transmission
Autoimmune Disorder
Associated with Mucocutaneous Lesion
Salivary gland
Blood disorder
Collagen disorder
Miscellaneous
Blood Disorders
Disorders of RBC
Disorders of WBC
Disorders of platelet
Disorders of coagulation
Fibro-osseous Lesions
Lesions arising from periodontal ligament
Fibrous dysplasia
Fibro-osseous neoplasm of uncertain origin or debatable origin
Giant cell lesion
Mucocutaneous Disorder
Genodermatoses
Non-infective disease
Oral Hamartomas
Odontogenic
Non-odontogenic
Unknown or doubtful origin
Disorders of the Salivary Glands
Developmental
Inflammatory
Sialolithias is
Cysts
Frey's syndrome
Sjögren's syndrome
Necrotizing sialometaplasia
Neoplasms
Oral Lymphoid Tissue Lesion
Developmental lesions
Cystic
Neoplastic
Syndrome
Disorders of the Temporomandibular Joint
Developmental
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Metabolic Disorders
Neoplasms
Neuropathic
Internal derangement
Giant Cell Disorders
Traumatic
Infection
Cystic
Metabolic
Neoplasms
Enamel Pathology
Developmental
Environmental pathology
Enamel caries
Pigmentation
Enameloma
Dentin Pathology
Developmental
Dentinal caries
Neoplastic
Regressive changes
Verrucous-papillary Lesion
Reactive lesion
Neoplasm
Unknown Etiology
Disorders of Tongue
Developmental
Infectious
Cystic
Neoplastic
Red and white lesions
Neurological
Papillary changes in tongue
Fissured tongue
Systemic diseases manifested in tongue
Calcification of Oral Soft Tissue
Lymph nodes
Sialoliths
Antroliths
Calcified ligament
Osteomas
Calcified blood vessels
Myositis ossificans
Cysticercosis
Neoplasms
Miscellaneous
Vascular Tissue Disorders
Arteritis
Midfacial granuloma syndrome
Vascular hamartomas
Telangiectasia
Vascular tumor
Oral Ulcerative Lesions
According to duration
According to Etiology
Disease of unknown origin
Syndrome
Disorders of Teeth (WHO)
Abnormalities of size and form
Mottled teeth
Disturbances in tooth formation
Hereditary disturbance in tooth structure
Disturbances in tooth eruption
Supernumerary teeth
Anodontia
Other developmental disorders
Causes
Teeth Pathology
Hyperdontia
Hypodontia
Macrodontia
Microdontia
Malformed crown
Enamel loss
Extrinsic stain
Intrinsic discoloration
Abnormal shaped root
Enlarged pulp chamber
Pulpal calcification
Early exfoliation
Swellings of the Palate
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Necrosis
Odontogenic cysts
Non-odontogenic cysts
Neoplasm
Endocrin e and metabolic disorders
Salivary gland disorders
Developmental
Miscellaneous
Swellings in the Submandibular (angle of mandible) Region
Traumatic
Cysts
Tumors
Metastasis
Inflammatory
Salivary Gland Dysfunction
Endocrine
Lymphadenitis
Swelling of the Lip
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Neoplasm
Allergy
Developmental
Miscellaneous
Swellings in the Floor of the Mouth
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Necrosis
Cysts
Neoplasms
Salivary gland swelling
Allergy
Swelling of Neck
Lateral neck swelling
Midline neck swelling
Extraoral Discharging Sinus
Developmental
Inflammatory
Neoplastic
Perforations of the Palate
Congenital
Inflammatory
Traumatic
Neoplasm
Glossodynia
Local causes
Systemic diseases
Psychological
Halitosis
Physiological
Pathological
Enlargement of Cervical Lymph Nodes
Inflammation and Infection
Allergic conditions
Primary neoplasm
Metastasis tumors
Miscellaneous conditions
Trismus
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Congenital and developmental disorders
Neoplastic
Cystic
Systemic
Miscellaneous
Hemorrhage
Local causes
Hemorrhage due to platelet disorders
Hemorrhage due to coagulation diseases
Hemorrhage due to systemic diseases
Angular cheilitis
Sialorrhea
Xerostomia
Factor affecting salivary center
Factor affecting autonomous nervous system
Factor affecting salivary gland
Alteration in fluid and electrolyte balance
Drugs
Miscellaneous
Saliva Drooling at Corner of Mouth
Discoloration of the Teeth
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Macroglossia
Congenital or developmental
Inflammatory
Neoplasms
Systemic
Orofacial pain
Extra-cranial causes
Musculoskeletal
Intra-cranial causes
Vascular pain
Neurogenic pain
Psychogenic pain
Classification by Bells
Sloughing Pseudomembranous Necrotic White Lesion
Osteoporosis
Depapillation of Tongue
Congenital cause
Developmental
Chronic trauma
Medication
Peripheral vascular disease
Chronic candidiasis
Tumor
Miscellaneous
Atrophic Lesion of Oral Mucosa of Tongue
Developmental
Systemic condition
Infection
Oral submucus fibrosis
Mucocutaneous
Retarded Eruption of Teeth
Local causes
Systemic causes
Loosening or Early Loss of Teeth
Local causes
Systemic causes
Others
Malformed Teeth
Hairy Tongue
Causes that Cause Red Lesions
Marked increased in hemoglobin concentration of articulating blood
Vascular dilation from
Extravasation of blood (trauma or homeostatic disease)
Atrophy or thinning of mucosa
Leukopenia
Infections
Hemopoietic disorders
Chemical agents
Physical agents
Anaphylactic shock and early stages reaction of foreign protein
Disease of unknown etiology
Basophilia
Blood disorders
Splenectomy
Infection
Myxedema
After injection of foreign proteins
Some cases of nephrosis
Neutrophilia
Acute infection
Inflammatory
Intoxication
Acute hemorrhage
Malignant tumor of
Blood disorders
Miscellaneous
Eosinophilia
Lymphocytosis
Acute infection
Chronic infection
Lymphocytic leukemia
Lymphosarcoma
Heavy chain disease
Hemopoietic disorders
Monocytosis
Bacterial infection
Protozoan and rickettsial infection
Blood disorders
Lipid storage disease
Malignant neoplasm
Collagen vascular disease
Granulomatou s disease
Chronic high dose steroid therapy
Peripheral Plasmocytosis
Infection
Serum Sickness
Neoplasm
Miscellaneous
Periapical Radiolucency
Monolocular and Multilocular Radiolucency
Monolocular lesion
Multilocular lesion
Pericoronal Radiolucency
Inter-radicular Radiolucency
Solitary Cyst-like Radiolucency not Necessary Contacting Teeth
Multiple Separate Well-defined Radiolucency
Generalized Rarefaction of Jaw Bones
Mixed Radiolucent—Radiopaque Lesion Associated with Teeth
Pericoronal Mixed Lesion
Mixed Radiolucent-radiopaque Lesion not Necessary Contacting Teeth
Variable Radiopacities
Abnormalities of the teeth
Condition affecting the bone
Superimposed soft tissue calcifications
Foreign bodies
Periapical radiopacities
True
Projected
Multiple Separate Radiopacities
Solitary Radiopacities not Necessary Containing Teeth
True
Projected
Generalized Radiopacities
Thickened Periodontal Ligament Space
Loss of Lamina Dura
Different Type of Periosteal Reaction and their Cause
Regular type
Typical Features of the Lesion
Typical clinical feature
Typical radiological feature
Typical histological features
Various drug effect on oral cavity
Summary of the main mandibular and maxillary fracture site and the common projection used for each side
Various lymph nodes in the head and neck region and their area of drainage
Firm non-hemorrhagic soft tissue growth of oral cavity
Hemorrhagic or easily bleeding soft tissue growth of oral cavity
Compressible soft tissue growth of oral cavity
Various odors related to systemic disease
Generalized discoloration
Papillary or cauliflower like soft tissue growth of oral cavity
Types of biopsy
Commonly used
Less commonly used
2:
Syndromes of Oral Cavity
Adaptation Syndrome
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Aglossia-Adactylia Syndrome
Albright's Syndrome
Aldrich's Syndrome
Amelo-onycho-hypohidrotic Syndrome
Anderson Syndrome
Angio-osteo-hypertrophy Syndrome
Aortic Arch Syndrome
Apert's Syndrome
Ascher's Syndrome
Auriculotemporal (Frey's) Syndrome
B-K Mole Syndrome
Baby Bottle Syndrome
Behçet's Syndrome
Beckwith's Hypoglycemic Syndrome
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
Blepharocheilodontic Syndrome
Bloch-Sulzberger Syndrome
Blepharonasofacial Syndrome
Book's Syndrome
Bowen Syndrome
Branchial Arch Syndrome
Burning Mouth Syndrome
Caffey-Silverman Syndrome
Carotid Artery Syndrome
Candidosis Endocrinopathy Syndrome
Carpenters Syndrome
Cerebrocostomandibular Syndrome
Carcinoid Syndrome
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Costen's Syndrome
Cowden's Syndrome
Cracked Tooth Syndrome
Cross Syndrome
CREST Syndrome
Crouzon Syndrome
Cushing's Syndrome
Curry-Hall Syndrome
Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome
Down's Syndrome
Systemic
Oral
Eagle's Syndrome
Edward's Syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Elashy Water's Syndrome
Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome
Epidermis Nevus Syndrome
Fanconi's Syndrome
Favre-Racouchot Syndrome
First Arch Syndrome
Floppy Infant Syndrome
Fragile X Syndrome
Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Syndrome
Franceschetti's Syndrome
Gardner's Syndrome
Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome
Goltz-Gorlin Syndrome
Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss Syndrome
Goldenhar's Syndrome
Gorham's Syndrome
Graham Little Syndrome
Grinspan Syndrome
Gradenigo's Syndrome
Hajadu Cheney Syndrome
Hanhart's Syndrome
Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome
Heerfordt's Syndrome
Hetch-Beals-Wilson Syndrome
Horner's Syndrome
Horton's Syndrome
Hurler's Syndrome
Hunter's Syndrome
Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome
Hypoglossia-hypodactylia Syndrome
Jaw-Winking Syndrome
Jadassohn-Lewandowsky Syndrome
Jaw Cyst-Basal Cell Nevus-Bifid Rib Syndrome
Jugular Foramen Syndrome
Kartagener's Syndrome
KBG Syndrome
Klinefelter's Syndrome
Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome
Larsen's Syndrome
Laugier-Hunziker Syndrome
Lowe's Syndrome
Maffucci's Syndrome
Marfan's Syndrome
Magic Syndrome
Marin Amat's Syndrome
Melnick-Needles Syndrome
Median Cleft Face Syndrome
Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome
Miescher's Syndrome
Middle Fossa Syndrome
Mobius Syndrome
Mohr's Syndrome
Morquio's Syndrome
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
MEN 1
MEN 2 (Sipple's syndrome)
MEN 3
Oral
Murray Puretic-Dresher Syndrome
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome
Nance-Horan Syndrome
Nager's Syndrome
Neck-tongue Syndrome
Noonan's Syndrome
Orofacial Digital Syndrome
Oromandibular Limb Hypogenesis Syndrome
Otopalatodigital Syndrome
Papillion-lefevre Syndrome
Para-trigeminal Syndrome
Patau's Syndrome
Parry-Romberg Syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Pfeiffer Syndrome
Pierre Robin Syndrome
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Portsmouth Syndrome
Popliteal Pterygium Syndrome
Proteus Syndrome
Raeder's Syndrome
Ramon's Syndrome
Raley-day Syndrome
Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
Reiter's Syndrome
Rieger's Syndrome
Rutherford's Syndrome
Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
Sanfilippo's Syndrome
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
Scheie's Syndrome
Scalded Skin Syndrome
Scheuthauer-Marie-Sainton Syndrome
Senear-Usher Syndrome
Sjögren's Syndrome
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Sweat Retention Syndrome
Sweet Syndrome
SUNCT Syndrome
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Trotter's Syndrome
Trichodental Syndrome
Trichodentoosseous Syndrome
Trichonychodental Syndrome
Turner's Syndrome
Tuberous Sclerosis Syndrome
van der Woude's Syndrome
Van Buchem's Syndrome
Velocardiofacial Syndrome
von Recklinghausen's Neurofibromatosis
von Hippel's Syndrome
Whistling Face Syndrome
Weber Cockayne Syndrome
XXXXY Syndrome
Zimmerman-Laband Syndrome
Zinsser's Syndrome
3:
Glossary
4:
Multiple Choice Question
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