Jaypee Brothers
In Current Chapter
In All Chapters
X
Clear
X
GO
Normal
Sepia
Dark
Default Style
Font Style 1
Font Style 2
Font Style 3
Less
Normal
More
Textbook of Pathology
Harsh Mohan
SECTION I: GENERAL PATHOLOGY ANDBASIC TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 1:
Introduction to Pathology
DEFINITION OF PATHOLOGY
HEALTH AND DISEASE
TERMINOLOGY IN PATHOLOGY
FROM RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND MAGIC TO RATIONAL APPROACH (PREHISTORIC TIME TO AD 1500)
FROM HUMAN ANATOMY TO ERA OF GROSS PATHOLOGY (AD 1500 to 1800)
ERA OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND CELLULAR PATHOLOGY (AD 1800 TO 1950s)
MODERN PATHOLOGY (1950s TO PRESENT TIMES)
CHAPTER 2:
Techniques for the Study of Pathology
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF SURGICAL PATHOLOGY
SURGICAL PATHOLOGY PROTOCOL
TYPES OF EM
MOLECULAR METHODS
FLOW CYTOMETRY
METHODS FOR CELL PROLIFERATION ANALYSIS
COMPUTERS IN PATHOLOGY LABORATORY
IMAGE ANALYSER AND MORPHOMETRY
DNA MICROARRAYS
LASER MICRODISSECTION
TELEPATHOLOGY AND VIRTUAL MICROSCOPY
CHAPTER 3:
Cell Injury and Cellular Adaptations
CELL STRUCTURE
INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION
Intercellular Junctions
Molecular Interactions between Cells
Heat Shock Proteins and Ubiquitin
CELL CYCLE
PATHOGENESIS OF ISCHAEMIC AND HYPOXIC INJURY
MORPHOLOGY OF REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY
SUBCELLULAR ALTERATIONS IN CELL INJURY
FATTY CHANGE (STEATOSIS)
INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF PROTEINS
INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF GLYCOGEN
A. ENDOGENOUS PIGMENTS
B. EXOGENOUS PIGMENTS
AUTOLYSIS
NECROSIS
APOPTOSIS
GANGRENE
PATHOLOGIC CALCIFICATION
ATROPHY
HYPERTROPHY
HYPERPLASIA
METAPLASIA
DYSPLASIA
CELLULAR BASIS
ORGAN CHANGES IN AGING
CHAPTER 4:
Immunopathology Including Amyloidosis
ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS)
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS (IMMUNOLOGIC TISSUE INJURY)
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
PATHOGENESIS (THEORIES) OF AUTOIMMUNITY
TYPES AND EXAMPLES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL NATURE OF AMYLOID
PATHOGENESIS OF AMYLOIDOSIS
CLASSIFICATION OF AMYLOIDOSIS
A. SYSTEMIC AMYLOIDOSIS
1. Primary Systemic (AL) Amyloidosis
2. Secondary/Reactive (AA) Systemic Amyloidosis
3. Haemodialysis-Associated (Ab2M) Amyloidosis
4. Heredofamilial Amyloidosis
B. LOCALISED AMYLOIDOSIS
STAINING CHARACTERISTICS OF AMYLOID
DIAGNOSIS OF AMYLOIDOSIS
MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES OF AMYLOIDOSIS OF ORGANS
PROGNOSIS OF AMYLOIDOSIS
CHAPTER 5:
Derangements of Homeostasis and Haemodynamics
NORMAL WATER AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE (GIBBS-DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM)
ACID-BASE BALANCE
PRESSURE GRADIENTS AND FLUID EXCHANGES
Normal Fluid Pressures
Normal Fluid Exchanges
OEDEMA
DEFINITION AND TYPES
PATHOGENESIS OF OEDEMA
PATHOGENESIS AND MORPHOLOGY OF IMPORTANT TYPES OF OEDEMA
Renal Oedema
Cardiac Oedema
Pulmonary Oedema
Cerebral Oedema
Hepatic Oedema
Nutritional Oedema
Myxoedema
DEHYDRATION
OVERHYDRATION
DISTURBANCES IN THE VOLUME OF CIRCULATING BLOOD
HYPERAEMIA AND CONGESTION
Active Hyperaemia
Passive Hyperaemia (Venous Congestion)
MORPHOLOGY OF CVC OF ORGANS
CVC Lung
CVC Liver
CVC Spleen
CVC Kidney
HAEMORRHAGE
SHOCK
CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES OF OBSTRUCTIVE NATURE
THROMBOSIS
Definition and Effects
Pathophysiology
Predisposing Factors
Morphologic Features
Origin of Thrombi
Fate of Thrombus
Clinical Effects
EMBOLISM
Definition and Types
Thromboembolism
Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Systemic Embolism
Fat Embolism
Gas Embolism
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Atheroembolism
Tumour Embolism
Miscellaneous Emboli
ISCHAEMIA
INFARCTION
Infarcts of Different Organs
CHAPTER 6:
Inflammation and Healing
INTRODUCTION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
I. VASCULAR EVENTS
Haemodynamic Changes
Altered Vascular Permeability
II. CELLULAR EVENTS
Exudation of Leucocytes
Phagocytosis
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
REGULATION OF INFLAMMATION
THE INFLAMMATORY CELLS
FACTORS DETERMINING VARIATION IN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
1. Factors Involving the Organisms
2. Factors Involving the Host
3. Type of Exudation
MORPHOLOGY OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
FATE OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
GENERAL FEATURES OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
TYPES OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
TUBERCULOSIS
TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS
A. Primary Tuberculosis
B. Secondary Tuberculosis
Secondary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
LEPROSY
SYPHILIS
ACTINOMYCOSIS
SARCOIDOSIS (BOECK'S SARCOID)
REGENERATION
REPAIR
WOUND HEALING
HEALING IN SPECIALISED TISSUES
CHAPTER 7:
Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
PLAGUE
ANTHRAX
WHOOPING COUGH (PERTUSSIS)
GRANULOMA INGUINALE
STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
CLOSTRIDIAL DISEASES
MYCETOMA
CANDIDIASIS
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSIS
VIRAL HAEMORRHAGIC FEVERS
INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTIONS
VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTION
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION
LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM
CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE
RABIES
AMOEBIASIS
MALARIA
FILARIASIS
CYSTICERCOSIS
CHAPTER 8:
Neoplasia
I. RATE OF GROWTH
II. CANCER PHENOTYPE AND STEM CELLS
III. CLINICAL AND GROSS FEATURES
IV. MICROSCOPIC FEATURES
V. LOCAL INVASION (DIRECT SPREAD)
VI. METASTASIS (DISTANT SPREAD)
MECHANISM AND BIOLOGY OF INVASION AND METASTASIS
PROGNOSTIC MARKERS
GRADING AND STAGING OF CANCER
CANCER INCIDENCE
EPIDEMIOLOGIC FACTORS
A. MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF CANCER (GENETIC MECHANISMS OF CANCER)
Basic Concept of Molecular Pathogenesis
Cancer-related Genes and Cell Growth (Hallmarks of Cancer)
B. CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
Stages in Chemical Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenic Chemicals in Humans
Tests for Chemical Carcinogenicity
C. PHYSICAL CARCINOGENESIS
1. Radiation Carcinogenesis
2. Non-radiation Physical Carcinogenesis
D. BIOLOGIC CARCINOGENESIS
VIRAL CARCINOGENESIS
VIRUSES AND HUMAN CANCER: A SUMMARY
TUMOUR-HOST INTER-RELATIONSHIP
HOST RESPONSE AGAINST TUMOUR (TUMOUR IMMUNOLOGY)
EFFECT OF TUMOUR ON HOST
PATHOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER
CHAPTER 9:
Environmental and Nutritional Diseases
AIR POLLUTION
TOBACCO SMOKING
THERAPEUTIC (IATROGENIC) DRUG INJURY
NON-THERAPEUTIC TOXIC AGENTS
ALCOHOLISM
Metabolism
Ill-Effects of Alcoholism
LEAD POISONING
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING
DRUG ABUSE
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS
THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL INJURY
INJURY BY RADIATION
OBESITY
STARVATION
PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A (Retinol)
Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol)
Vitamin K
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
VITAMIN B COMPLEX
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Niacin/Nicotinic Acid (Vitamin B3)
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Folate (Folic Acid) and Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Biotin
CHOLINE
FLAVONOIDS
CHAPTER 10:
Genetic and Paediatric Diseases
CHAPTER 11:
Basic Diagnostic Cytology*
I. FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
APPLICATIONS OF PAP SMEAR
Cytohormonal Evaluation
Abnormal Combined Smears
Automation in Cervical Cytology
II. RESPIRATORY TRACT
III. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
IV. URINARY TRACT
V. BODY FLUIDS
A. EFFUSIONS
Cellular Components in Effusions
B. FLUIDS OF SMALL VOLUME
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Seminal Fluid (Semen)
VI. BUCCAL SMEARS FOR SEX CHROMATIN BODIES
TECHNIQUES IN EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY
I. FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY
A. APPLICATIONS OF FNAC
B. ADVANTAGES OF FNAC
C. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR FNAC
Materials
Method of Aspiration
Preparation of Smears
Special and Ancillary Studies
Aspiration of Specific Lesions/Body Sites
Radiological Imaging Aids for FNAC
D. COMPLICATIONS AND HAZARDS OF FNAC
F. CYTOLOGIC DIAGNOSIS
G. LIMITATIONS OF FNAC
II. IMPRINT CYTOLOGY
III. CRUSH SMEAR CYTOLOGY
IV. BIOPSY SEDIMENT CYTOLOGY
SECTION II: HAEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHORETICULAR TISSUES
CHAPTER 12:
Introduction to Haematopoietic System and Disorders of Erythroid Series
HAEMATOPOIESIS
HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS
BONE MARROW EXAMINATION
ERYTHROPOIESIS
ANAEMIA—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
ANAEMIA OF BLOOD LOSS
HYPOCHROMIC ANAEMIA
IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA
Iron Metabolism
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
SIDEROBLASTIC ANAEMIA
Siderocytes and Sideroblasts
Types of Sideroblastic Anaemias
Treatment
ANAEMIA OF CHRONIC DISORDERS
Pathogenesis
MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA
PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA
HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIAS
GENERAL ASPECTS
Definition and Classification
Features of Haemolysis
I. ACQUIRED (EXTRACORPUSCULAR) HAEMOLYTICANAEMIAS
A. IMMUNOHAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIAS
Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia (AIHA)
Drug-induced Immunohaemolytic Anaemia
Isoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
B. MICROANGIOPATHIC HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
C. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA FROM DIRECT TOXIC EFFECTS
D. PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HAEMOGLOBINURIA (PNH)
E. HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA IN SPLENOMEGALY
II. HEREDITARY (INTRACORPUSCULAR) HAEMOLYTICANAEMIA
A. HEREDITARY ABNORMALITIES OF RED CELL MEMBRANE
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Hereditary Elliptocytosis (Hereditary Ovalocytosis)
Hereditary Stomatocytosis
B. HEREDITARY DISORDERS OF RED CELL INTERIOR
Red Cell Enzyme Defects (Enzymopathies)
Haemoglobinopathies
Treatment
Treatment
Prevention of Thalassaemia
APLASTIC ANAEMIA AND OTHER PRIMARY BONE MARROW DISORDERS
APLASTIC ANAEMIA
Treatment
MYELOPHTHISIC ANAEMIA
PURE RED CELL APLASIA
CHAPTER 13:
Disorders of Platelets, Bleeding Disorders and Basic Transfusion Medicine
INVESTIGATIONS OF HAEMOSTATIC FUNCTION
HAEMORRHAGIC DIATHESES DUE TO VASCULAR DISORDERS
HAEMORRHAGIC DIATHESES DUE TO PLATELET DISORDERS
A. THROMBOCYTOPENIAS
Drug-induced Thrombocytopenia
Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) and Haemolytic-Uraemic Syndrome (HUS)
B. THROMBOCYTOSIS
C. DISORDERS OF PLATELET FUNCTIONS
Hereditary Disorders
Acquired Disorders
COAGULATION DISORDERS
HAEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS DUE TO FIBRINOLYTIC DEFECTS
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)
BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
BLOOD COMPONENTS
HAEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN
CHAPTER 14:
Disorders of Leucocytes and Lymphoreticular Tissues
NORMAL STRUCTURE
REACTIVE LYMPHADENITIS
GRANULOPOIESIS
LYMPHOPOIESIS
MATURE LEUCOCYTES IN HEALTH AND REACTION IN DISEASE
Polymorphs (Neutrophils)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS
LEUKAEMOID REACTIONS
CLASSIFICATION: CURRENT CONCEPTS
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASES
CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA (CML)
Definition and Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Treatment and Complications
POLYCYTHAEMIA VERA
Definition and Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Treatment and Complications
ESSENTIAL THROMBOCYTHAEMIA
Definition and Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Treatment and Complications
CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC MYELOFIBROSIS
Definition and Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Treatment and Complications
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA
GENERAL COMMENTS ON LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES
HODGKIN'S DISEASE
PRECURSOR (IMMATURE) B- AND T-CELL LEUKAEMIA/LYMPHOMA (SYNONYM: ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA)
PERIPHERAL(MATURE) B-CELL MALIGNANCIES
B-CELL CLL/SLL (CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA/SMALL LYMPHOCYTIC LYMPHOMA)
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prognosis
FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA
Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA/LEUKAEMIA
EXTRANODAL MARGINAL ZONE B-CELL LYMPHOMA OF MALT TYPE (SYNONYM: MALTOMA)
MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA
HAIRY CELL LEUKAEMIA
OTHER B-CELL MALIGNANCIES
PERIPHERAL(MATURE) T-CELL MALIGNANCIES
MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES/SÉZARY SYNDROME
ADULT T-CELL LYMPHOMA/LEUKAEMIA (ATLL)
ANAPLASTIC LARGE T/NK CELL LYMPHOMA
PERIPHERAL T-CELL LYMPHOMAS
Staging of NHL
PLASMA CELL DISORDERS
MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prognosis
LOCALISED PLASMACYTOMA
WALDENSTRÖM'S MACROGLOBULINAEMIA
HEAVY CHAIN DISEASES
MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNDETERMINED SIGNIFICANCE (MGUS)
LYMPH NODE METASTATIC TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
SPLENOMEGALY
HYPERSPLENISM
EFFECTS OF SPLENECTOMY
SPLENIC RUPTURE
TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
THYMIC HYPOPLASIA AND AGENESIS
THYMIC HYPERPLASIA
THYMOMA
SECTION III: SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 15:
The Blood Vessels and Lymphatics
NORMAL STRUCTURE
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
SENILE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
HYPERTENSIVE ARTERIOLOSCLEROSIS
MÖNCKEBERG'S ARTERIOSCLEROSIS (MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS)
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
ARTERITIS
I. INFECTIOUS ARTERITIS
Endarteritis Obliterans
Non-syphilitic Infective Arteritis
Syphilitic Arteritis
II. NON-INFECTIOUS ARTERITIS
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Hypersensitivity Vasculitis
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Temporal (Giant Cell) Arteritis
Takayasu's Arteritis (Pulseless Disease)
Kawasaki's Disease
Buerger's Disease (Thromboangiitis Obliterans)
Miscellaneous Hypersensitivity Vasculitis
Raynaud's Disease and Raynaud's Phenomenon
ANEURYSMS
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
Atherosclerotic Aneurysms
Syphilitic (Luetic) Aneurysms
Dissecting Aneurysms and Cystic Medial Necrosis
FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA
NORMAL STRUCTURE
VARICOSITIES
VARICOSE VEINS
PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS AND THROMBOPHLEBITIS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
LYMPHANGITIS
LYMPHOEDEMA
A. BENIGN TUMOURS AND HAMARTOMAS
B. INTERMEDIATE GRADE TUMOURS
Haemangioendothelioma
C. MALIGNANT TUMOURS
CHAPTER 16:
The Heart
COMPENSATORY MECHANISMS: CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY AND DILATATION
I. MALPOSITIONS OF THE HEART
II. SHUNTS (CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE)
III. OBSTRUCTIONS (OBSTRUCTIVE CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE)
ETIOPATHOGENESIS
I. Coronary Atherosclerosis
II. Superadded Changes in Coronary Atherosclerosis
III. Non-atherosclerotic Causes
EFFECTS OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA
ANGINA PECTORIS
ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
CHRONIC ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH
DEFINITION
INCIDENCE
ETIOPATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES
MITRAL STENOSIS
MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY
AORTIC STENOSIS
AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY
CARCINOID HEART DISEASE
MYXOMATOUS DEGENERATION OF MITRAL VALVE (MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE)
MYOCARDITIS
I. INFECTIVE MYOCARDITIS
II. IDIOPATHIC (FIEDLER'S) MYOCARDITIS
III. MYOCARDITIS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES
IV. MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF MYOCARDITIS
CARDIOMYOPATHY
A. PRIMARY CARDIOMYOPATHY
Idiopathic Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy
Idiopathic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Idiopathic Restrictive (Obliterative or Infiltrative) Cardiomyopathy
B. SECONDARY CARDIOMYOPATHY
PERICARDIAL FLUID ACCUMULATIONS
PERICARDITIS
PRIMARY TUMOURS
SECONDARY TUMOURS
ENDOMYOCARDIAL BIOPSY
BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY
CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING
CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION
CHAPTER 17:
The Respiratory System
NORMAL STRUCTURE
PAEDIATRIC LUNG DISEASE
CONGENITAL CYSTS
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEQUESTRATION
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE)
BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA
ATELECTASIS AND COLLAPSE
BRONCHIOLITIS AND BRONCHIOLITIS OBLITERANS
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
PULMONARY VASCULAR DISEASE
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
Primary (Idiopathic) Pulmonary Hypertension
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension
PULMONARY INFECTIONS
A. BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Lobar Pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia (Lobular Pneumonia)
B. VIRAL AND MYCOPLASMAL PNEUMONIA (PRIMARY ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA)
C. OTHER TYPES OF PNEUMONIAS
Aspiration (Inhalation) Pneumonia
Hypostatic Pneumonia
Lipid Pneumonia
LUNG ABSCESS
FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF LUNG
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
EMPHYSEMA
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
BRONCHIECTASIS
CHRONIC RESTRICTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
PNEUMOCONIOSES
ILD ASSOCIATED WITH IMMUNOLOGIC LUNG DISEASES
ILD ASSOCIATED WITH CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES
IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS
ILD ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING
TUMOURS OF LUNGS
BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
BRONCHIAL CARCINOID AND OTHER NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOURS
HAMARTOMA
METASTATIC LUNG TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATIONS
NON-INFLAMMATORY PLEURAL EFFUSIONS
PNEUMOTHORAX
TUMOURS OF PLEURA
MESOTHELIOMA
Benign (Solitary) Mesothelioma
Malignant (Diffuse) Mesothelioma
SECONDARY PLEURAL TUMOURS
CHAPTER 18:
The Eye, ENT and Neck
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL LESIONS
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
VASCULAR LESIONS
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CYSTS OF NECK
TUMOURS
CHAPTER 19:
The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
MUCOCUTANEOUS LESIONS
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
PIGMENTARY LESIONS
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
A. TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
B. BENIGN TUMOURS
C. ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA (WHITE LESIONS)
D. MALIGNANT TUMOURS
Squamous Cell (Epidermoid) Carcinoma
OTHER MALIGNANT TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DENTAL CARIES
PERIODONTAL DISEASE
EPITHELIAL CYSTS OF THE JAW
A. INFLAMMATORY CYSTS
Radicular Cyst
B. DEVELOPMENTAL CYSTS
Odontogenic Cysts
Non-odontogenic and Fissural Cysts
ODONTOGENIC TUMOURS
A. BENIGN ODONTOGENIC TUMOURS
B. MALIGNANT ODONTOGENIC TUMOURS
Odontogenic Carcinoma
Odontogenic Sarcomas
NORMAL STRUCTURE
SALIVARY FLOW DISTURBANCES
SIALADENITIS
TUMOURS OF SALIVARY GLANDS
A. BENIGN SALIVARY GLAND TUMOURS
ADENOMAS
Pleomorphic Adenoma (Mixed Salivary Tumour)
Monomorphic Adenomas
MISCELLANEOUS BENIGN TUMOURS
B. MALIGNANT SALIVARY GLAND TUMOURS
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
Malignant Mixed Tumour
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (Cylindroma)
Acinic Cell Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Epidermoid Carcinoma
Undifferentiated Carcinoma
Miscellaneous Malignant Tumours
CHAPTER 20:
The Gastrointestinal Tract
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
MUSCULAR DYSFUNCTIONS
HAEMATEMESIS OF OESOPHAGEAL ORIGIN
INFLAMMATORY LESIONS
TUMOURS OF OESOPHAGUS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
GASTRIC ANALYSIS
A. TESTS FOR GASTRIC SECRETIONS
1. Tests for Gastric Acid Secretions
2. Tests for Pepsin
3. Tests for Mucus
4. Test for Intrinsic Factor
B. TESTS FOR GASTRIN
1. Serum Gastrin Levels
2. Gastrin Provocation Tests
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
MISCELLANEOUS ACQUIRED CONDITIONS
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
GASTRITIS
Acute Gastritis
Chronic Gastritis
PEPTIC ULCERS
Acute Peptic (Stress) Ulcers
Chronic Peptic Ulcers (Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers)
HAEMATEMESIS AND MELAENA OF GASTRIC ORIGIN
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
A. TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS (POLYPS)
Hyperplastic (Inflammatory) Polyps
Hamartomatous Polyps
B. BENIGN TUMOURS
Adenomas (Adenomatous or Neoplastic Polyps)
Stromal Tumours
C. MALIGNANT TUMOURS
Gastric Carcinoma
Other Carcinomas
Leiomyosarcoma
Leiomyoblastoma (Epithelioid Leiomyoma)
Carcinoid Tumour
Lymphomas of Gut
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Peritoneal Adhesions and Bands
Hernias
Intussusception
Volvulus
ISCHAEMIC BOWEL DISEASE (ISCHAEMIC ENTEROCOLITIS)
Transmural Infarction
Mural and Mucosal Infarction (Haemorrhagic Gastroenteropathy, Membranous Colitis)
Ischaemic Colitis
NECROTISING ENTEROCOLITIS
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS)
OTHER INFLAMMATORY LESIONS OF THE BOWEL
INFECTIVE ENTEROCOLITIS
Intestinal Tuberculosis
Enteric Fever
Bacterial Food Poisoning
Dysenteries
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS ENTEROCOLITIS (ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED DIARRHOEA)
MALABSORPTION SYNDROME
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL FEATURES
INVESTIGATIONS
IMPORTANT TYPES OF MAS
Coeliac Sprue (Non-tropical Sprue, Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy, Idiopathic Steatorrhoea)
Collagenous Sprue
Tropical Sprue
Whipple's Disease (Intestinal Lipodystrophy)
Protein-Losing Enteropathies
SMALL INTESTINAL TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
APPENDICITIS
TUMOURS OF APPENDIX
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
COLITIS
MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS
MISCELLANEOUS INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS
LARGE INTESTINAL POLYPS AND TUMOURS
COLORECTAL POLYPS
A. NON-NEOPLASTIC POLYPS
Hyperplastic (Metaplastic) Polyps
Hamartomatous Polyps
Inflammatory Polyps (Pseudopolyps)
Lymphoid Polyps
B. NEOPLASTIC POLYPS (ADENOMAS)
Tubular Adenoma (Adenomatous Polyp)
Villous Adenoma (Villous Papilloma)
Tubulovillous Adenoma (Papillary Adenoma, Villoglandular Adenoma)
C. FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS SYNDROMES
Familial Polyposis Coli (Adenomatosis)
Gardner's Syndrome
Turcot's Syndrome
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
OTHER BENIGN TUMOURS
MALIGNANT COLORECTAL TUMOURS
A. Colorectal Carcinoma
B. Other Colorectal Malignant Tumours
TUMOURS OF THE ANAL CANAL
CAUSES OF GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
NORMAL STRUCTURE
PERITONITIS
IDIOPATHIC RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS
MESENTERIC CYSTS
TUMOURS
CHAPTER 21:
The Liver, Biliary Tract and Exocrine Pancreas
NORMAL STRUCTURE
LIVER FUNCTION TESTS
I. TESTS FOR MANUFACTURE AND EXCRETION OF BILE
II. SERUM ENZYME ASSAYS
III. TESTS FOR METABOLIC FUNCTIONS
IV. IMMUNOLOGIC TESTS
V. ANCILLARY DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
JAUNDICE—GENERAL
NORMAL BILIRUBIN METABOLISM
CLASSIFICATION AND FEATURES OF JAUNDICE
I. Predominantly Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia
II. Predominantly Conjugated Hyperbilirubinaemia (Cholestasis)
NEONATAL JAUNDICE
HEREDITARY NON-HAEMOLYTIC HYPERBILIRUBINAEMIAS
Gilbert's Syndrome
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome
Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
Rotor's Syndrome
NEONATAL HEPATITIS
BILIARY ATRESIAS
Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia
Intrahepatic Biliary Atresia
REYE'S SYNDROME
HEPATIC FAILURE
CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES
I. HEPATIC VENOUS OBSTRUCTION
Budd-Chiari Syndrome (Hepatic Vein Thrombosis)
Hepatic Veno-occlusive Disease
II. PORTAL VENOUS OBSTRUCTION
Peliosis Hepatis
III. HEPATIC ARTERIAL OBSTRUCTION
LIVER CELL NECROSIS
VIRAL HEPATITIS
ETIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis G
CLINICOPATHOLOGIC SPECTRUM
I. Carrier State
II. Asymptomatic Infection
III. Acute Hepatitis
IV. Chronic Hepatitis
V. Fulminant Hepatitis (Submassive to Massive Necrosis)
IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS AND HEPATITIS VACCINES
OTHER INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS
CHOLANGITIS
Pyogenic Cholangitis
PYOGENIC LIVER ABSCESS
AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESS
HEPATIC TUBERCULOSIS
HYDATID DISEASE (ECHINOCOCCOSIS)
CHEMICAL AND DRUG INJURY
CIRRHOSIS
PATHOGENESIS
CLASSIFICATION
SPECIFIC TYPES OF CIRRHOSIS
Alcoholic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis
Post-necrotic Cirrhosis
Biliary Cirrhosis
Pigment Cirrhosis in Haemochromatosis
Cirrhosis in Wilson's Disease
Cirrhosis in α-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Cardiac Cirrhosis
Indian Childhood Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis in Autoimmune Hepatitis
Cirrhosis in Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis
Miscellaneous Forms of Cirrhosis
Cryptogenic Cirrhosis
NON-CIRRHOTIC PORTAL FIBROSIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS OF CIRRHOSIS
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
HEPATIC TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
Hepatic Cysts
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
BENIGN HEPATIC TUMOURS
Hepatocellular (Liver Cell) Adenoma
Bile Duct Adenoma (Cholangioma)
Haemangioma
MALIGNANT HEPATIC TUMOURS
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Hepatoblastoma (Embryoma)
Secondary Hepatic Tumours
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
CHOLELITHIASIS (GALLSTONES)
CHOLECYSTITIS
TUMOURS OF BILIARY SYSTEM
BENIGN TUMOURS
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
Carcinoma of Extrahepatic Bile Ducts and Ampulla of Vater
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
PANCREATITIS
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
CHAPTER 22:
The Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract
NORMAL STRUCTURE
RENAL FUNCTION TESTS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RENAL DISEASE: RENAL FAILURE
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
CYSTIC DISEASES OF KIDNEY
I. Multicystic Renal Dysplasia
II. Polycystic Kidney Disease
A. ADULT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
B. INFANTILE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE
III. Medullary Cystic Disease
A. MEDULLARY SPONGE KIDNEY
B. NEPHRONOPHTHIASIS-MEDULLARY CYSTIC DISEASE COMPLEX
IV. Simple Renal Cysts
V. Acquired Renal Cysts
VI. Pararenal Cysts
GLOMERULAR DISEASES
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
PATHOGENESIS OF GLOMERULAR INJURY
I. IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISMS
A. Antibody-Mediated Glomerular Injury
B. Cell-mediated Glomerular Injury (Delayed-type Hypersensitivity)
C. Secondary Pathogenetic Mechanisms (Mediators of Immunologic Injury)
II. NON-IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISMS
SPECIFIC TYPES OF GLOMERULAR DISEASES
I. PRIMARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Acute Glomerulonephritis (Synonyms: Acute Diffuse Proliferative GN, Diffuse Endocapillary GN)
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (Synonyms: RPGN, Crescentic GN, Extracapillary GN)
Minimal Change Disease (Synonyms: MCD, Lipoid Nephrosis, Foot Process Disease, Nil Deposit Disease)
Membranous Glomerulonephritis (Synonym: Epimembranous Nephropathy)
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (Synonyms: MPGN, Mesangiocapillary GN)
Focal Proliferative Glomerulonephritis (Synonym: Mesangial Proliferative GN)
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (Synonyms: Focal Sclerosis, Focal Hyalinosis)
IgA Nephropathy (Synonyms: Berger's Disease, IgA GN)
Chronic Glomerulonephritis (Synonym: End-Stage Kidney)
II. SECONDARY GLOMERULAR DISEASES
Lupus Nephritis
Diabetic Nephropathy
Hereditary Nephritis
TUBULAR AND TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES
ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS
Pathogenesis of ATN
Ischaemic ATN
Toxic ATN
TUBULOINTERSTITIAL DISEASES
Acute Pyelonephritis
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Tuberculous Pyelonephritis
Myeloma Nephropathy
Nephrocalcinosis
RENAL VASCULAR DISEASES
HYPERTENSIVE VASCULAR DISEASE
Definition and Classification
Etiology and Pathogenesis
EFFECTS OF HYPERTENSION
Benign Nephrosclerosis
Malignant Nephrosclerosis
THROMBOTIC MICROANGIOPATHY
RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS
OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY
NEPHROLITHIASIS
Types of Urinary Calculi
HYDRONEPHROSIS
Unilateral Hydronephrosis
Bilateral Hydronephrosis
TUMOURS OF KIDNEY
BENIGN TUMOURS
Cortical Adenoma
Oncocytoma
Other Benign Tumours
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
Adenocarcinoma of Kidney (Synonyms: Renal cell carcinoma, Hypernephroma, Grawitz tumour)
Wilms’ Tumour (Synonym: Nephroblastoma)
Secondary Tumours
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
INFLAMMATIONS
TUMOURS
TUMOURS OF THE BLADDER
Epithelial (Urothelial) Bladder Tumours
Non-epithelial Bladder Tumours
TUMOURS OF RENAL PELVIS AND URETERS
TUMOURS OF URETHRA
CHAPTER 23:
The Male Reproductive System and Prostate
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
INFLAMMATIONS
MISCELLANEOUS LESIONS
TESTICULAR TUMOURS
CLASSIFICATION
ETIOLOGIC FACTORS
HISTOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS
GERM CELL TUMOURS
Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia
Classic Seminoma
Spermatocytic Seminoma
Embryonal Carcinoma
Yolk Sac Tumour (Synonyms: Endodermal Sinus Tumour, Orchioblastoma, Infantile Embryonal Carcinoma)
Polyembryoma
Choriocarcinoma
Teratoma
Mixed Germ Cell Tumours
SEX CORD-STROMAL TUMOURS
Leydig (Interstitial) Cell Tumour
Sertoli Cell Tumours (Androblastoma)
Granulosa Cell Tumour
MIXED GERM CELL-SEX CORD STROMAL TUMOURS
Gonadoblastoma
OTHER TUMOURS
Malignant Lymphoma
Rare Tumours
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
INFLAMMATIONS
TUMOURS
BENIGN TUMOURS
Condyloma Acuminatum
PREMALIGNANT LESIONS (CARCINOMA IN SITU)
Bowen's Disease
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
Bowenoid Papulosis
MALIGNANT TUMOURS
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
NORMAL STRUCTURE
PROSTATITIS
NODULAR HYPERPLASIA
CARCINOMA OF PROSTATE
CHAPTER 24:
The Female Genital Tract
NORMAL STRUCTURE
BARTHOLIN'S CYST AND ABSCESS
NON-NEOPLASTIC EPITHELIAL DISORDERS
VULVAL TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
VAGINITIS AND VULVOVAGINITIS
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE CONDITIONS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
CERVICITIS
TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
NORMAL CYCLIC CHANGES
EFFECTS OF HORMONES
DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING (DUB)
ENDOMETRITIS AND MYOMETRITIS
ADENOMYOSIS
ENDOMETRIOSIS
ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIAS
TUMOURS OF ENDOMETRIUM AND MYOMETRIUM
NORMAL STRUCTURE
INFLAMMATIONS
ECTOPIC TUBAL PREGNANCY
TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
NON-NEOPLASTIC CYSTS
OVARIAN TUMOURS
ETIOPATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FEATURES AND CLASSIFICATION
I. TUMOURS OF SURFACE EPITHELIUM (COMMON EPITHELIAL TUMOURS)
Serous Tumours
Mucinous Tumours
Endometrioid Tumours
Clear Cell (Mesonephroid) Tumours
Brenner Tumour
II. GERM CELL TUMOURS
Teratomas
Dysgerminoma
Endodermal Sinus (Yolk Sac) Tumour
Choriocarcinoma
Other Germ Cell Tumours
III. SEX CORD-STROMAL TUMOURS
Granulosa-Theca Cell Tumours
Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumours (Androblastoma, Arrhenoblastoma)
Gynandroblastoma
IV. MISCELLANEOUS TUMOURS
V. METASTATIC TUMOURS
Krukenberg Tumour
NORMAL STRUCTURE
HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
CHORIOCARCINOMA
CHAPTER 25:
The Breast
INFLAMMATIONS
FIBROCYSTIC CHANGE
GYNAECOMASTIA (HYPERTROPHY OF MALE BREAST)
FIBROADENOMA
PHYLLODES TUMOUR (CYSTOSARCOMA PHYLLODES)
INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST
A. NON-INVASIVE (IN SITU) BREAST CARCINOMA
Intraductal Carcinoma
Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
B. INVASIVE BREAST CARCINOMA
Infiltrating (Invasive) Duct Carcinoma-NOS
Infiltrating (Invasive) Lobular Carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma
Colloid (Mucinous) Carcinoma
Other Morphologic Forms
C. PAGET'S DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE
GRADING, STAGING AND PROGNOSIS
CHAPTER 26:
The Skin
HISTOPATHOLOGIC TERMS
I. GENETIC DERMATOSES
II. NON-INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATORY DERMATOSES
III. INFECTIOUS DERMATOSES
IV. GRANULOMATOUS DISEASES
V. CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES
VI. NON-INFECTIOUS BULLOUS DERMATOSES
VII. SCALING DERMATOSES
VIII. METABOLIC DISEASES OF SKIN
I. TUMOURS AND CYSTS OF THE EPIDERMIS
II. ADNEXAL (APPENDAGEAL) TUMOURS
III. MELANOCYTIC TUMOURS
IV. TUMOURS OF THE DERMIS
V. CELLULAR MIGRANT TUMOURS
CHAPTER 27:
The Endocrine System
NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
NORMAL STRUCTURE
HYPERPITUITARISM
HYPOPITUITARISM
PITUITARY TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION (HYPERADRENALISM)
ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY (HYPOADRENALISM)
PRIMARY ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
A. Primary Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Adrenal Crisis)
B. Primary Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison's Disease)
SECONDARY ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
HYPOALDOSTERONISM
TUMOURS OF ADRENAL GLANDS
ADRENOCORTICAL TUMOURS
Cortical Adenoma
Cortical Carcinoma
MEDULLARY TUMOURS
Pheochromocytoma (Chromaffin Tumour)
Myelolipoma
Neuroblastoma
Ganglioneuroma
Extra-adrenal Paraganglioma (Chemodectoma)
NORMAL STRUCTURE
FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS
HYPERTHYROIDISM (THYROTOXICOSIS)
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Cretinism
Myxoedema
THYROIDITIS
HASHIMOTO'S (AUTOIMMUNE, CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC) THYROIDITIS
SUBACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS
SUBACUTE GRANULOMATOUS (DE QUERVAIN'S) THYROIDITIS
RIEDEL'S THYROIDITIS
GRAVES’ DISEASE (DIFFUSE TOXIC GOITRE)
GOITRE
THYROID TUMOURS
FOLLICULAR ADENOMA
THYROID CANCER
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Anaplastic Carcinoma
NORMAL STRUCTURE
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
PARATHYROID TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DIABETES MELLITUS
ISLET CELL TUMOURS
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA (MEN) SYNDROMES
POLYGLANDULAR AUTOIMMUNE (PGA) SYNDROMES
CHAPTER 28:
The Musculoskeletal System
NORMAL STRUCTURE OF BONE
NORMAL STRUCTURE OF CARTILAGE
OSTEOMYELITIS
AVASCULAR NECROSIS (OSTEONECROSIS)
FRACTURE HEALING
DISORDERS OF BONE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS)
METABOLIC AND ENDOCRINE BONE DISEASES
PAGET'S DISEASE OF BONE (OSTEITIS DEFORMANS)
TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS OF BONE
Fibrous Dysplasia
BONE TUMOURS
BONE-FORMING (OSTEOBLASTIC) TUMOURS
Osteoma
Osteoid Osteoma and Osteoblastoma
Osteosarcoma
CARTILAGE-FORMING (CHONDROBLASTIC) TUMOURS
Osteocartilaginous Exostoses (Osteochondromas)
Enchondroma
Chondroblastoma
Chondromyxoid Fibroma
Chondrosarcoma
GIANT CELL TUMOUR (OSTEOCLASTOMA)
EWING'S SARCOMA AND PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOUR (ES/PNET)
CHORDOMA
METASTATIC BONE TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
OSTEOARTHRITIS
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
SUPPURATIVE ARTHRITIS
TUBERCULOUS ARTHRITIS
GOUT AND GOUTY ARTHRITIS
PSEUDOGOUT (PYROPHOSPHATE ARTHROPATHY)
PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS AND TENOSYNOVIAL GIANT CELL TUMOUR (NODULAR TENOSYNOVITIS)
CYST OF GANGLION
BURSITIS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
NEUROGENIC DISEASES
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
DENERVATION ATROPHY
MYOPATHIC DISEASES (MYOPATHIES)
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES
CHAPTER 29:
Soft Tissue Tumours
TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS
MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS
CHAPTER 30:
The Nervous System
NORMAL STRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
HYDROCEPHALUS
INFECTIONS
MENINGITIS
Acute Pyogenic Meningitis
Acute Lymphocytic (Viral, Aseptic) Meningitis
Chronic (Tuberculous and Cryptococcal) Meningitis
ENCEPHALITIS
Bacterial Encephalitis
Viral Encephalitis
HIV Encephalopathy (AIDS-Dementia Complex)
Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy
Spongiform Encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)
Fungal and Protozoal Encephalitis
CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
A. ISCHAEMIC BRAIN DAMAGE
Global Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy
Cerebral Infarction
B. INTRACRANIAL HAEMORRHAGE
Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
TRAUMA TO THE CNS
DEMYELINATING DISEASES
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES
TUMOURS OF THE CNS
GLIOMAS
Astrocytomas (including Glioblastoma Multiforme)
Oligodendroglioma
Ependymoma
Choroid Plexus Papilloma
POORLY-DIFFERENTIATED AND EMBRYONAL TUMOURS
Medulloblastoma
OTHER PRIMARY INTRAPARENCHYMAL TUMOURS
Haemangioblastoma
Primary CNS Lymphoma
Germ Cell Tumours
TUMOURS OF MENINGES
Meningioma
METASTATIC TUMOURS
NORMAL STRUCTURE
PATHOLOGIC REACTIONS TO INJURY
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
NERVE SHEATH TUMOURS
APPENDIX:
Normal Values
Further Readings
GENERAL (COMMON TO ALL CHAPTERS)
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2: TECHNIQUES FOR STUDY OF PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: CELL INJURY AND CELLULAR ADAPTATIONS
CHAPTER 4: IMMUNOPATHOLOGY INCLUDING AMYLOIDOSIS
CHAPTER 5: HAEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS
CHAPTER 6: INFLAMMATION AND HEALING
CHAPTER 7: INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES
CHAPTER 8: NEOPLASIA
CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
CHAPTER 10: GENETIC AND PAEDIATRIC DISEASES
CHAPTER 11: BASIC DIAGNOSTIC CYTOLOGY
CHAPTER 12: INTRODUCTION TO HAEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM AND DISORDERS OF ERYTHROID SERIES
CHAPTER 13: DISORDERS OF PLATELETS, BLEEDING DISORDERS AND BASIC TRANSFUSION MEDICINE
CHAPTER 14: DISORDERS OF LEUCOCYTES AND LYMPHORETICULAR TISSUES
CHAPTER 15: THE BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPHATICS
CHAPTER 16: THE HEART
CHAPTER 17: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 18: THE EYE, ENT AND NECK
CHAPTER 19: THE ORAL CAVITY AND SALIVARY GLANDS
CHAPTER 20: THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
CHAPTER 21: THE LIVER, BILIARY TRACT AND EXOCRINE PANCREAS
CHAPTER 22: THE KIDNEY AND LOWER URINARY TRACT
CHAPTER 23: THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND PROSTATE
CHAPTER 24: THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
CHAPTER 25: THE BREAST
CHAPTER 26: THE SKIN
CHAPTER 27: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 28: THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER 29: SOFT TISSUE TUMOURS
CHAPTER 30: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
INDEX
TOC
Index
×
Chapter Notes
Save
Clear