JaypeeDigital | eBook Reader

Human Physiology NM Muthayya

SECTION I: CELL PHYSIOLOGY
1:Cell Physiology
- CELL AND CELL ORGANELLES
- STRUCTURE OF CELL MEMBRANE
- INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS (Fig. I-5)
  - Types
- MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
- MODES OF TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE (Figs I-6,7,8)
  - Factors influencing Na+- K+ Pump
- GENETICS IN PHYSIOLOGY
- THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND HOMEOSTASIS
2:Resting Membrane Potential and Action Potential
- RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND ACTION POTENTIAL (FIGS I-14,15)
  - Excitation and Action Potentials
  - Intracellular Recording and Extracellular Recording
- RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND ACTION POTENTIAL SHAPE AND PHASES
  - Ionic Basis of Action Potential
- GATING MECHANISMS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO DIFFERENT PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL
3:Physiology of Cell Receptors
- RECEPTORS
- GENERAL ASPECTS
- CYCLIC AMP
- G PROTEINS (FIG. I-23)
- INOSITOL TRIPHOSPHATE (IP3) AND DIACYLGLYCEROL (DAG)
  - Cell Function and Calcium
    - Clinical Aspects
- RECEPTORS COUPLED WITH G-PROTEINS
SECTION II: MUSCLE
1:Muscle
- INTRODUCTION
  - Types
- VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
  - Chemical Composition of the Muscle
- STRUCTURE OF THE VOLUNTARY MUSCLE
  - Sarcotubular System
  - Electron Microscopic Observation
- PROTEINS OF THE CONTRACTILE FILAMENTS
- MOLECULAR BASIS OFMUSCLE CONTRACTION
- EXCITATION CONTRACTION COUPLING
2:Neuromuscular Transmission
- NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION—STRUCTURE
- MECHANISM OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION
- MINIATURE - END PLATE POTENTIAL (MEPP)
- MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
  - Causes
- NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS
  - Other Substances Blocking Neuromuscular Transmission
  - Antagonists of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
- THE NERVE SUPPLY TO THE SKELETALMUSCLES AND MOTOR UNIT
  - Section of the Motor Nerves
3:Properties of Skeletal Muscle
- PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
- EXCITABILITY OR IRRITABILITY
- CONTRACTILITY
- CHANGES OCCURRING DURING MUSCLE CONTRACTION
  - Mechanical Changes
- FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CONTRACTILITY
- ELECTRICAL CHANGES IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
- THERMAL CHANGES
  - Heat - Production During Muscle Contraction
  - Initial heat (I)
- CHEMISTRY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION (DETAILS IN BIOCHEMISTRY)
  - Energy release from ATP
- RIGOR MORTIS
- ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
4:Smooth Muscle
- SMOOTH MUSCLE TYPES
- STRUCTURE (FIG. II-25)
- SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION
SECTION III: BLOOD
1:Blood, Plasma and Plasma Proteins
- FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
- COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
- PLASMA PROTEINS
- METHODS OF SEPARATION OF PLASMA PROTEINS
- FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA PROTEINS
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
2:The Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes
- RED BLOOD CELLS—DESCRIPTION AND STRUCTURE
  - The Structure and Composition of the Red Cell
  - Normal Red Cell Count
- PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN THE NUMBER OF RED CELLS
- SOME FEATURES OF RBC SHOWN OUTSIDE THE CIRCULATION
- METHODS
- HAEMOLYTIC AGENTS
  - Hypotonic Saline
  - Chemical Substances
- RED CELL METABOLISM
- HAEMOGLOBIN
- HAEMOGLOBIN DERIVATIVES
3:White Blood Cells or Leucocytes
- CLASSIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY
- DESCRIPTION OF EACH VARIETY OF WBC Blood cells (FIG. III-1)
- THE FUNCTIONS OF NEUTROPHILS
- LYMPHOCYTES AND IMMUNE MECHANISMS
- PLATELETS OR THROMBOCYTES
4:Blood Volume
- BODY WATER
  - Data for a Man Weighing 70 kg
- MEASUREMENT OF BODY FLUID COMPARTMENT
  - Total Body Water (TBW)
- BLOOD VOLUME
- METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF BLOOD VOLUME
- EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
- LYMPHATICS AND THE LYMPH
- REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME (BODY FLUIDS REGULATION)
- FLUID INTERCHANGE
5:Blood Groups
- BLOOD GROUPS
- DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GROUP OF A GIVEN SAMPLE OF BLOOD (FIG. III-12)
- DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GROUP
- LANDSTEINER'S CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD
- THE Rh. FACTOR (RHESUS)
- HAEMORRHAGE
  - Delayed Effects
    - Replacement of Lost Fluid
- TRANSFUSION
- SHOCK
6:Haemopoiesis
- INTRODUCTION
- ERYTHROPOIESIS
- GENERAL FACTORS
- SPECIFIC FACTORS
- LEUCOPOIESIS, GRANULOPOIESIS
- THROMBOCYTES OR PLATELETS FORMATION
- MONOCYTES OR MACROPHAGES PRODUCTION
  - Functions of Macrophages
- LYMPHOCYTES PRODUCTION
  - Aplastic Anaemia:
  - Chronic Myelocytic Leukaemia
- SUMMARY OF CONCEPT OF HAEMOPOIESIS
7:Spleen
- THE STRUCTURE OF THE SPLEEN
- THE SPLENIC CIRCULATION
- FUNCTIONS OF THE SPLEEN
- RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM (RES)
8:Haemostasis
- INTRODUCTION
- MODERN VIEW OF COAGULATION
- STAGES OF COAGULATION
- ENZYME CASCADE HYPOTHESIS
- FIBRINOLYSIS
  - Plasmin Inhibitor
  - Heparin:
- ANTICOAGULANTS IN VITRO
  - Substances that Accelerate Coagulation
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
- BLEEDING TIME
SECTION IV: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1:Digestive System
- INTRODUCTION
  - Gastrointestinal Secretion
- DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH AND SALIVARY GLANDS
  - Structure of the Salivary Glands (Figs IV-2 and 3)
  - Innervation of the Salivary Glands (Fig. IV-1)
- SALIVA
- CONTROL OF SALIVARY SECRETION
- MASTICATION OR CHEWING
  - Physiology of teeth
- DEGLUTITION OR SWALLOWING
2:Digestion in the Stomach or Gastric Digestion
- GASTRIC GLANDS
- GASTRIC JUICE AND HCl SECRETION
  - Hydrochloric Acid Secretion
- CONTROL OF GASTRIC SECRETION
- GASTRIC DIGESTION AND OTHER FUNCTIONS
  - Other Functions of the Stomach
    - Clinical Aspect
    - Peptic Ulcer (Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer)
  - TESTS FOR GASTRIC FUNCTIONS
- GASTRIC MOTILITY
  - Gastric Motility during Digestion
  - Gastric Emptying
    - Abnormal Gastric Movements
- VOMITING
3:Digestion in the Small Intestines
- PANCREAS
- PANCREATIC DIGESTION
- REGULATION OF PANCREATIC JUICE SECRETION
- THE SMALL INTESTINAL JUICE
  - Structure of the Intestinal Glands (Fig. IV-9)
  - Villi
- COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION
  - Control of Intestinal Secretion
- INTESTINAL DIGESTION
4:Digestive Function of the Liver
- LIVER
- GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCTS
  - Functions
  - Filling and Emptying of the Gallbladder
5:Gastrointestinal Hormones
- INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- IMPORTANT GI HORMONES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS (TABLES IV-5 AND 6)
  - Secretin
6:Intestinal Movements
- STRUCTURE OF GASTROINTESTINAL WALL
- MOVEMENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
  - Peristaltic Movements
  - Movements of the Villi and Valvular Conniventes
    - Clinical Aspects
    - Disturbances in Small Intestinal Movements
- LARGE INTESTINE (COLON) AND ITS MOVEMENTS
- DEFAECATION
  - Defaecation reflexes
7:Intestinal Absorption
- METHODS OF STUDY OF INTESTINAL ABSORPTION
- ABSORPTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
- ABSORPTION OF PROTEINS
- ABSORPTION OF FATS
- ABSORPTION OF CHOLESTEROL
- ABSORPTION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES
- ABSORPTION OF VITAMINS
8:Energy Balance and Regulation of Food Intake
- INTRODUCTION
- ENERGY BALANCE
- BALANCED DIET
- HUNGER, APPETITE AND SATIETY
SECTION V: EXCRETORY SYSTEM
1:Excretory System
- INTRODUCTION
  - Kidneys
- NEPHRON—STRUCTURE
- THE RENAL CIRCULATION
  - Vascular Arrangement in the Juxtamedullary Nephrons
    - Venous return
    - Nerve Supply
2:Urine Formation
- INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL CONCEPTS
- GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
  - Filtration Fraction (FF)
- TUBULAR REABSORPTION
- TUBULAR SECRETION OR TUBULAR EXCRETION
- TUBULAR SYNTHESIS
3:Kidneys in the Regulation of Acid Base Balance and Osmotic Equilibrium
- INTRODUCTION
- I. BUFFER SYSTEMS OF BLOOD AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS
- II. PULMONARY MECHANISMS
- III. RENAL MECHANISMS (FIG. V-7)
- ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS
- REGULATION OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF BODY FLUIDS AND FORMATION OF CONCENTRATED URINE AND DILUTE URINE
  - Formation of dilute urine or Hypotonic Urine (Fig. V-11b)
  - Role of urea in the formation of concentrated urine
    - Diuretics
4:The Endocrine Function of the Kidneys
- RENIN AND JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS
  - RENIN
  - JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS (FIG. V-12)
- ERYTHROPOIETIN
- HORMONES ACTING ON KIDNEY
5:Micturition
- URETERS
- URINARY BLADDER
- FILLING OF THE BLADDER
- BARRINGTON REFLEXES
- APPLIED ASPECTS OF MICTURITION
- TESTS FOR RENAL FUNCTION
6:Skin
- STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN
- THE SWEAT GLANDS
- FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
- REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
  - HEAT PRODUCTION (THERMOGENESIS)
    - Factors of thermogenesis (Heat production)
  - FACTORS OF THERMOLYSIS (HEAT - LOSS)
- HEAT LOSS MECHANISMS
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
  - DISTURBANCES OF TEMPERATURE REGULATION
    - Heat Stroke
  - HEAT CRAMP OR STOKER'S CRAMP
    - Fever or Pyrexia or Hyperthermia
SECTION VI: ENDOCRINES
1:The Endocrines or Ductless Glands
- INTRODUCTION: ENDOCRINES GENERAL ASPECTS
- METHODS OF STUDY OF ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS
- THE PITUITARY GLAND (Fig. VI-4)
  - The Hypophysis Cerebri
  - The anterior and posterior pituitary glands
- THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND OR ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
  - Histology
- HYPOTHALAMUS AND THE PITUITARY GLAND
  - Hypothalamo-pituitary Axis in the Foetus
  - The Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland
- THE GROWTH HORMONE (STH)
- THYROTROPHIC HORMONE OR THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
  - Functions of TSH
- THE ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE (ACTH) OR CORTICOTROPHIN
- GONADOTROPHIC HORMONES (FSH AND LH)
- PROLACTIN (LACTOGENIC HORMONE)
- NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (PARS NERVOSA, POST PITUITARY GLAND)
2:The Thyroid Gland
- THYROID STRUCTURE (FIG. VI-15)
  - BLOOD SUPPLY
  - Nerve Supply
- THYROID HORMONES
- FUNCTIONS OF THE THYROID GLAND
3:The Parathyroid Glands
- PARATHYROID HORMONES
- VITAMIN - D
- PHYSIOLOGY OF BONE
  - Bone Formation and Resorption
  - Functions
4:The Adrenal Glands (Suprarenal Glands)
- STRUCTURE (Fig. VI-23)
  - Structure of the Adrenal Cortex
- ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES
5:The Adrenal Medulla
- STRUCTURE
- HORMONES
- THE FUNCTIONS/ACTIONS
- STRESS
6:Endocrine Function of the Pancreas
- STRUCTURE OF PANCREATIC ISLETS
- HORMONES
- FUNCTION OF INSULIN
7:Physiology of Reproduction
- SEX DIFFERENTIATION AND SEX DEVELOPMENT
- REPRODUCTION IN THE FEMALE
8:Pregnancy and Lactation
- PREGNANCY
- MAMMARY GLANDS AND LACTATION
- LACTATION
9:Physiology of Male Reproduction
- TESTES
- REGULATION OF TESTICULAR FUNCTION
10:The Pineal Gland
- THE SECRETIONS OF THE PINEAL GLAND
- PINEAL AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
11:Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids
- PROSTAGLANDINS
  - Action of Prostaglandins
  - Decrease gastric acid secretion
- LEUKOTRIENS
- THROMBOXANE
- PROSTACYCLIN
12:Ageing
- INTRODUCTION
  - Ageing
- TISSUE CHANGES DURING AGEING
SECTION VII: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OR CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1:Structure and Properties of Heart Muscle
- INTRODUCTION
- CARDIAC MUSCLE—STRUCTURE (FIG. VII-1)
  - Intercalated Discs
  - Detail of cytoskeleton proteins
- CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF HEART
- PROPERTIES OF THE HEART MUSCLE
- ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF THE CARDIAC IMPULSE
- NUTRITION AND METABOLISM OF THE HEART
2:The Cardiac Cycle
- CARDIO DYNAMICS—MAIN EVENTS
- HEART VALVES (FIGS VII-10 TO 12)
- SEQUENCE OF EVENTS OF CARDIAC CYCLE (FIGS VII-13 AND 14)
- CHANGES DURING EACH CARDIAC CYCLE
- HEART BEAT - MOVEMENTS-APEX BEAT
3:Electrical Changes and Electrocardiography
- INTRODUCTION—ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)
- ECG LEADS
- NORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) (FIG. VII-23)
4:The Regulation of Heart's Performance
- INTRODUCTION
- THE HEART RATE
  - Physiological Variations
- CONTROL OF THE HEART RATE
- INTRINSIC REGULATION OF CARDIAC PERFORMANCE
  - The Physiologic importance of the four major determinants of cardiac performance
5:The Cardiac Output
- THE CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
  - The stroke volume normal value is 70–80 ml.
- FACTORS INFLUENCING CARDIAC OUTPUT
- METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT
6:The Arterial Blood Pressure
- DEFINITIONS
  - Significance of the Each of the Above
- DETERMINANTS OF THE ARTERIAL BP
- METHODS OF RECORDING BLOOD PRESSURE
- REGULATION OF BP (FIG. VII-46)
- VASOMOTOR CONTROL
- EICOSANOIDS AND BLOOD PRESSURE
7:The Physiology of Vascular System
- SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
- ARTERIAL PULSE (FIG. VII-53)
- CAPILLARY CIRCULATION
- VENOUS CIRCULATION
8:Circulation through Special Regions or Special Circulations
- INTRODUCTION
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- CORONARY CIRCULATION (FIG. VII-56)
- CEREBRAL CIRCULATION
- SKELETAL MUSCLE CIRCULATION
  - Skeletal Muscle Circulation - Important Features
- FOETAL CIRCULATION
- PULMONARY CIRCULATION
SECTION VIII: RESPIRATION
1:Respiration
- INTRODUCTION
- RESPIRATORY ORGANS
- SURFACTANT (FIG. VIII-2)
  - Functions of Surfactant
- THE EXPANSION OF THE LUNGS AT BIRTH
- INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE OR ALVEOLAR PRESSURE
- THE PLEURA AND THE INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE (INTRATHORACIC PRESSURE)
  - Measurement
2:The Respiratory Movements
- INTRODUCTION
- MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION
- MUSCLES OF EXPIRATION
- THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE THORACIC CAVITY DURING INSPIRATION (FIG. VIII-5)
3:The Lung Air
- SUBDIVISIONS OF THE LUNG AIR
- LUNG VOLUMES (FIG. VIII-7)
- LUNG CAPACITIES (FIG. VIII-7)
- THE DEAD SPACE AIR
4:Gaseous Exchanges and Transport of O2 and CO2
- INTRODUCTION
- ALVEOLAR AIR
  - COMPOSITION — VOLUMES in ml %
- THE EXCHANGE OF GASES IN THE LUNGS (FIG. VIII-8)
  - CO2 release and O2 uptake
- THE OXYGEN TRANSPORT
- OXYGEN CARRIAGE
- THE STUDY OF THE O2 CARRIAGE INCLUDES
- THE FORMS OF O2 CARRIAGE
- THE RELEASE OF CO2 FROM THE BLOOD IN THE LUNGS AND ITS EXPULSION FROM THE LUNGS IN THE EXPIRED AIR
  - CO2 Dissociation Curve
  - Observation
5:The Control of Respiration
- INTRODUCTION
- MEDULLARY RESPIRATORY CENTRES
6:Anoxia (or) Hypoxia
- HYPOXIA
- AVIATION, HIGH ALTITUDE AND SPACE PHYSIOLOGY
- CYANOSIS
- MODIFICATION OF RESPIRATION
- DISTURBANCE OF RESPIRATION (FIG. VIII-24)
- ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
  - Two Methods
7:Pulmonary function Tests
- PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
- NON-RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS OF THE LUNG
- EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
SECTION IX: NERVOUS SYSTEM
1:Nervous System Neuron, Neuroglia and Nerve Fibre
- INTRODUCTION
  - Development of the Nervous System
  - Subdivisions of the Nervous System
- THE NEURON AND ITS STRUCTURE (FIG. IX-1)
- NERVE FIBRES
  - The Structure of the Myelinated Nerve Fibre (Fig. IX-1)
  - Numerical Classification of Afferent fibres
- PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NERVE FIBRE
  - Accommodation
  - Excitation: Action Potential (Fig. IX-7)
- THE NERVE IMPULSE AND CONDUCTION OF NERVE IMPULSES
- NERVE DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION
2:Somatic Sensation
- CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTOR ORGANS AND SENSATIONS
  - Deep Sensations are:
- CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS (FIG. IX-14): GENERAL STRUCTURE
- THE PROPRIOCEPTORS
  - Muscle Spindles and Stretch Reflex or Myotatic Reflex (Fig. IX-16)
- PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS
  - Properties of Receptors:
3:Synapse, Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters
- SYNAPSE—STRUCTURE—TYPES
- PROPERTIES OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
- NEUROTRANSMITTERS
4:Reflex Action
- THE REFLEX FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
- REFLEX ACTION—COMPONENTS
  - Peripheral Nerves
- DORSAL NERVE ROOTS AND DERMATOME
  - Effects of Section of Dorsal Root
- PROPERTIES OF REFLEX ACTION
- STRETCH REFLEXES OR MYOTATIC REFLEXES
  - Muscle Tone
- WITHDRAWAL REFLEXES OR FLEXOR REFLEXES
- LENGTHENING REACTION OR INVERSE MYOTATIC REFLEX
5:Spinal Cord
- SPINAL CORD GRAY MATTER
  - The Cell Groups in the Posterior Gray Horn
  - Cells Groups:
- WHITE MATTER OF THE SPINAL CORD
- THE TRACTS IN THE SPINAL CORD
- COMPLETE TRANSVERSE SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD
- HEMISECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD
  - Effects of Hemisection of the Spinal Cord (or) Brown Sequard Syndrome (Fig. IX-37)
  - Clinical Aspects
6:Sensory Functions
- RECEPTOR ORGANS FOR VARIOUS SENSATIONS
- AFFERENT INPUT AND FIRST ORDER NEURONS
- MODE OF ENTRY OF SENSORY AFFERENTS AND SECOND ORDER NEURONS
  - Somatic afferents
  - Sensory Pathways in the Spinal Cord and Brainstem
- DORSAL COLUMN (OR POSTERIOR)OF ASCENDING SYSTEM
- ANTEROLATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC SYSTEM
  - Anterior or Ventral Spinothalamic Tract
  - Lateral Spino Thalamic Tract
- RELAY OF AFFERENT SENSATION IN THE THALAMUS
- NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN
- VISCERAL PAIN AND REFERRED PAIN
7:The Cerebral Cortex
- STRUCTURE OF CEREBRAL CORTEX
- FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN THE CORTEX
- FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN THE FRONTAL LOBE (4,4S,6,8,44)
  - Supplementary Motor Area (Fig. IX-47)
- FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN THE PREFRONTAL LOBE
- FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN THE PARIETAL LOBE
- FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN THE OCCIPITAL LOBE
  - Occipital lobe
- FUNCTIONAL AREAS IN THE TEMPORAL LOBE
  - Temporal lobe
  - Other functions
    - Clinical Aspects
    - Memory loss
8:Limbic System
- COMPONENTS OF LIMBIC SYSTEM
  - Fibre tracts forming limbic circuits:
- LIMBIC CIRCUITS
- FUNCTIONS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM (SUMMARY)
9:Motor Mechanisms: Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal Systems
- CLASSIFICATION OF VOLUNTARY MUSCLES
- UPPER MOTOR NEURONS OF THE DESCENDING PATHWAYS
- PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM
- EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM (EPS)—BASAL GANGLIA
- FUNCTIONS
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
  - Mechanism of tremor
    - Chorea and Athetosis
  - Significance of Dopamine.
10:The Cerebellum
- FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION (INGVAR) (FIG. IX-63)
- STRUCTURE (FIG. IX-64)
- THE CONNECTIONS OF THE CEREBELLUM
- FUNCTIONS
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
11:Muscle Tone/Posture and Equilibrium
- STRETCH REFLEX OR MYOTATIC REFLEX (FIG IX-72)
- POSTURAL REFLEXES
- EQUILIBRIUM OR VESTIBULAR MECHANISMS
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
12:Thalamus and Hypothalamus
- THE MAIN NUCLEAR MASSES IN THE THALAMUS
- FUNCTIONS OF THALAMUS
  - Functions
    - Clinical Aspects
- HYPOTHALAMUS
  - Introduction
- HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
- HYPOTHALAMIC CONNECTIONS
  - Afferent Connections (Fig. IX-83)
  - Efferent Tracts
- FUNCTIONS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
- INTEGRATION OF ENDOCRINE AUTONOMIC AND SOMATIC EFFERENTS BY HYPOTHALAMUS
- CLINICAL ASPECTS
13:Reticular Formation, Sleep and EEG
- INTRODUCTION
- RETICULAR FORMATION—COMPONENTS
- FUNCTIONS OF THE RETICULAR FORMATION
- NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP
- ELECTRO ENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)
- EEG PATTERNS DURING DIFFERENT SLEEP PERIODS
14:Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- ORGANISATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
15:Neurophysiology of Speech, Learning and Memory
- INTRODUCTION
  - Speech, Learning and Memory are Higher Functions
- CORTICAL AREAS AND ORGANISATION OF SPEECH
- EXECUTION OF SPEECH AND WRITING
  - Dominant Hemisphere and Representational Hemisphere
  - Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure
- CLINICAL ASPECTS - APHASIA
- CONDITIONED REFLEXES, LEARNING AND MEMORY
- LEARNING
- MEMORY
16:Cerebrospinal Fluid
- INTRODUCTION
- CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
- BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER (BBB)
  - Blood Brain Barrier and different substances
  - Usefulness of the Blood Brain Barrier
SECTION X: SPECIAL SENSES
1:Ear
- EAR
- THE COCHLEA
  - 1. The Rods of Corti and the Tunnel of Corti
- SOUND TRANSMISSION AND AUDITORY PATHWAY
  - Mechanism of Hearing (Figs X-4A and B)
  - Middle Ear and Impedance Matching
- AUDITORY PATHWAY (FIG. X-5)
- PITCH PERCEPTION BY THE COCHLEA
2:Eye
- EYE
  - Anatomical Considerations
- OPTICAL SYSTEM OF THE EYE AND IMAGE FORMATION
- RETINA
- COLOUR VISION
- IRIS, ACCOMMODATION AND PUPILLARY REFLEXES
  - Pupillary reflexes
    - Argyll Robertson Pupil
  - Functions of Iris
- ACCOMMODATION
3:Taste
- TASTE
  - Distribution of taste buds
  - The Receptors and Afferents
- TASTE PATHWAY
- FACTORS INFLUENCING TASTE
4:Smell or Olfaction
- SMELL OR OLFACTION
- CLASSIFICATION OF ODOURS
  - Factors Influencing Olfactory Function (Macrides, 1976)
- OLFACTORY PATHWAY

INDEX

TOC
Index

×

Chapter Notes